navy doc oil as burner fuel

7/29/2019 Navy Doc Oil as Burner Fuel

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UTILIZATION OF

NAVY-GENERATEDWASTE OILS

AS BURNER FUEL

NAVFAC M0-911August 1990


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SNDL DISTRIBUTION

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FA46 PWCLANT

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FH3

FJA4

LABONRNASLANTNAVSTALANTSUBASELANT

NAVPHIBASELANT

COMNAVBASELANTNASPACNAVSTAPACSUBBASEPAC

NAVPHIBASEPACCOMNAVBASEPAC

NAVSHIPREPFACNAVFACPACTRIREFFACPACCOMNAVACTEUR

NAVSUPACTEURNAVSTAEURNASEUR

OCEANCENCOMNAVDICT Washington,DC

NAVSTACNONAVOBSYFLDSUPPACTUSNANAVPGSCOLNAVCOMMSTANAVHOSPNAVAL HOME

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Additional Copies may be obtained from:Navy Publications and Forms Center5801 Tabor AvenuePhiladelphia, PA 19120

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NETCNTCNAVSCOLCECOFFNAVSUBTRACENPACNAVTECHTRACENNAVSCSCOLCOMCAB

MCAFMCASCG MCRDCG MCBCG MCLB


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ABSTRACT

The manual is directed to operators and supervisors whoactually perform and supervise operation and maintenance work.The manual is divided into three chapters with chapter onecovering terminology, disposal, waste oil sources and Navy wasteoil generation/disposition. Chapter two covers the planning ofwaste oil utilization. Items discussed are sources of wasteoil, boiler fuel requirements, air quality considerations,economics of burning waste oil and ECIP considerations. Chapterthree deals with the procedures for burning waste oil as aboiler fuel. Topics include segregation, centralized storage,treatment, water/sludge removal, fuel analysis, blending,viscosity control, burner modifications, maintenance andoperation requirements along with record keeping. In general,this manual provides guidelines for the use of waste oil as a

supplemental fuel in Navy boilers.


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This manual supplements specific equipment instruction

FOREWORD

manuals and pertinent drawings. It will provide the basicguidance required for operations and maintenance of steamgeneration facilities utilizing Navy waste oils.

For maximum benefit this manual should be used inconjunction with equipment manufacturer's manuals, parts listsand drawings. In case of conflict, manufacturers'recommendations, on use, care operations, adjustment and repair ofspecific equipment should be followed. The manual is intendedfor use by public works officers, supervisors, and operationspersonnel.

Additional information concerning procedures, suggestions,recommendations or modifications that will improve this manualare invited and should be submitted through appropriate channelsto the Commander, Naval Facilities Engineering Command,(Attention: Code 165), 200 Stovall Street, Alexandria, VA 22332-

2300.

This publication has been reviewed and approved inaccordance with the Secretary of the Navy Instruction 5600.16 andis certified as an official publication of the Naval FacilitiesEngineering Command.

Deputy Commander forPublic Works


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CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1. WASTE OIL

1.1 Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3 Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4 Disposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.5 Waste Oil Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.6 Navy Waste Oil Generation/Disposition. . . . . 21.7 Related Documents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.8 Abbreviations and Definitions. . . . . . . . . 4

CHAPTER 2.2.12.2

2.32.42.52.62.7

2.8

PLANNING WASTE OIL UTILIZATIONScope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Sources of Waste Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Waste Oil Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Boiler Fuels Presently Used . . . . . . . . . 11Air Emissions Considerations . . . . . . . . . 13Combustion Considerations .. . . . . . . . . . 15Comparison of Burning Waste Oil VersusRe-Refining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Economics of Burning Waste Oil . . . . . . . . 17

CHAPTER 3. PROCEDURES FOR BURNING WASTE OIL AS A BOILER FUEL3.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 193.2 Segregation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193.3 Centralized Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

3.4 Treatment--Water/Sludge Removal . . . . . . . 203.5 Fuel Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213.6 Blending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263.7 Viscosity Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293.8 Burner Modifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293.9 Maintenance and Operation Requirements . . . . 313.10 Record Keeping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

APPENDIXES

Page

A- Military Specification for Fuel Oil Reclaimed. A-lB- Energy Usage and Waste Oil Generation/Usage

by Locations Surveyed . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-lc- Considerationsfor Burning Waste Oil. . . . . C-lD- Oil Products Not to be Used for Boiler Firing. D-lE- Standard Specification for Fuel Oils. . . . . E-l

INDEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Index-1

i


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FIGURES

NO.

3-l

3-2

3-3

3-4

3-5 Nozzle tip with carbon deposit buildup . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

3-6 Typical deposits at the back of a fire-tube boilerafter burning FOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

3-7

3-8

TITLE PAGE

Relationships between heating value, carbon-to-

hydrogen ratio, specific gravity, and API gravity . . . . . . 24Schemes for direct blending of waste oil withregular fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

A scheme for in-line blending of waste oil withregular fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Charts for determination of firing temperatures forblending fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Typical deposits at the front of a fire-tube boilerafter burning FOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Typical ash deposits on boiler tubes of a water-tube boiler after burning waste oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

TABLES

NO.

2-l

TITLE PAGE

Oil Product Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

2-2 Estimated Annual Energy Consumption by Naval andMarine Corps Activities for 1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2-3

3-1

Waste Oil Generation and Usage by EFD . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Properties of Some Oils Tested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

3-2 Proposed Quality Control Standard for Navy Waste Oils . . . . 23

ii


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CHAPTER 1. WASTE OI L

1. 1 PURPOSE. Thi s ma nua l pr ovi d es g ui de l i ne s f or t he us e o f wa s t e oi l a s a

s u pp l e me nt a l f u el i n Na vy bo i l e r s . The s ubj e c t ma t t e r i s t a i l or e d t o s e r veva r i ous g r o ups a n d t o me e t t he ne e ds o f a v a r i e t y of us e r s a t di f f e r e ntl eve l s o f management and ope r a t i on.

1. 2 SCOPE. Ch a pt e r 1 c on t a i n s b a c kg r o un d i n f o r ma t i o n o n wa s t e o i l g e ne r a -

t i o n . Ch a pt e r 2 i s o r g a ni z e d t o pr o vi d e i n f o r ma t i o n f o r P ub l i c Wo r k sOf f i c e r s a nd pl a nne r s . Topi c s i nc l ud e: s our c e s of wa s t e oi l , r e s t r i c t i onson us e as f u el , boi l e r f ue l r e qui r e me nt s , boi l e r f ue l s , a i r q ua l i t yc on s i d e r a t i o ns , a n d e c on omi c s o f b u r n i n g wa s t e oi l . Ch a pt e r 3 i s d e s i g ne d

t o pr ovi de pr oc e dur a l i nf or ma t i on f or ope r a t or s u s i ng t he oi l a s b oi l e rf u e l . Me t hods o f s e gr e ga t i on a nd c e nt r a l i z e d s t or a ge a r e di s c u s s e d ; a ndt he ne e d f or t r e a t me nt of t he wa s t e oi l pr i or t o bur ni ng i s o ut l i ne d.

Pa r a me t e r s f or phys i c a l / c he mi c a l t e s t i ng a r e p r ovi de d, a nd me t ho ds of vi s c os i t y c ont r ol a nd of bl e ndi ng t he wa s t e oi l i nt o t he nor ma l boi l e r f ue la r e r ev i ewed . Th e ne e d f o r b u r n e r e q ui p me n t mo di f i c a t i o n a n d u ni q ue

ma i nt e na nc e a n d ope r a t i o na l r e qui r e me nt s a r e d i s c u s s e d .

1. 3 TERMI NOLOGY. The f ol l owi ng t e r ms s houl d be f a mi l i a r t o t h e r e a d er .

1 . 3 . 1 Oi l y Was t e . For t he mo s t pa r t , o i l y wa s t e c ome s f r o m s h i p bi l ge s

a n d v ar i o us c l e a n- u p o pe r a t i o ns . The ma j or pa r t s o f i t s c o nt e nt s a r e

wa t e r , s o l i ds , a nd ot he r c o nt a mi na nt s . The o i l makes up on l y a s mal l

p e r c e n t a g e o f t h e mi x t u r e .

1 . 3 . 2 Was t e Oi l . Thi s t e r m r e f e r s t o t he oi l a f t e r i t ha s be ens e pa r a t e d f r om i t s c ont a mi na nt s ( b a s i c a l l y wa t e r a nd s o l i ds ) .

1. 3 . 3 Fuel Oi l Recl a i med ( FOR) . FOR i s o i l t h a t h a s b e e n p r o c e s s e d by

a Na va l Suppl y a ct i vi t y t hr ough a l ow- t e mpe r a t ur e he a t i ng a nd s e t t l i ngf a c i l i t y t o r e mo ve s u s p e nd e d wa t e r a n d s e d i me n t t o me e t a p pr o pr i a t e

s pe ci f i c at i ons . FOR i s t he n us u a l l y r e i s s ue d or bl e nde d i n t o o t he r f ue l .

Th e mi l i t a r y s p e c i f i c a t i o n f o r F OR i s g i v e n i n Ap pe n di x A.

1. 4 DI SPOSAL. I n t he pa s t , wa s t e oi l s h a ve be e n di s p os e d of by e i t he r

d ump i n g t he m, us i ng t he m f or d us t c ont r o l , bur n i ng t he m dur i ng f i r e f i ght i ng

t r a i ni ng, or c o nt r a c t i ng f o r t he i r r e mova l . En vi r o nme n t a l r e g ul a t i o ns n ow

pr ohi bi t e i t he r d umpi ng t he m or u s i ng t he m f or d us t c ont r ol . Si nc e t hewa s t e oi l s h a ve pr a c t i c a l l y t he s a me e ne r gy c ont e nt or he a t i ng v al ue a sr e g ul a r f u e l oi l s o f c ompa r a bl e de ns i t i e s , us i ng t he m a s f ue l i n boi l e r s i s

a mor e pr o du ct i ve di s p os a l a l t e r n a t i v e. Us i ng wa s t e oi l a s b oi l e r f ue l

wi l l a l s o r e duc e b ot h ne w f ue l oi l c ons u mpt i ons a nd f u e l c os t s .


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1. 5 WASTE OI L SOURCES. La r ge qua nt i t i e s of wa s t e oi l s a r e c ont i nuous l y

g e ne r a t e d b y Na vy a n d Ma r i n e Co r p s s h i p s / s h or e a c t i v i t i e s a n d a i r c r a f tf a c i l i t i e s . The wa s t e o i l s g e ne r a t e d f r om t he s e s o ur c e s a r e p r e domi na nt l y

t hos e r e c ove r e d f r om bi l ge a nd ba l l a s t wa t e r . The s e oi l s a r e c ompos e d

pr i ma r i l y of t he f u e l us e d by t he pa r t i c ul a r s hi p. Lubr i c a t i ng oi l s a nds i mi l a r ma t e r i a l s f r o m ve hi c l e s a nd s hi ps r a nk s e cond hi ghe s t i n qua nt i t y.

Cont a mi na t e d hi gh f l a s h poi nt f ue l s , s u c h a s J P- 5, di e s e l , a nd ke r os e n e,r a nk t hi r d hi ghe s t i n qua nt i t i e s ge ne r a t e d. Sol ve nt s a nd l ow f l a s h poi nt

f ue l s a r e ge ne r a t e d l e as t . Fr o m t he s t a ndpoi nt of u t i l i z at i on a s as u ppl e me nt a l boi l e r f ue l , t he s e wa s t e oi l s ma y be g r o upe d i nt o t hr e e

c at e gor i e s :

Li ght wa s t e oi l s - oi l s r e cove r e d f r om s hi p bi l ge / ba l l a s t wa t e r a nd

c ont a mi na t e d hi gh f l a s h poi nt f ue l s ; e s t i ma t e d t o be 8 7 pe r c e nt of t he t ot a l wa s t e o i l s ge ne r a t e d t hr oughou t t he Na vy.

Heavy was t e o i l s - e ngi ne dr a i ni ngs , s hop f a c i l i t y wa s t e s , a nd t a nk

c l e a ni ngs ; e s t i ma t e d t o be 9 pe r c e nt of t he t ot a l wa s t e oi l sg e ne r a t e d t h ro u gh ou t t h e Na v y.

Lo w f l a s h po i n t ma t e r i a l s - mo s t s o l v e nt s a n d c o nt a mi n a t e d l o w

f l a s hpoi nt f ue l s ; e s t i ma t e d t o be 4 pe r c e nt of t he t ot a l wa s t e oi l sg e ne r a t e d t h ro u gh ou t t h e Na v y.

I t s h ou l d b e no t e d t h a t t h e pe r c e nt a g e s a r e Na v ywi d e e s t i ma t e s o nl y , a n d

ma y va r y c on s i de r a b l y f or s p ec i f i c s i t e s . Bo t h l i g ht a nd he a vy wa s t e o i l sa r e s ui t a bl e f or b oi l e r f ue l s , whi l e l o w f l a s hpoi nt ma t e r i a l s a r e

unde s i r a bl e a s boi l e r f ue l f or s a f e t y a nd e nvi r onme nt a l r e a s ons . Of a l l

t h e wa s t e oi l t h e Na vy ge ne r a t e s , 96 pe r c e n t i s t he r e f or e c ons i de r e d t o bea de s i r a bl e s u pp l e me nt a l s o ur c e of e ne r g y. The s e wa s t e oi l s a r e of h i gh e r

qua l i t y t ha n t he No. 6 f ue l oi l f r e que nt l y us e d i n boi l e r s .

1. 6 NAVY WASTE OI L GENERATI ON/ DI SPOSI TI ON. Ov e r a 4 - y e a r p e r i o d ( 1 98 0- 8 4)

NCEL h a s c o n du c t e d a s u r v e y of wa s t e o i l g e ne r a t i o n a n d d i s p o s i t i o n b y Na v ya nd Ma r i n e Co r p s s h or e a c t i v i t i e s . The mos t r e c e nt r e s u l t s a r e gi ve n i nAppe ndi x B.

Th e Na v y g e ne r a t e s r o ug hl y t h e e qu i v a l e n t o f 2 mi l l i o n MBt u of wa s t eoi l a nnua l l y. Onl y 15 pe r c e nt of t hi s i s p r e s e nt l y bur ne d a s a b oi l e r

f ue l ; t he r e ma i ni ng 85 pe r c e nt i s d i s p os e d of i n s e v e r a l wa ys : ( 1) l oc a lf i r e f i ght i ng t r a i ni ng; ( 2 ) Na va l Suppl y Sys t e ms Comma nd ( NAVSUP) , Def e ns e

Logi s t i cs Agency ( DLA) , o r Def ense P r oper t y Di s pos a l Of f i ce ( DPDO) handl er e s a l e ; ( 3) s o l d or gi ve n t o ha ul e r s ; ( 4) pa i d t o ha ve ha ul e d awa y; or( 5 ) s t o r e d . Thi s i l l us t r a t e s t he pot e nt i a l f o r mor e pr oduc t i ve us e of s i gni f i c ant qua nt i t i e s of wa s t e oi l .


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1. 7 RELATED DOCUMENTS.

Al l i a nc e Te c hn ol o gi e s Co r p or a t i o n. "Emi s s i on Fac t o r Documen t a t i on f o r

AP- 42: Sec t i on 1 . 11, Was t e Oi l Combus t i on" , Dr af t , TRC- A87- 224 Cont r ac tNo . 6 8- 0 2- 3 89 2, U. S. En vi r o nme n t a l Pr o t e c t i o n Ag e nc y , Re s e a r c h Tr i a n gl e

Par k , NC. J une 1987.

Anonymous ( 1977) . En e r g y Co ns e r v a t i o n I n ve s t me n t Pr o gr a m ( ECI P) De p a r t me n t

o f Def ense , Of f i ce o f t he As s i s t an t Secr e t a r y of Def ense Memo DTD 21 Oct1977. Was hi ngt on, D. C. , Oc t 1977 .

Anonymous ( 1976) . " Co ns o l i d a t e d Ha z a r d ou s I t e m Li s t ( CHI L LI ST) " . Na v a l

Suppl y Sys t e ms Comman d. NAVSUP Publ i ca t i on 4500. Al exandr i a , Va. ,

1 Apr 1976.

Anonymous ( 1976) . " Wa s t e Pe t r o l e u m ( POL) Di s p o s a l Th r o u gh En e r g yRecover y. Ai r Fo r c e Ci v i l En gi n e e r i n g Ce n t e r . AFCEC- TR- 7 6- 2 . Ty nd a l l

AFB, Fl a . , Jun 1976 .

Cha ns k y, S. e t a l . " Wa s t e Au t o mo t i v e Lu br i c a t i n g Oi l Re u s e a s a F ue l " ,

EPA- 600 / 5 - 74- 032 , U. S. Envi r onmen t a l Pr o t ec t i on Agency (EPA) , Was h i ngt on,

DC. Sept ember 1974.

"Co de of Fe d e ra l Re g ul a t i o ns " , Ti t l e 4 0, Cha pt e r 1, Pa r t 266, Subpa r t E.

Envi r onmen t a l Pr o t ec t i on Agency . 40 CFR Par t 266 : "Hazar dous was t e

manage ment s ys t em: St a n da r d s f o r t h e ma na g e me n t o f s p e c i f i c wa s t e s a nds pe c i f i c t ype s of f a c i l i t i e s , Fe de r a l Re gi s t e r , vol 50, no. 8, 11 J a n 1985.

Fe d e r a l Re g i s t e r . Vo l . 5 1, No . 2 23 , p p. 4 19 00 - 4 19 04. No ve mb e r 19 , 1 98 6.

Hea l t h and Saf e t y Code , Di vi s i on 20, Cha pt e r 6. 5, Ar t i c l e 13. Ca l i f or ni a

St a t e De p a r t me n t o f He a l t h Se r v i c e s . Se p t e mb e r 1 7 , 1 98 6.

Na v a l Fa c i l i t i e s En gi n e e r i n g Co mma n d. P- 9 17 : " Us e d Oi l a n d So l v e ntRe c y c l i n g Gu i d e " . Al e x a nd r i a , Va . , J u n 19 85 .

Sc h mi d t , Pa u l F. ( 1 96 9) . " F ue l Oi l Ma n ua l " . Ne w Yo r k , N. Y. , I n du s t r i a lPr e s s , I nc . , 1969.

VSE Cor por at i on. "Us e o f Wa s t e Oi l s a s a Su pp l e me n t a l Bo i l e r Fu e l " ,

Cont r ac t No . N62583 / 81- M- R421 , Nava l Ci v i l Engi neer i ng Labor a t o r y , Po r tHue me me , CA. Se p t e mb e r 1 9 81 .

ASTM St a n da r d s

D56

D86D93

D95

Te s t f o r F l a s h Po i n t b y Ta g Cl o s e d Te s t e r

Di s t i l l a t i on of Pe t r ol e um Pr o duc t sTe s t f o r F l a s h Po i n t b y Pe n s k y- Ma r t e n s Cl o s e d Te s t e rTe s t f o r Wa t e r i n Pe t r o l e um Pr o du c t s a n d Bi t u mi n ou s Ma t e r i a l sby Di s t i l l a t i on

D97 Te s t s f or Pour Poi n t of Pe t r ol e um Oi l s

3


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D129

D130

D287

D396

D445

D473

D482D524

D1266D1552

D1659

D1796

D2622

D3245

Te s t f o r Su l f u r i n Pe t r o l e u m Pr o du c t s ( Ge n e r a l Bo mb Me t h od )De t e c t i on of Cop pe r Cor r os i o n f r om Pe t r ol e um Pr oduc t s

b y t h e Co pp e r St r i p Ta r n i s h Te s t

Te s t f or API Gr a vi t y of Cr ude Pe t r ol e um a nd Pe t r ol e umProduct s ( Hydr omet er Met hod)

St a nd ar d Sp ec i f i c a t i on f or F ue l Oi l sTe s t f o r Ki n e ma t i c Vi s c o s i t y of Tr a n s p a r e n t a n d Op a qu eLi q ui d s ( a n d t h e Ca l c u l a t i o n o f Dy na mi c Vi s c o s i t y )Te s t f o r S e di me n t i n Cr u de a n d Fu e l Oi l s b y Ex t r a c t i o n

Te s t f or As h f r om Pe t r ol e um Pr oduc t sTe s t f o r Ra ms b ot t o m Ca r b on Re s i d ue of Pe t r o l e u m Pr o du c t s

Te s t f o r S ul f u r i n Pe t r o l e u m Pr o du c t s ( La mp Me t h od )Te s t f or Su l f ur i n Pe t r ol e um Pr od uc t s ( Hi gh- Te mp er a t u r e

Met hod)Te s t f o r Ma x i mu m Fl u i d i t y Te mp e r a t u r e o f Re s i d ua l Fu e l Oi l

Te s t f o r Wa t e r a n d Se d i me n t i n Cr u de Oi l s a n d Fu e l Oi l sb y Ce n t r i f u ge

Te s t f or Sul f ur i n Pe t r ol e um Pr oduc t s ( X- Ra y Spe c t r ogr a phi c

Me t hod)

Te s t f or Pumpa bi l i t y of I ndus t r i a l Fue l Oi l s

1. 8 ABBREVI ATI ONS AND DEFI NI TI ONS.

API

ASTM

At omi ze

CHI L LI ST

Cont ami nat ed Fuel

DEI S

DF, DF2, F- 76

DLA

DONUT

DPDO

ECI P

EFD

Ame r i c a n Pe t r ol e um I ns t i t ut e

Ame r i c a n So c i e t y f o r Te s t i n g a n d Ma t e r i a l s

To r e d uc e t o mi nu t e p a r t i c l e s o r t o a f i n e s p r a y .

Co ns o l i da t e d Ha z a r d ou s I t e m Li s t

Fu e l t h a t h as b e e n c o nt a mi n a t e d b y f o r e i g n ma t e r i a l ,

s u ch a s wa t e r , s e di me nt , ot he r f ue l s , oi l , a nd s o l v e nt s

a n d c a n no t b e us e d f o r i t s i n t e n de d p ur p os e .

De f e n s e En e r g y I n f o r ma t i o n Sy s t e m

Di e s e l Fue l , Di e s e l Fue l No. 2, Na va l Di s t i l l a t eFuel

Def ense Logi s t i c s Agency

Wa s t e oi l r a f t t ha t p er f or ms i ni t i a l g r a vi t y

s e pa r a t i on

De f e n s e Pr o pe r t y Di s p o s a l Of f i c e

En e r g y Co ns e r v a t i o n I n ve s t me n t Pr o gr a m

En gi n e e r i n g Fi e l d Di v i s i o n

4


11/63

FO, FO1, F02,

F05, F06

FOR

MBt u/ hr

NAVFAC

NAVSUP

NEESA

NSF0

SUS

SWOB

UI C

Was t e Oi l

Fu e l Oi l , Fu e l Oi l No . 1 , Fu e l Oi l No . 2 , Fu e l Oi l

No. 5 , Fue l Oi l No . 6

Fuel Oi l Recl a i med. Oi l t h a t h a s be e n p r o c e s s e d by a

Na v a l Su pp l y a c t i v i t y t h r o ug h a l o w- t e mp e r a t u r ehe a t i ng a nd s e t t l i ng f a c i l i t y t o r e move s u s pe nde dwa t e r a n d s e d i me nt t o me e t a ppr o pr i a t e s p e c i f i c a t i ons .

I t i s t he n us ua l l y r e i s s u ed or bl e nde d i nt o

ot he r f u el . ( Re f e r t o Appe ndi x A f o r mi l i t a r ys pe ci f i c at i on. )

Mi l l i on Bt u pe r hour

Na v a l Fa c i l i t i e s En gi n e e r i n g Co mma n d

Nav al Suppl y Sys t ems Command

Na v a l En e r g y a n d En vi r o nme n t a l Su pp or t Ac t i v i t y

Navy Speci a l Fuel Oi l

Sa y bo l t Un i v e r s a l Se c o nd s ( a me a s u r e of v i s c o s i t y )

Sh i p Was t e Of f l oad Bar ge

Uni t I de nt i f i c a t i on Code

The de s c r i pt i ve t e r m a ppl i e d t o us e d or c ont a mi na t e d

pe t r ol e um- ba s e d a nd s y nt h et i c / c he mi c a l - ba s e d oi lpr oduc t s t ha t a r e n o l onge r s ui t a bl e f o r u s e a sor i gi na l l y i nt e nde d.

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CHAPTER 2 . PLANNI NG WASTE OI L UTI LI ZATI ON

2. 1 SCOPE. Th i s c h a pt e r d i s c u s s e s f a c t o r s t o be c on s i de r e d a nd e va l ua t e d f or

us i ng wa s t e oi l s a s b ur ne r f ue l ; wa s t e oi l ge ne r a t i ng s o ur c e s , oi l pr oduc t sf o und i n wa s t e o i l s , oi l p r o duc t s whi c h s houl d not be b ur ne d, wa s t e o i lr e s t r i c t i ons , a nd boi l e r f ue l s pr e s e nt l y us e d. Ai r e mi s s i on c on s i d er a t i on s ,

c omb us t i on c on s i d er a t i on s , a nd e c ono mi c c o ns i de r a t i o ns a r e a l s o d i s c u s s e d .

2. 2 SOURCES OF WASTE OI L. The b a s i c s o ur c e s o f wa s t e o i l ge ne r a t e d a t Na vy

a ct i vi t i e s ar e s hi ps i n por t , a i r c r a f t f ue l i ng a nd ma i nt e na nc e ac t i vi t i e s ,

a nd ot h er i nd us t r i a l / s h op f u nc t i o ns p er f or me d a s h or e . Co l l e c t i on a nd

d i s p os a l c a n be c on du ct e d i nde pe nde nt l y i n v ar i ous o r ga ni z a t i ons o r a s

f u nc t i ona l e l e me nt s , of a n ac t i vi t y. Ce nt r a l i z e d c ol l e c t i on a nd us e o f t hewa s t e oi l a s a f u e l ma y be pr of i t a bl e f o r t he a ct i vi t y.

Al t h ou gh ov e r 8 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e vo l u me o f wa s t e o i l g e ne r a t e d t h r o u gh ou tt he Na vy i s obt a i ne d f r om s h i p bi l ge a nd ba l l a s t wa t e r br ought a s hor e ,

a c t i vi t i e s ha vi ng no por t f a c i l i t i e s ma y a l s o ge ne r a t e e nough wa s t e oi l t oma k e i t s u s e a s a s u p pl e me n t a l f u e l a wo r t h wh i l e e n e r g y c on s e r v a t i o n me a s u r e .

2. 2. 1 Shi ps i n Por t . The pr i ma r y s o ur c e of wa s t e oi l f r om s h i ps i s t he

b i l g e / b a l l a s t wa t e r p u mp e d a s h or e . Mos t a c t i vi t i e s h andl e t hi s wa s t e wi t h

Wa s t e Oi l Ra f t s ( DONUTS) , wh i c h pe r f or m a n i n i t i a l gr a vi t y s e pa r a t i on

f u nc t i on. The wa s t e oi l r e s i dua l obt a i ne d i s e i t he r f u r t he r t r e a t e d by oi ls e p a r a t i o n e q ui p me n t , i f a va i l a bl e , or t r a ns f e r r e d t o s t o r a ge t a nks f or

di s p os a l ( u s ua l l y by s a l e ) .Shi p s ma y a l s o ge ne r a t e wa s t e oi l pr odu ct s t ha t a r e br o ugh t a s h or e i n

d r u ms a n d ot h e r c o nt a i n e r s . Type s a n d qu an t i t i e s o f t hi s wa s t e va r y,

de pe ndi ng upon t he t ype of s h i p. I ndus t r i a l - t ype s h i ps , s u ch a s t e nde r s ,a i r c r a f t c a r r i e r s , a nd l a r g e a mphi bi ous s h i ps a r e t he mos t l i ke l y ge ne r a t or sof s i gni f i c ant qua nt i t i e s . Ex a mp l e s o f t h e s e wa s t e s a r e c on t a mi n a t e d f u e l s ,

t ur b i n e e ngi ne oi l s , hydr a ul i c f l ui ds , s hop l ubr i c ant s , c ar r i e r a r r e s t i ngge a r a nd ca t a pul t hydr a ul i c f l ui ds , gr e a s e s , a nd s ol ve nt s o f a l l ki nds .

2. 2. 2 Ai r c r a f t - Re l a t e d Func t i ons . At Na v a l Ai r St a t i o ns , a ma j o r s o ur c e

of wa s t e oi l i s a i r c r a f t f ue l i ng and ma i nt e na nc e . Co nt a mi n a t e d f u e l s t h a t

a r e una c c e pt a bl e f o r r e us e a r e a ma i n s o ur c e of wa s t e oi l . I n a i r c r a f tma i n t enance shops , f ue l t a nks a r e pur g e d, oi l s dr a i ne d, e t c . , t hus ge ne r a t i ng

wa s t e o i l s t h a t mu s t b e di s p o s e d . To a mi n or d e gr e e , t h e s e f u nc t i o ns ma y bep er f or me d a bo ar d a i r c r a f t c a r r i e r s whi l e i n por t a nd ma y ge ne r a t e s ome wa s t e s

t o be b r o u gh t a s h or e .

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2. 2. 3 I ndus t r i a l / Shop Func t i ons . La r g e Na vy a c t i vi t i e s , s u ch a s

Sh i py ar d s , Avi a t i on De po t s , a nd Or d na nc e Pl a nt s , ge ne r a t e wa s t e o i l ss u i t a b l e f o r b o i l e r f i r i n g . Th e u s e o f t h e s e wa s t e o i l s a s s u p pl e me n t a lf ue l de pe nd s on t he e c ono mi c s o f c o l l e c t i o n, s e g r e g a t i o n, a nd t r e a t me nt .

Ce r t a i n pr oduc t s u s e d i n i ndus t r i a l / s h op f a c i l i t i e s mus t not be bur ne d.

The s e a r e di s c u s s e d l a t e r a nd ar e l i s t e d i n Ap pe ndi x D.

2. 2. 4 Noni ndus t r i a l Re l a t e d Func t i ons . At noni ndus t r i a l a c t i vi t i e s ,

wa s t e o i l i s ge ne r a t e d wh er e ve r i n t e r na l c ombus t i o n e ngi ne e q ui pme nt i s

o pe r a t e d a n d ma i n t a i n e d, a s i n t r a ns p or t a t i on e qu i p me nt s h ops , Na vyExc ha nge s e r vi c e s t a t i o ns , a u t o mo t i v e ho bb y s h o ps , p ub l i c wo r k s ma i n t e n a n c e

s h ops , a nd di e s e l ge ne r a t or pl a nt s .

2 . 2 . 5 No ns p e c i f i c a t i on Fu el s . Anot he r s o ur c e of wa s t e oi l i s f ue l s

t ha t c a nno t b e i s s u ed a s s p e c i f i c a t i o n f u el s b e c a us e t he y be c a me

c ont a mi na t e d a t s t or a ge and di s p ens i ng f a c i l i t i e s .

2. 3 WASTE OI L RESTRI CTI ONS. Oi l pr oduc t s t ha t wi l l mos t l i ke l y be f ound i n

wa s t e oi l s a r e c a t e gor i z e d i nt o s i x t ype s i n Ta bl e 2- 1, a nd a r e d e s c r i be da s f o l l ows :

2 . 3 . 1 Type A Oi l Pr oduc t s . Ty pe A p r o du c t s i n Ta b l e 2 - 1 , s u c h a sga s ol i ne a nd J P- 4, a r e unde s i r a bl e a s b oi l e r f ue l s . Low f l a s hpoi nt

c ha r a c t e r i s t i c s ma ke t he s e ma t e r i a l s h a z a r d ous t o ha ndl e a nd bu r n .

2 . 3 . 2 Type F Oi l Pr oduc t s . The ma j o r i t y of wa s t e o i l s c o ns i d er e d he r e

a r e n o np e t r o l e u m- b a s e d p r o du c t s . Sy nt h et i c / c he mi c a l ( n onp et r ol e um) b as e d

pr oduc t s r e qui r e s e g r e ga t e d col l e c t i on. Appe ndi x D l i s t s

s y nt he t i c / c he mi c a l - ba s e d wa s t e oi l s , l ow f l a s hpoi nt ma t e r i a l s , a ndh al oge na t e d s o l ve nt s t ha t s h oul d no t b e bu r n e d. Spe c i a l pr e c a ut i on s a r er e qui r e d t o a voi d du mpi ng s o l ve nt s o r r e s i d ue s t h at c on t a i n h al o ge ns i nt o

t he wa s t e oi l be i ng c ol l e c t e d f or boi l e r f i r i ng. Shops mus t s e gr e ga t e a l l

h a l o ge n a t e d c o mp ou nd s wh e n pr a c t i c a l , b e c a us e h i g h e no ug h c on c e nt r a t i o ns

ma y r e s u l t i n a c c e l e r a t e d c or r os i on of boi l e r c ompo ne nt s a nd pr o du ceun he a l t h f u l s t a c k e mi s s i o ns . Th i s t y pe o f wa s t e c a n be a d de d t o wa s t e o i l s

onl y a f t e r t h e i nd i vi du al ba t c h h as b e e n de t e r mi n ed t o b e f r e e of ha l og en.I f t he oi l f a i l s t he t e s t s out l i ne d i n Cha pt e r 3 , i t i s p r o ba bl y due t oi mp r o pe r s e g r e g a t i on a nd s h oul d be d i s p os e d o f s e p a r a t e l y . Sus p e c t

ma t e r i a l s a r e t r i c hl or o e t h ane ( O- T- 6 200, t r i c hl or o - t r i f l uor o e t h ane

( MI L- C- 8 13 02 ) , c o ns t a n t s p e e d dr i v e f l u i d ( MI L- S- 8 10 87 ) , a n d v a r i o uscl eani ng compounds .

2. 3. 3 Type B, C, D, a nd E Oi l Pr oduc t s . The s e c a n be u t i l i z e d r e a di l y

a s a bur ne r f ue l by e i t he r b ur ni ng t he m s t r a i ght or bl e ndi ng wi t h t he f u e l

oi l i n us e or by pr ovi di ng a s e pa r a t e wa s t e oi l bur ne r i n t he boi l e r .

Ce r t a i n ba s i c r e qu i r e me nt s mus t be me t , b ut i n ge ne r a l , a wi de r a nge a n dl a r g e qua nt i t y of wa s t e oi l f r om t he s e t ype s c a n be r e u s e d.

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TABLE 2-l

Oil Product Types

Type

A. Gasolines

Characteristicsa

Product Examples

Hazardous, very low flashpoint Automotive gasoline

Aviation gasoline

JP-4

3. Kerosenes Clean burning light fuel, low flashpoint FOl

(lOOo

F minimum), less volatile than. JP-5

gasolines

C. Diesel Fuels Flashpoint lOOo

F minimum, slightly

viscous

F02

Marine diesel

Automotive diesel

D. Other Fuel Oils No. 4-Moderately viscous, odoriferous,

flashpoint 130F minimum

F04 through F06

No. S-Viscous, odoriferous, flashpoint

130F minimum

No. 6-"Black oil," very viscous,

odoriferous, flashpoint 140F minimum

E. Petroleum-Based Oils Generally high flashpoint, viscous fluid Lubricating oils/greases

or semisolid greases Hydraulic fluids

Transmission fluids

F. Synthetic/Chemical- Similar to petroleum-based oils but may Lubricating oils/greases

Based Oils and contain halogens; combustion products Hydraulic fluids

Solvents may be toxic and hazardous Brake fluids

a

Flashpoint values taken from ASTM D396, Standard Specification for Fuel Oils.


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2. 3. 4 Lubr i c a t i ng Oi l s . Whe n d i s p os i ng of us e d l u br i c a t i n g o i l s , t he

a c t i vi t y i n que s t i on s houl d exa mi ne t he f e a s i b i l i t y of r e - r e f i ni ng i n or d e r

t o c ons e r v e n at ur a l r e s o ur c e s . I f r e - r e f i ni ng i s n ot e c onomi c a l , t he oi ls h oul d be us e d a s a bo i l e r f ue l i n o r d e r t o r e c ove r t he e ne r gy c on t e nt .

Ot h er me t h ods , s u c h a s u s e f or dus t c ont r ol , a r e n o l o ng er a l l o we d.

Si nc e ai r e mi s s i ons a r e di r e c t l y a f f e c t e d by t he t ype of f ue l be i ng

burned ; l oc al , s t a t e , or f e de r a l a i r pol l ut i on c ont r o l a ge nc i e s o f t e nr e s t r i c t t he f ue l c ompos i t i on. EPA h a s d e ve l o pe d t h e f o l l o wi n g g ui d e l i n e s :

Ar s e n i c 5 ppm

Ca dmi un 2 ppmChr omi um 10 ppmLead 100 ppm

PCBs 50 ppmTot a l Ha l ogen 4, 000 ppm

Fl as h Poi nt 100 F

Wa s t e o i l s me e t i ng t he s e s pe c i f i c a t i o ns c a n be b ur ne d i n a ny e ne r gy

r e c ove r y s y s t e m s u bj e c t t o a na l ys e s a n d r e c or dke e pi ng r e qui r e me nt s . Howe ve r ,

i f a ny s pe c i f i c at i on l e ve l i s e xc e ede d, t he n t he oi l i s t e r me d " of f s p ec i f i c a t i on us e d oi l f ue l " a nd c a n be bur ne d onl y i n i ndus t r i a l a nd ut i l i t y

b o i l e r s . I n No ve mb e r 1 9 86 , EPA d e c i d e d n ot t o l i s t wa s t e o i l a s a h a z a r d ou swa s t e u n de r t h e Re s o ur c e Co ns e r v a t i o n a n d Re c o v e r y Ac t . However , EPA i n t endst o e s t a bl i s h s t a nda r d s f o r wa s t e oi l a nd r e qui r e t e s t s f or c hl or i ne , l e ad,a r s e n i c , c a dmi u m, a n d c h r o mi u m c o nt e n t , i gni t a bi l i t y, a nd f l a s hpoi nt .

Lo c a l a n d s t a t e a g e nc y r e q ui r e me n t s a r e o f t e n mo r e s t r i n ge n t t h a n EPA,

t hu s wa s t e oi l c omp os i t i on r e s t r i c t i on s mus t b e e va l ua t e d o n a c a s e by c a s eb a s i s . Fo r e x a mp l e , EPA d oe s n o t l i s t wa s t e o i l a s a h a z a r d ou s wa s t e , y e ts o me s t a t e s , s u c h a s Ca l i f or n i a , do c ons i de r wa s t e oi l a s a ha z a r do us wa s t e .Ca l i f o r n i a r e qui r e s wa s t e oi l t o be ma na ge d a s a h az a r d ous wa s t e unt i l i t ha s

be e n r e c yc l e d, di s p os e d, or t r a ns p or t e d out of s t a t e ; ma ni f e s t s ma y be

r e qui r e d s h oul d t he oi l e xc e e d c e r t a i n pur i t y s t a nda r d s , i nc l udi ng a PCBc onc e nt r a t i on l e v e l of 5 ppm, a nd a l e a d c onc e nt r a t i on l e ve l , a f t e r J a nua r y1, 1988, of 50 ppm.

Do not l i mi t wa s t e o i l c ompos i t i on r e s t r i c t i ons s ol e l y on EPA, s t a t e , or

l oc a l a ge nc y wa s t e o i l r e qu i r e me nt s ; c o ns i d e r Oc c u pa t i o na l He a l t h a n d Sa f e t yAdmi n i s t r a t i on (OSHA) r equi r emen t s a s we l l . Whi l e a was t e o i l may not be

t e r me d a ha z a r d ou s wa s t e , u po n c o mb us t i o n t h e s e c o nt a mi n a nt s wi l l c o nc e n t r a t ewi t hi n t he boi l e r a s h. Ha n dl i n g a n d d i s p o s a l o f t h i s a s h , wh i c h ma y no w h e

c o ns i d e r e d h a z a r d ou s a c c o r d i n g t o OSHA, ma y r e q ui r e s p e c i a l p r o vi s i o ns .Fur t he r wa s t e oi l c on- p os i t i on r e s t r i c t i o ns ma y b e r e qu i r e d t o mi n i mi z e

h a nd l i n g a n d d i s p o s a l p r o bl e ms .

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2. 4 BOI LER FUELS PRESENTLY USED. Na t ur a l ga s a nd l i que f i e d pe t r ol e um ga s e s

a r e t he f i r s t c hoi c e s f or f ue l s due t o t he i r e a s e of u s e , ha ndl i ng

c ha r a c t e r i s t i c s , c l e a nl i ne s s , a nd s ubs e que nt l ow ma i nt e na nc e r e qui r e me nt s .Howe ve r , t he u s e of l e s s d e s i r a bl e f ue l s , s u ch as f ue l oi l s , ha s b e come

ne c e s s a r y due t o t h e i r a va i l a bi l i t y and t h e s hor t a ge of na t ur a l ga s i n s o mer e gi o ns . Wa s t e oi l s ge ne r a t e d a t Na vy a c t i vi t i e s a r e c ons i de r e d at t r a c t i ves u bs t i t ut e s or s uppl e me nt s f o r f ue l o i l s .

Cons u mpt i on of na t ur a l ga s , l i que f i e d pe t r ol e um ga s e s , f ue l oi l s ( GLO) ,

a n d o t h e r e n e r g y s o u r c e s a r e pr e s e n t e d i n Ta b l e 2 - 2 f o r Na v y s h o r ef a c i l i t i e s . Ab ou t 2 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l e n e r g y c o ns u me d b y Na v y s h or e

f a ci l i t i e s i s i n t he f or m of f ue l oi l s . Ge ne r a t i o n e s t i ma t e s ( Ta bl e 2 - 3 )

s h ow t ha t on an ove r a l l ba s i s , t he Na vy s hor e f a c i l i t i e s ma y s u bs t i t ut e wa s t eoi l s f or ove r 5 pe r c e n t of t he t ot a l Na vywi de f ue l oi l r e qui r e me nt s .

De pe nd i n g o n t h e p ar t i c ul a r a c t i v i t y , a s mu c h a s 1 00 pe r c e n t o f t h e f u e l o i l .

r equi r emen t s may be me t wi t h was t e o i l .

TABLE 2- 2

Es t i mat ed Annual Ener gy Consumpt i on by Naval

a n d Ma r i n e Co r p s Ac t i v i t i e s f o r 1 9 83

Type of Ener gy Us ed

GLO

Ene r gy Cons ume da

1 06

MBt ub

% Tot a l

Na t u r a l ga s 27. 1 16. 8

Li qui d pe t r ol e um ga s e s 0. 3 0. 2

Fue l oi l s 32. 2 19. 8

El e c t r i c i t y 96. 3 59. 5

Coa l 3. 8 2. 4

St e a m a nd ho t wa t e r 1. 9 1. 2

Fue l oi l r e c l a i me d 0. 1 0. 1

Tot a l 161. 7 100. 0

11


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ASTM Spe c i f i c a t i on D396 ( Appe ndi x E) c l a s s i f i e s f ue l oi l s i nt o gr a de sa nd pl a c es l i mi t a t i ons o n pr ope r t i e s o f t he oi l s i n e a c h gr a de . Thesegr a de s a r e d es c r i be d as f ol l o ws :

2 . 4 . 1 Gr ade No. 1 . Thi s f u el i s t e r me d a l i ght di s t i l l a t e oi l be c aus ei t i s c a pa bl e of be i ng va por i z e d a t r e l a t i ve l y l ow t e mpe r a t ur e s a ta t mo s ph e r i c pr e s s u r e . I t s i nt e nde d us e i s a l mos t e xc l us i ve l y f o r d ome s t i c

he a t i ng whe r e v a por i z i ng- t ype b ur n er s c o nv er t t he o i l t o a va por by c on t a c twi t h a he a t e d s u r f a c e or by r a di a t i o n. Hi gh vol a t i l i t y of t he oi l i sne c e s s a r y t o e ns u r e t ha t v apor i z a t i o n oc c ur s wi t h a mi ni mum of r e s i due .

Thi s o i l i s a l i t t l e he a vi e r t ha n ke r o s e ne , but mode r n - d a y pr a c t i c e pl a c e sbot h No . 1 f u e l oi l a nd ke r os e n e i n t he s a me c l a s s .

2. 4 . 2 Gr ade No. 2 . Thi s i s a he a vi e r d i s t i l l a t e t ha n gr a de No. 1 a nd

c ome s f r om t he r e f i ne r y f r a c t i ona t i ng t owe r a f t e r t he No. 1 oi l . I t si nt e nde d us e i s i n a t o mi z i ng- t y pe bur ne r s , whi c h s p r a y t he oi l i n t o a

c o mb us t i o n c h a mb e r wh e r e t h e d r o pl e t s b ur n wh i l e s t i l l i n s u s p e ns i o n. Thi sg r a d e of o i l f i n ds u s e i n b ot h do me s t i c a n d me d i u m- c a p a c i t yc omme r c i a l / i ndus t r i a l a ppl i c a t i ons whe r e i t s c l e a nl i ne s s a n d e a s e of

ha ndl i ng s o me t i me s j us t i f y i t s hi ghe r c os t ove r t ha t of r e s i dua l oi l s .

2. 4 . 3 Gr ade No. 4 . Th i s o i l i s a v a r i a b l e a n d c o mp l e x mi x e d

c l a s s i f i c at i on. I t i s us ua l l y a l i ght r e s i dua l , but i t i s s ome t i me s ahe avy di s t i l l a t e . Thi s o i l i s o f l owe r vi s c o s i t y t ha n No. 5 or No. 6 f u e l

oi l s a n d i s i nt e nde d f or u s e i n bur ne r s e q ui ppe d t o a t omi z e oi l s o f h i g he rv i s c o s i t y t h a n d ome s t i c bu r n e r s c a n h a nd l e . I t s l i mi t e d s e r v i c e i nc l ude sus e i n s ma l l boi l e r s f or s c hool s a nd a pa r t me nt bui l di ngs , f or gi ng f u r n ac e s ,

a nd l ow- h e at i ns t a l l a t i ons . I t s v i s c o s i t y r a nge a l l o ws i t t o be pu mpe d a nda t omi z e d a t r e l a t i ve l y l ow t e mpe r a t ur e s r e qui r i n g no pr e he a t i ng f orha ndl i n g e xc e pt i n e xt r e me l y c ol d we a t he r . A r e f i ne r y us u a l l y doe s n ot

a t t e mpt t o pr o duc e t hi s g r a d e of oi l be c a us e o f i t s l o w s a l e s v ol ume .

2. 4 . 4 Gr ade No. 5 . Thi s i s a r e s i dua l f u e l o f i nt e r me di a t e vi s c os i t y

f or bu r n e r s c a pa bl e of h andl i ng f ue l mor e vi s c o us t ha n g r a d e s 1, 2, o r 4wi t ho ut p r e he a t i n g . Pr e h e a t i n g ma y be n e c e s s a r y f o r u s e i n s o me t y pe s o f e q ui p me n t f o r b ur n i n g a n d f o r h a nd l i n g i n c o l d c l i ma t e s .

2 . 4 . 5 Gr a d e No . 6 . Th i s i s a h e a vy , bl a ck r e s i dua l of t he r e f i ni ngpr oc e s s a n d i s s o me t i me s r e f e r r e d t o a s Bunke r C. " I t i s a hi gh vi s c o s i t y

oi l us e d pr i ma r i l y i n c omme r c i a l a nd i ndu s t r i a l he a t i ng. I t r e q u i r e spr e he a t i ng i n t h e s t or a ge t a nk t o pe r mi t p umpi n g a nd ad di t i o na l he a t i ng a tt h e bu r n er t o pe r mi t a t o mi z a t i o n. Th e e q ui p me n t a n d ma i n t e n a n c e r e q ui r e d

t o ha ndl e t hi s f ue l us ua l l y pr e ve nt s i t s us e i n s ma l l i ns t a l l a t i ons .Ta bl e 1 of ASTM D396 l i s t s t h e va r i ous g r a d e s o f f u el oi l s wi t h t he i r

r e s p ec t i v e s p e ci f i c a t i on s ( s e e App en di x E) .

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TABLE 2- 3Was t e Oi l Gener at i on and Us age by EFD

Was t e Oi l Di s t r i b ut i o naC

Fu e l Oi l

b Ra t i o s ( %)EFD Us a ge Was t e Oi l( 1, 000 MBt u) Ge n e r a t e d

Bur ned/ Gener at ed/ ( 1, 000 MBt u)

Gener a t ed Fuel Oi l Us ed

NORTHDI V ( 58) 7, 647 42 3. 9 0. 6

SOUTHDI V ( 81) 1, 539 311 15. 9 20. 2

CHESDI V ( 28) 3, 764 23 16. 9 0. 6

LANTDI V ( 78) 13, 418 29 1 4. 6 2. 2

WESTDI V ( 96) 3, 919 890 2. 8 22. 7

PACDI V ( 57 ) 6 , 75 7 299 63. 5 4. 4

TOTAL ( 398) 37, 044 1, 856 15. 3 5. 0

aFor FY83, base d on NCEL' s was t e o i l gener at i on/ combust i on

bFi gur e i n pa r e nt he s e s i ndi c a t e s t he numbe r of l oc a t i onss ur veyed i n eac h EFD.

cBas ed on FY83 DEI S I I r epor t .

2. 5 AI R EMI SSI ON CONSI DERATI ONS. The a ppl i c a bl e l oc a l , s t a t e , a nd f e de r a la i r e mi s s i o n r e gu l a t i o ns mu s t b e me t . Ho weve r , s i n ce a i r emi s s i o nr e gul a t i ons va r y f r om s t a t e t o s t a t e , a nd f r om di s t r i c t t o di s t r i c t wi t hi na s t a t e , e va l ua t e ai r e mi s s i on r e s t r i c t i on l e ve l s on a ca s e by c a s e ba s i s ;be a wa r e t ha t a n a i r p ol l ut i on c ont r ol di s t r i c t ma y r e qui r e wa s t e oi la na l ys e s , s o ur c e emi s s i on t e s t s , pe r mi t modi f i c a t i ons , a nd pos s i bl y e ve nr e qui r e he a l t h r i s k as s e s s me nt s . Mo di f y i ng t he ex i s t i ng ope r a t i n g pe r mi tma y s i mpl y r e qui r e not i f yi ng t he di s t r i c t of a f ue l c ha nge , ye t i t ma yr e qui r e i n s t a l l a t i on of a ddi t i ona l a i r p ol l ut i on c ont r ol e qui pme nt , oroper at i on i mpr ovement s t o meet New Sour ce Per f or mance St andar ds ( NSPS) , orBes t Avai l ab l e Cont r o l Techno l ogy ( BACT) . Ai r emi ss i ons a r e di r ec t l y

a f f ec t ed by t h e t y pe an d co mp os i t i o n of t h e f u e l be i n g b ur n ed , t h e me t ho do f b ur n i n g, and t h e co mbu s t i on e f f i c i en cy o f t he ene r g y r ecov e r y un i t . Ai rpol l ut a nt s o f ma j or c onc e r n f r om bur n i ng wa s t e oi l s a r e pa r t i c ul a t e s , l e a d,

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a nd or g an i c s . Pa r t i c ul a t e a n d l e a d emi s s i ons a r e s ubmi c r on s i z e whi c hc ont r i but e t o a dve r s e r e s p i r a t or y e f f e c t s a nd a r e a t l e ve l s of t e n hi ghe rt ha n t hos e f r om c onve nt i ona l f ue l oi l c ombus t i on. Hi gh e mi s s i on l e ve l s c a n

be a t t r i but e d t o t h e hi ghe r a s h and l e a d conc e nt r a t i ons i n t h e wa s t e oi l .Or ga ni c e mi s s i ons a l s o c ont r i but e t o a dve r s e h e a l t h a f f e c t s . Howe ve r ,

or ga ni c e mi s s i ons a r e of t e n t he r e s ul t of s o l ve nt c ont a mi na t e d wa s t e oi l s .Th i s c a n b e mi n i mi z e d by s e g r e g a t i n g t h e wa s t e o i l .

Al t hough pa r t i c ul a t e a n d l e a d emi s s i on c onc e nt r a t i ons t e nd t o be h i ghe r

i n wa s t e oi l s , a nd t he r e i s a pot e nt i a l f or o r g ani c e mi s s i ons , t hec ombus t i on pr ope r t i e s of wa s t e oi l a r e not s i gni f i c a nt l y di f f e r e n t f r om

t hos e o f c o nve nt i ona l f ue l s a n d of t e n di s p l a y t he f ol l owi ng a i r e mi s s i ons :

2. 5. 1 Pa r t i c ul a t e Ma t t e r . Thi s i s t he n onga s e ous p or t i on of t hec ombus t i on e xha us t c ons i s t i ng of a l l s o l i d a nd l i qui d ma t e r i a l ( e xc e pt

wa t e r dr o pl e t s ) s u s pe nde d i n t he exha us t ga s e s . I t i s ge ne r a l l y de f i ne d a sa ny ma t e r i a l t ha t woul d not pa s s t hr ough a ve r y f i ne f i l t e r . P a r t i c u l a t e

ma t t e r c a n be c o mp os e d of u nb ur n e d f u e l , s u l f u r c o mp ou nd s , c a r b on , a s h

c ons t i t ue nt s i n t he f u e l ( i nc l udi ng ma ny t oxi c me t a l s ) , a nd e ve nn on c omb us t i b l e a i r b or n e du s t e n t e r i n g t h e c ombu s t i o n a i r s y s t e m. Cur r en t

de vi c e s t o r e move p ar t i c ul a t e ma t t e r i nc l ude f i l t r a t i on, me c ha ni c a ls e pa r a t i on, a nd e l e ct r o s t a t i c pr e ci pi t a t i on.

2. 5 . 2 Sul f ur Di o xi de . SO2 i s a n onf l a mma bl e , c ol or l e s s g a s t ha t c a nbe " t a s t e d" i n c onc e nt r a t i ons o f l e s s t ha n 1 ppm i n t he a i r . I n hi ghe r

c onc e nt r a t i ons i t ha s a p unge nt , noxi ous o dor . SO2 and SO3 a r e f o r me di n t he c o mb us t i o n p r o c e s s wh e n s u l f u r c o nt a i n e d i n t h e f u e l c o mb i n e s wi t hoxyge n f r om t h e comb us t i on a i r . SO

2and SO

3c ompr i s e t he t ot a l oxi de s

of s ul f u r , ge ne r a l l y r e f e r r e d t o a s SOx. SO

3i s u s u a l l y no mor e t h an

5 pe r c e nt of t he t ot a l SOx

g e ne r a t e d. Es s e nt i a l l y a l l s ul f u r c ont a i ne di n t he f u e l i s c onve r t e d i nt o SO2 and S0 3, a nd i s not hi ghl y a f f e c t e dby b oi l e r o pe r a t i ng c ondi t i ons o r d es i gn. Al t hough r e g ul a t i ng t he qua nt i t yof s u l f ur i n t he f u e l i s t he pr i ma r y me t hod of c ont r ol l i ng SO

xe mi s s i o ns ,

s t a c k ga s s c r ubbe r s c a n a l s o be e f f e c t i ve i n r e movi ng SO2 f r om t h e

c o mb us t i o n e x ha u s t .

2 . 5 . 3 Ni t r o ge n Ox i d e s . Ni t r i c o xi d e ( NO) a nd ni t r o ge n di o xi d e ( NO2)a r e ge ne r a t e d i n t h e c omb us t i o n p r o c e s s . Th e s e c o mp ou nd s a r e r e f e r r e d t oa s NO

x. NO i s a c o l o r l e s s , odor l e s s g a s t ha t i s n ot c ons i de r e d a di r e c t

h ea l t h t h r e a t i n t he c on ce nt r a t i on s f o und i n t h e a t mo s ph er e . NO2

i sc o ns i d e r a b l y mor e ha r mf u l a n d c o mp r i s e s t y pi c a l l y 5 p e r c e n t o r l e s s o f t ot a l NO

xe mi t t e d f r om boi l e r s t a c ks . Onc e i n t he a t mos p he r e , howe ve r , a

l a r ge f r a c t i on of t he NO i s c o nve r t e d i nt o N02. NO2 i s a y e l l o w- b r o wnc ol o r e d ga s h a vi ng a pu ng e nt , s we e t i s h o do r . NO

xi s f o r me d s p o nt a n e ou s l y

d ur i n g t h e c omb us t i o n p r o c e s s wh e n o xy ge n a nd n i t r o ge n a r e p r e s e n t a t h i g ht e mpe r a t ur e s . Be c a us e a l l t h r e e ( o xy ge n, ni t r oge n, a nd hi gh t e mpe r a t ur e s )a r e e s s e nt i a l t o t he c ombus t i o n pr oc e s s , i t woul d be di f f i c ul t t o pr e ve nt

NOx f o r ma t i o n. Ni t r oge n i s p r e s e n t i n t he c ombus t i on a i r a nd f u e li t s e l f . Lo we r p e a k f l a me t e mp e r a t u r e s a n d r e d u c e d e xc e s s o xy ge n , o r ac o mbi n a t i o n o f b ot h , h a ve b e e n e f f e c t i v e i n r e d uc i n g NO

xf o r ma t i o n.

Fu t u r e t e c h ni q ue s wi l l s c r u b NOx f r om t he e xha us t ga s e s be f o r e t he y e nt e rt he s t a ck.

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2. 5. 4 Car bon Monoxi de. CO i s a p r o d uc t o f i n c omp l e t e c o mb us t i o n. I t s

c onc e nt r a t i on i n e xha us t ga s e s i s us u al l y s e ns i t i ve t o boi l e r o pe r a t i ngc ondi t i ons . I mpr ope r b ur ne r s e t t i ngs , de t e r i or a t e d bur ne r p a r t s , a nd

i ns u f f i c i e nt a i r f or c ombu s t i on c a n ca us e hi g h CO e mi s s i o ns . CO i s t oxi c ,

i nvi s i bl e , o dor l e s s , a nd t a s t e l e s s .

2 . 5 . 5 Hydr oca r bons . Th es e a r e a l s o i ndi c a t i ve o f i nc ompl e t e c o mbu s t i o n

a nd c a n be g r e a t l y r e d uc e d by pr o pe r bo i l e r ope r a t i on. Howe ve r ,

hydr oc a r b ons c a nnot be e nt i r e l y e l i mi na t e d; t r a c e qua nt i t i e s wi l l ne a r l y

a l wa y s b e p r e s e n t , r e ga r d l e s s of b oi l e r o pe r a t i on. Hy dr o c a r b o ns a r e a c t i v ei ng r e d i e nt s i n t he f or ma t i on of phot o che mi c a l s mog, a nd unde r c e r t a i n

a t mos p he r i c c on di t i ons c a n be t r a ns f or me d i nt o ot he r pot e nt i a l l y mo r eh az a r d ous d er i va t i v es .

2 . 5 . 6 Ox i d a nt s . Oxi da nt s a r e o xyg en- b ea r i n g s u bs t a nc e s t ha t t a ke p ar t

i n c o mp l e x c h e mi c a l r e a c t i o ns i n p ol l u t e d a t mo s ph e r e s . Phot ochemi ca l

r e a c t i ons t ha t a r e i nt e ns i f i e d i n t h e pr e s e nc e of s unl i ght i nvol ve ni t r o ge n

o xi d e s ( NOx) a nd r e a c t i ve or ga ni c s u bs t a nc e s ( h ydr o ca r bo ns a n d t he i rde r i va t i ve s ) a s pr i nc i pa l c he mi c a l i ngr e di e nt s . The s e r e a c t t o f or m ne w

c o mp ou nd s l i k e oz o ne a n d PAN ( p e r o xy a c yl n i t r a t e s ) , wh i c h a r e t h e ma j o roxi dant s i n smog. Wh i l e o z on e a nd PAN a r e n ot g e ne r a t e d i n t h e bo i l e r , t h e

pr i nc i pa l i ngr e di e nt s ( e s p ec i a l l y NOx) a r e s u ppl i e d by t he e xha us t ga s e s .

2. 6 COMBUSTI ON CONSI DERATI ONS. Wa s t e o i l ma y be b ur n e d i n a va r i e t y of

e ne r g y r e c ove r y s y s t e ms s uc h as k i l ns , di e s e l e ngi ne s , s p ac e he a t e r s , orboi l e r s . Boi l e r s de s i gne d t o bur n No. 6 f u e l o i l a n d mo s t No . 4 a n d No . 5

f ue l oi l f i r e d b oi l e r s c a n b e us e d t o b ur n wa s t e oi l s wi t hou t ma j ormo di f i c a t i o ns . Howe ve r , b oi l e r s d e s i gn ed f o r l i ght e r f ue l s ma y r e qui r e

modi f i c a t i ons t o i ns u r e s a t i s f a c t or y combus t i on e f f i c i e nc i e s a nd t o ens u r ec omp l i a nc e wi t h a i r e mi s s i on r e g ul a t i ons . To i mp r o v e c o mb us t i o n e f f i c i e n c y

a nd t hus r e duc e a i r e mi s s i ons , a dj us t t he boi l e r vi s c os i t y and bur ne rc ont r ol s a nd pr e t r e a t t he f u el . Se g r e g a t e oi l s t o mi n i mi z e c on t a mi n a nt s .

Gr a vi t y s epa r a t e , f i l t e r , or c e nt r i f uge o i l t o r e move wa t e r , s l udge , a nd

s o l i ds o r bl e nd wa s t e oi l wi t h vi r gi n f ue l oi l t o mi ni mi z e t he de t r i me nt a la f f e c t s o f t he wa s t e oi l . The s e modi f i c a t i ons a r e f ur t he r di s c us s e d i n

Chapt er 3 .

2. 7 COMPARI SON OF BURNI NG WASTE OI L VERSUS RE- REFI NI NG. Re c e nt r ul i ng s

r e qui r e t ha t a l l wa s t e oi l s b e t ur ne d ove r t o t he ne a r b y f ue l s u ppl y de pott o be c l a s s i f i e d a s FOR f or s a l e . Si nce FOR i s composed p r i mar i l y o f

c ont a mi na t e d di s t i l l a t e f ue l s , s t udi e s we r e c onduc t e d f or t he Na va lPe t r o l e u m Of f i c e t o r e f i n e FOR i n t o d i e s e l f u e l wh i c h wi l l c o mma n d a hi g he r

p r i c e . To d et e r mi ne t he me r i t of r e f i ni ng wa s t e oi l , t h e f ol l owi ng s i mpl e

anal ys i s was made.

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Le t Pd, P2, Pf, a nd Cr be , r e s p ec t i ve l y, t he pr i c e ( p er g al l on)

f o r di e s e l f u el , No . 2 f ue l oi l , FOR, a nd t he c os t of t r a ns p or t i ng FOR t ot he r e f i ne r y and r e f i ni ng. Th e t o t a l n e t i n c ome t o t h e Na v y i s c o mp a r e d

f or t he f ol l o wi ng t wo opt i o ns :

1 .

2.

Us e r b uy i n g FOR a n d b ur n i n g i t a s b oi l e r f u e l :

Fuel Depot

Us e r

Tot a l s a v i ng s

t o - t he Navy

Revenue/ Budget

Pf

P 2

c o s t

0

Pf

Gai n/Sa v i n gs

Pf

P 2- Pf

R2

Us e r b uy i n g r e f i n e d FOR a n d u s i n g i t a s d i e s e l f u e l :

Fuel Depot

Us e r

Tot a l s a v i ng s

t o t he Navy

Revenue/

Budget

P d

Pd

c o s t

c r

Pd

Gai n/

Sa v i n gs

P d- Cr

0

P d- Cr

Thus , s i nc e P2

and Pd

a r e us u a l l y t he s a me , t he Na vy wi l l r e a l i z e

l e s s s a v i n gs by t he r e f i ni ng opt i on, t he di f f e r e n c e be i ng t he c os t s f orr e f i ni ng, Cr . I n ot h e r wo r d s , f o r e a c h g a l l o n o f F OR r e f i n e d, t h e Na v yl o s e s C

l o s s e s (

( a b ou t 2 0 ) . Thi s d oe s n ot i n cl u de t he c os t s d ue t o ma t e r i a l

FOR c a nnot be t ot a l l y c onve r t e d t o di e s e l f ue l ) a nd wa s t e d i s p os a l( r e s i due f r om r e f i ni ng) .

I n c onc l us i on, t o r e f i ne FOR i n t o d i e s e l f u el wi l l c os t t he Na vy a t

l e a s t Cr

pe r g a l l on . For l o ca t i ons whe r e FOR i s g e ne r a t e d, bu t t he r e i sn o d e ma n d f o r f u e l o i l s , i t i s r e c o mme n de d t h a t t h e FOR b e t r a n s p or t e d t ot he c l os e s t us e r f or boi l e r f i r i ng. ( Re me mbe r t ha t f or r e f i ni ng, t he FORmus t be t r a n s por t e d t o t he r e f i ne r y s i t e , r e g ar d l e s s . )

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2. 8 ECONOMI CS OF BURNI NG WASTE OI L. Th e e c o no mi c s o f b ur n i n g wa s t e o i l a s

a s u pp l e me n t a l f u e l i s o f i n t e r e s t i n pu bl i c wo r k s ma n ag e me n t a n d i nj us t i f yi ng f a c i l i t y pr oj e c t s f or ut i l i z a t i on of wa s t e oi l . Whi l e t he

s pe c i f i c s wi l l be di f f e r e n t f or e a ch a c t i vi t y, mos t of t he e c onomi c f a c t or sa r e c o mmo n, a n d g ui d e l i n e s f o r c a l c u l a t i n g c o s t s a n d s a v i n gs c a n be

d e t e r mi n e d ( s e e Ap pe n di x C f o r e l e me n t s t o be c o ns i d e r e d ) . Th e f o l l o wi n gr e qui r e d f unc t i ons a r e c omput e d f or us i ng t he wa s t e oi l a s a f ue l ve r s u s

s e l l i ng i t f r om a c ent r a l s t or a ge t a nk.

Bu rn i n g a s a Fu e l : Sa l e :

c o l l e c t i o n a nd s e gr e ga t i on

t r a ns por t a t i on a ndc e n t r a l i z a t i o n

wat e r and s l udge r emoval t e s t i ng

s t or a ge

mi xi n g/ b l e nd i n g

2 . 8 . 1 Co mp a r i s o n o f Bu r n i n g Ve r s u s Sa l e . Th e f o l l owi ng commen t s on t hef unc t i ons o f t he s e t wo al t e r na t i ve s a p pl y t o mos t a c t i v i t i e s :

The c os t of c ol l e c t i on a nd t r a ns p or t a t i on

t h e s a me f o r b o t h me t h od s o f d i s p os a l .

c ol l e ct i on ( s e gr e ga t i on

i s s o me t i me r e q u i r e d )

t r a ns p or t a t i on a ndc e n t r a l i z a t i o n

wat er and s l udge r emoval( n ot r e qu i r e d i n s o me

c a s e s )s t or a ge

of t he wa s t e oi l wi l l be

Ce r t a i n wa s t e o i l p r o du c t s mu s t n ot b e bu r n e d an d mu s t b e s e g r e g a t e d

a nd h a nd l e d s e p a r a t e l y . Un de r s o me s a l e c o nt r a c t s a n d o t h e r d i s p os a lme t ho ds t hi s s e g r e g at i on i s n ot r e qui r e d. Co ns e q ue n t l y , t h e r e ma y b ea uni que c os t of s e g r e g a t i on as s oc i a t e d wi t h bur ni ng.

At mos t s i t e s , t he onl y t r e a t me nt r e qui r e d pr i or t o bur ni ng or s a l e

i s g r a vi t y s epa r a t i on of t he wa t e r a n d s ol i ds . Th e c o s t s wi l l be

a bout e qu al f or bo t h c as e s .

The c os t of s t or a ge f or s a l e i s u ni que . A t a n k mu s t b e de d i c a t e d f o r

wa s t e oi l i f t he oi l i s t o be s ol d. I f wa t e r / s o l i ds r e mova l i s

a c c o mp l i s h e d e l s e wh e re , t h e wa s t e o i l t o be b ur n e d ma y be p l a c e ddi r e c t l y i nt o boi l e r f u el t a nks . ( A s e p a r a t e d edi c a t e d wa s t e o i l

t a nk ma y be i ns t a l l e d a t t he boi l e r p l a nt f or c o nve ni e nc e . )

The r e f o r e , t he c os t f o r s e l l i ng wa s t e oi l i s n ec es s a r i l y gr e a t e r t ha nt he cos t f or b ur ni ng.

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2 . 8 . 2 Co s t o f Bu r n i n g Wa s t e Oi l Bas ed o n t h e ab o v et ypi c a l c os t a nd s a vi ngs f a c t or s f or us e i n c a l c u l a t i ng t hee c ono mi c s o f bu r n i ng t he wa s t e o i l a r e a s f ol l ows :

Re c u r r i n g Co s t s :

o Se gr e ga t i on r e qui r e d o nl y f or bu r n i ng.

o Te s t i ng t o de t e r mi ne s a f e b ur ni ng pr ope r t i e s .

o Mi xi n g/ bl e nd i ng of wa s t e oi l wi t h n ew f ue l , i f r e qui r e d.

o Pr i c e t ha t wa s t e oi l c oul d be s ol d f or unde r c o nt r a c t .( I f wa s t e oi l i s bur ne d, t he i nc ome l os s f r o m po t e nt i a ls a l e i s a cos t of bur ni ng. )

One- Ti me Cos t s :

o Ne w f a c i l i t i e s a n d e qui pme nt r e qui r e d t o us e wa s t e o i la s a f ue l .

Sa v i n gs :

o Co s t o f n e w f u e l n ot p ur c h a s e d du e t o bu r n i n g wa s t e o i l .

I f t he s a vi ngs i n f ue l pur c ha s e s a r e gr e a t e r t ha n r e c ur r i ngc os t s , t he pa yb ac k pe r i o d f or t he one - t i me c os t c a n be c a l c ul a t e d( s e e Ap pe nd i x C f or de t a i l s ) .

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CHAPTER 3. PROCEDURES FOR BURNI NG WASTE OI L AS A BOI LER FUEL

3. 1 SCOPE. Thi s c h apt e r di s c us s e s s e gr e ga t i on and col l e c t i on of wa s t e oi l ,

c ent r a l i z ed s t or a ge , t r e a t me nt , qua l i t y c ont r ol , a nd de l i ve r y t o t he boi l e r

pl a nt . The s p ec i f i c s wi l l va r y wi t h e a c h s h or e a c t i vi t y. * The r e f or e , onl yge ne r a l di s c u s s i ons f or e a c h t ype of s o ur c e a r e i nc l ude d. Fue l a na l ys e s i n

t e r ms of p hys i c a l / c he mi c a l c o ns t r a i nt s a nd t e s t s f or e v a l ua t i on of t hewa s t e oi l a r e p r e s c r i be d. Bl e ndi n g a nd v i s c o s i t y c ont r ol of t he wa s t e oi l

a r e de s c r i be d t o pr ovi de i ns i ght i nt o ne c e s s a r y ope r a t i ona l c ha nge s ,mod i f i c a t i on s t o e xi s t i n g e qui pme nt , a nd a ddi t i on al e qu i pme nt r e qui r e d.

Un i q ue ma i n t e n a nc e a n d op e r a t i o na l r e q ui r e me n t s t h a t ma y be e n c ou nt e r e d a r ed i s c u s s e d , a n d r e c o mme n da t i o ns r e g a r d i n g r e c o r d k e e pi n g f o r d oc u me n t a t i o n o f

f ut ur e wa s t e oi l b ur n i n g e xp er i e nc e a r e p r o vi d ed . .

3. 2 SEGREGATI ON. Pr e s e n c e of c a us t i c , a c i di c , a nd ha l og ena t e d c ompou nds i n

wa s t e oi l s ma y c a u s e c or r o s i o n t o f u e l s y s t e m c o mp on e nt s a n d p r o d uc ec o mb us t i o n p r o d uc t s wh i c h a r e h a r mf u l t o t h e bo i l e r a n d wh i c h ma y po l l u t et he envi r onment . Su c h c o mp ou nd s ma y c o me f r o m d e t e r g e nt s , i n du s t r i a lwa s t e s , s ol ve nt s , c l e a ni ng f l ui ds , s ynt he t i c s , e t c . Pr o pe r s e g r e g a t i o n n ot

o nl y wi l l mi n i mi z e t h e pos s i bl e h a z a r d s d ue t o unde s i r a bl e c o nt a mi na nt s b uta l s o l e s s e n t he e f f or t a nd c os t of t r e a t i ng t he wa s t e oi l .

The s e g r e g a t i on a t t he s o ur c e of wa s t e s n on bu r n a bl e a s boi l e r f ue l s i sr e l a t i ve l y s i mpl e . Oi l pr oduc t s t ha t mus t be s e gr e ga t e d a r e l i s t e d i nAppe ndi x D. The i de nt i f i c a t i on and s e pa r a t e c ol l e c t i on of nonbur na bl e

pr oduc t s a t s h or e i ndus t r i a l a r e a s a n d s h ops a r e wi t hi n t he c ont r ol of t hea c t i v i t y a nd c a n be a c c ompl i s h e d t hr oug h i ndo ct r i na t i on of p er s o nne l a nd bypr ovi di ng f a c i l i t i e s t ha t ma ke s e gr e ga t i on e a s y. The s e gr e ga t i on of t hos ewa s t e s a boa r d s h i p be f o r e t he y e nt e r t he bi l ge i s n ot wi t hi n t h e c ont r ol of

t he s hor e a ct i vi t y, but t he r e a r e s t e ps t ha t c a n be t a ke n t o i mpr ove t hequa l i t y o f t he was t e pumped a shor e .

3 . 2 . 1 Sh i p Wa s t e Oi l Se g r e g a t i o n. Se gr e ga t i on i s n ot a ppl i c a bl e t o t he

oi l y wa s t e wa t e r p umpe d f r om bi l ge s . Any unde s i r a bl e c ont a mi na nt s p r e s e n ti n t h at wa s t e wi l l ha ve t o be a c c e pt e d and , on ce t he wa s t e i s d e wa t e r e d,

t e s t i ng mus t de t e r mi ne i f t he wa s t e oi l i s s u i t a bl e f o r b ur ni ng. I n mos t

c a s e s , nonbur na bl e t ype wa s t e s i n t he oi l wi l l be s o di l ut e d by qua nt i t yt h at no pr o bl e ms wi l l b e e nc ount e r e d wi t h bu r n i ng. Ne ve r t he l e s s , i f t he

ha z a r do us o i l pr odu ct s i n us e a b oa r d s h i ps c a n be i d ent i f i e d a nd pu bl i c i z e d

a n d t h e s h i p s pr e v a i l e d u po n t o s e g r e g a t e s u c h wa s t e s a n d mo ve t h e m a s h o r es e pa r a t e l y, t he qua l i t y of t he wa s t e oi l wi l l be i mpr ove d. Wa s t e o i l s

br o ugh t a s h or e i n pr ope r l y l a be l e d dr u m/ c ont a i n er s c a n b e s e gr e ga t e d a tt he s o ur c e i f t he pr oduc t s a r e i de nt i f i e d a he a d of t i me a nd c ont a i ne r sp r o v i d e d.

* Wa s t e oi l i s b ur n e d a t ma n y Na v y a c t i v i t i e s . Cont a c t s f or t he s e a c t i vi t i e s

a r e l i s t e d i n Ap pe n di x F.

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3 . 2 . 2 I n dus t r i a l Wa s t e Oi l Se gr e ga t i on . I f a n a ggr e s s i ve pr ogr a m f o r

c ol l e c t i ng and bur n i ng wa s t e oi l i s e s t a bl i s he d by an ac t i vi t y, publ i c i z i ng

t he r e s u l t s i n dol l a r s a vi ngs a nd e ne r g y c ons e r va t i on wi l l he l p i n

o bt a i n i ng c oo pe r a t i o n i n s e g r e g at i o n. Cont a i ne r s a nd c ol l e c t i on a t

ne c e s s a r y f r e que nc i e s mu s t b e pr ovi de d t o l e s s e n t he wor kl o ad of s e p a r a t eh a nd l i n g. On c e i t b e c ome s s t a n da r d p r o c e d ur e i n a s h op t o h a nd l e c e r t a i n

wa s t e s s e p ar a t e l y, t he pr oc e dur e wi l l c ont i nue . Or i g i n a l c o nt a i n e r s ma y b e

s a v e d a nd r e u s e d f o r wa s t e c ol l e c t i o n. Dr u ms , wi t h a p pr o pr i a t e s i g ns o r

l a be l s , ma y be p l a c e d i n or ne a r s h ops f or di s p os a l of " di r t y" a n d " c l e a n"wa s t e oi l p r o du ct s . As wi t h o t he r t y pe s o f r e c yc l a bl e pr od uc t s ( s u c h a s

p ape r a nd me t a l s ) t h e di f f e r e n c e i n t i me , l a bor , a nd t r oubl e r e qui r e d t o

r e c l a i m t he i t e m r a t he r t ha n t hr ow i t a wa y i s v er y s ma l l onc e i t be c ome spa r t of t he r o ut i ne .

3. 3 CENTRALI ZED STORAGE. Bur na bl e wa s t e oi l s h oul d b e c e nt r a l i z e d i ns t or a g e pr i or t o de l i ve r y t o t he boi l e r p l a n t or c o nt r a c t or - r e c ei vi ng

p o i n t s . I t i s c o s t l y t o ha ve a wa s t e oi l buye r p i c k up s ma l l qua nt i t i e s a tmany l oca t i ons . Ta nk t r uc ks o r t r a i l e r s ma y s e r v e a s mo bi l e s t or a ge f or

c ol l e c t i ng and s t or i ng t h e wa s t e oi l be t we e n s o ur c e a nd boi l e r pl a nt .Unl e s s t he wa s t e oi l i s s t r i nge nt l y t r e a t e d pr i or t o bur n i ng, or

unus u al l y c l e a n whe n c ol l e c t e d, gr a vi t y s e pa r a t i on wi l l be r e qui r e d t or emove wa t e r and so l i ds . La r g e qua nt i t i e s o f " c l e a n" wa s t e oi l ( e . g. ,c ont a mi na t e d j e t f ue l de c l a r e d unus a bl e f o r a i r c r a f t ) ge ne r a t e d a t one t i mes h oul d be de l i ve r e d di r e c t l y t o t he boi l e r pl a nt whe n pos s i bl e t o avoi df ur t he r de gr a da t i on b y mi xi n g wi t h o t he r wa s t e oi l s .

3. 4 TREATMENT- - WATER/ SLUDGE REMOVAL. Wa s t e o i l ma y c o nt a i n va r i e d a mo un t sof wa t e r , s l udge , a nd s ol i ds . Ex c e s s i v e wa t e r i n oi l ma y c a us e f l a me o ut ;s l u dg e a n d s o l i d s ma y p l u g u p t h e f u e l s y s t e m, c a u s e e x c e s s i v e we a r i n

nozz l e t i p and pump component s , e t c . Th e y mu s t b e r e mo ve d f r o m t h e wa s t eoi l be f or e i t c an be s a f e l y f i r e d i n a boi l e r . At pr e s ent , a n oi l t ha t

c on t a i ns n o f r e e wa t e r * an d t ha t c a n pa s s t hr ou gh an 80- me s h s c r e e n f i l t e r

i s c ons i de r e d r e a s ona bl y ade qua t e f o r boi l e r f i r i ng.Wa t e r , s l u dg e , a nd s ol i ds ma y a ppe a r i n t he wa s t e oi l e i t he r i n a f o r m

mor e or l e s s s e p a r a t e d f r om t he bul k of t he oi l or s u s pe nde d i n i t i n

va r i ous e mul s i f i e d s t a t e s . I n ge n e r a l , t h e y ma y b e r e mo ve d s i mp l y b ygr a vi t y s e pa r a t i on. By l e a vi ng t h e oi l i n a t a nk undi s t u r b e d f o r e n oug h

t i me , t he y wi l l e ve nt ua l l y s e t t l e a t t he t a nk bot t om a nd c an be e as i l yr emoved. Whe n s u f f i c i e nt t i me i s not a va i l a bl e , t he gr a vi t y s e pa r a t i onp r o c e s s ma y be a c c e l e r a t e d by he a t i ng t he o i l t o s o me s a f e t e mp er a t ur e

( e . g . , wi t h a s t e a m c oi l he a t e r t o 150 F) , by us i ng a c ent r i f uge , or b yaddi ng a commer c i a l chemi ca l demul s i f y i ng agent . I f t he wa s t e oi l a ppe a r st o b e a s t a b l e e mu l s i o n ( h a vi n g p oo r d e mu l s i b i l i t y b y t h e a b ov e me t h od s ) ,

mi xi ng i t wi t h l i ght f ue l s s uc h a s c ont a mi na t e d J P- 5 or di e s e l wi l l he l p

a cc e l e r a t e t he de mul s i f i c a t i on be f o r e t he gr a v i t a t i on s epa r a t i on( Th e a mo un t o f l i g ht f u e l t o be u s e d d e pe n ds o n t h e na t u r e o f t h e p r o c e s s .

emul s i on. Add i n g on e pa r t of f ue l i n f i ve p ar t s o f wa s t e o i l wou l d be agood s t a r t i ng poi nt . )

*Re f e r t o wa t e r v i s i bl y s e pa r a t e d f r om t he oi l a s di s t i ngui s he d f r om

wa t e r s u s pe nde d i n t he oi l i n an emul s i f i e d s t a t e .

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3. 5 FUEL ANALYSI S. Wa s t e oi l s o bt a i n e d t hr o ug h p r o pe r s e g r e g at i o n a n dwa t e r / s e d i me n t r e mo va l a s d e s c r i b e d a b ov e a r e p r i ma r i l y mi xt u r e s o f

h yd r o c a rb o ns . Ot h er t h an t h e a pp ea r a nc e , t h e y s h ou l d h a ve pr o pe r t i e ss i mi l a r t o r e gul a r f u el oi l s . The c ha r a c t e r i s t i c pr o pe r t i e s of a va r i e t y

o f r a nd oml y s e l e c t e d oi l s a mp l e s we r e me a s u r e d a nd t h e r e s u l t s a r e s h o wn i nTa bl e 3- 1 . Ba se d on hi s t or i c al da t a ' a va i l a bl e f r om t he Na vy' s wa s t e oi la nd FOR e xpe r i e nc es , a r e al i s t i c qua l i t y c ont r ol s t a nda r d ha s be en pr opos e d

a s p r e s e n t e d i n Ta b l e 3 - 2 ( i n r e s u l t , MI L- F- 2 49 51 ha s b e e n de v e l o pe d a nd i s

i nc l uded i n Appendi x A) . ASTM Sp e c i f i c a t i o ns f o r No . 2 a nd No . 4 ( l i g ht )f ue l oi l s a r e a l s o i n c l ude d i n Ta bl e 3- 2 t o s how t ha t wa s t e oi l s a r e f a i r l ys i mi l a r t o t he s e oi l s . Si nc e s p e c i f i c a t i ons a r e c onc e r n e d onl y wi t h r a n ge sa nd l i mi t s , f ue l oi l s o f t he s a me gr a de a r e l i ke l y t o ha ve di f f e r e nt

pr ope r t y va l ue s . The va r i a bi l i t y of p r o pe r t i e s of wa s t e oi l s i s e xpe c t e dt o be e ve n gr e a t e r .

The pr ope r t i e s di r e c t l y a f f e c t i ng t he s a f e t y a nd ope r a t i ons o f a boi l e ra r e d i s c u s s e d be l ow ( s e e Ap pe n di x E f o r t h e a pp l i c a b l e ASTM t e s t me t h od s ) :

3 . 5 . 1 Gr a v i t y ( o r d e gr e e s API ) . Thi s i s a n i ndi r e c t me a s ur e of t he

f ue l de ns i t y. The c a r b on- t o- hydr oge n r a t i o a nd he a t i ng va l ue of f ue l oi l s

c a n be e s t i ma t e d r e a s ona bl y we l l f r om t he i r gr a v i t i e s a s s h own i n

Fi g ur e 3- 1 . The c a r bon- t o- hydr oge n r a t i o a f f e c t s t he c o mbus t i on a i rr e qui r e me nt s ( t he f u el - a i r r a t i o) , a nd t he he a t i ng va l ue af f e c t s t he bur ne rf i r i ng r a t e . Adj us t me nt o f t he bu r n er f o r e f f i c i e nt bu r n i ng wi l l ,t he r e f o r e , be r e qui r e d whe n f u el s o f d i f f e r e nt gr a v i t i e s a r e f i r e d .

3. 5. 2 Vi s c os i t y. Thi s i s a me a s ur e of t he r e s i s t a nc e of t he oi l t of l ow a nd at omi z e . t - or a bur ne r t o f u nc t i on pr ope r l y, t he f ue l mus t bewi t hi n a c er t a i n vi s c os i t y r a nge . Si nc e vi s c os i t y i s hi ghl y t e mpe r a t ur ede pe nde nt , t hi s i s a c hi e ve d by he a t i ng t h e oi l t o t h e a ppr o pr i a t et e mpe r a t ur e ( s e e " Vi s c o s i t y Cont r ol , Se c t i on 3. 7) .

3. 5. 3 Fl a s hpoi nt . Th i s i s t h e l o we s t t e mp e r a t u r e a t wh i c h a f ue l ma ybe i gni t e d unde r s p e c i f i e d c ondi t i o ns . I t i s , t he r e f o r e , a me as ur e o f

s a f e t y . Th e mi n i mu m f l a s h po i n t f o r c o mme r c i a l g r a d e f u e l o i l s i s 3 8 C( l OO

oF) ( s ee Append i x E) .

140 CFR, Par t 226 . 40

2Us e d o i l c on t a i n i n g mor e t h a n 1 00 0 p pm t o t a l h a l o ge n s i s pr e s u me d t o be

hazar dous was t e under 40 CFR, Par t 266 . 40 . Th i s wi l l ha v e a l a r g e i mp a cto n t h e e c on omi c s o f o i l b ur n i n g.

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TABLE 3-1

Properties of Some Oils Tested

Properties

API Gravity

Heating Value(HHV, Btu/lb)

Viscosity, SUS @ lOOoF

Flashpoint, F

Water and Sediment, %

Carbon Residue

(Ramsbottom), %

Copper Strip Corrosion

Carbon, %

Hydrogen; %

Nitrogen, %

Sulfur, %

Ash, %

Oxygen, % by

Difference

No. 6

23

19,150

324

245

0.12

3.44

S.T.a

86.61

12.25

0.24

0.28

0.016

0.60

Fuel Oil

No. 5

18,576

0.44

85.02

11.53

0.33

1.31

0.032

1.78

No. 2

34 2 2 26.1 29.1 40.6

19,560 18,420 19,270 19,390 19,770

35 150 527 60 31

168 295 370 260 145

< 0.1 1.0


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TABLE 3-2

Proposed Quality Control Standard for Navy Waste Oils

ASTM Spec for Fuel Oil

Property Proposed Qua1ity Applicable

Control Standard No. 2 No. 4 ASTM Test

Light Method

Water/sediments, vol % max 1.0 0.05 0.50 D1796

Sulfur, wt % max local regulation 0.5 ---- Dl29

D1552

D2662

Flashpoint, C (F) min

Copper strip corrosion,

max

Gravity (deg API, 60/60F)

Viscosity, cSt at 40C

(104F)

Distillation temperatures,

90% points C (F)

Ash, wt % max

Carbon residue on 10%

bottoms, % max

Pour point, C (F) max

38 (100)*

4C*

34*

4*

----

0.10*

1.0*

-6 (20)*

38 (100) 38 (100) D93

No. 3 ---- D130

30 min 30 max D287

1.9 min ---- D445

3.4 max

282 (540) min ---- D86

338 (640) max

---- 0.05 D482

0.35 ---- D524

-6 (20) -6 (20) D97

*Reference only. Not to be considered as limiting constraints.


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1.0

19,000

18,500

18,000

0

carbon to hydrogen ra tio

FIGURE 3-lRelationships between heating value, carbon-to-

hydrogen ratio, specific gravity, and API gravity.

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3 . 5 . 4 Wa t e r a n d Se d i me n t . Wa t e r i n oi l ma y c a us e u n s t a b l ef l a me or f l a me out . Se di me nt ma y ca us e f ue l s y s t e m bl oc ka ge a nda c c e l e r a t e d we a r . Ex c e s s i v e a mo un t s o f t h e s e mu s t n ot b et ol e r a t e d. I f t he wa s t e oi l c ol l e c t i on pr oc e dur e de s c r i be de ar l i e r i s f o l l owe d, no di f f i c ul t y s houl d be e nc ount e r e d dur i ngb ur n i n g.

3. 5. 5 Che mi c al Cont a mi na t i on. Due t o t he unc ont r ol l a bl ena t ur e of i ndi vi dua l p r a c t i c e i n wa s t e oi l c ol l e c t i on,c on t a mi n at i o n b y u nde s i r a bl e c he mi c a l s ma y s t i l l b e p os s i b l e .Th e f o l l o wi n g s i mp l e me t h od s ma y be u s e d t o pe r i o di c a l l yde t e r mi ne t he qua l i t y of t he wa s t e oi l .

( a ) Cop pe r Co r r os i o n Te s t . Ma i nt a i n t h e o i l a t 5 0 C( 1 22 F) a n d i mme r s e a we l l p ol i s h e d s a mp l e c o pp e r s t r i p f o r 3 ho ur s . Th er e l a t i ve cor r os i ve ne s s of t he oi l i s d et e r mi ne d by t he ext e nt of t a r n i s h iof t he s t r i p. For exampl e , a c c or d i n g t o ASTM Sp ec i f i c a t i o n D1 30 , De t e c t io f Co pp e r Co r r o s i o n f r o m Pe t r o l e u m Pr o du c t s b y t h e Co pp e r St r i p Me t h od , tma x i mu m a l l o wa b l e t a r n i s h de s i g na t i o n f o r c o mme r c i a l g r a d e No . 1 a nd No . f ue l oi l s i s 3, a nd no ma xi mum i s s p ec i f i e d f or he avi e r o i l s . A t a r n i s h i

va l ue of 4 wa s r e por t e d f r om oc c as i ona l t e s t s o f t he wa s t e oi l ge ne r a t e d t h e Sa n Di e g o a n d No r f o l k a r e a s . No a d ve r s e e x pe r i e n c e f r o m t h e s e o i l s hb e e n r e p o r t e d ho we v e r .

( b) Coppe r Wi r e Te s t . The unde s i r a bl e cont a mi na nt s f ound i nwa s t e o i l s a r e p r i ma r i l y c hl o r i na t e d c ompo un ds . Thi s t e s t wi l l de t e r mi net he a cc ept a bl e l e ve l of c hl or i ne i n t he wa s t e oi l .

he at unt i lA c l e a n c op pe r wi r e i s h e at e d i n a c l e a r , b l u e g as f l a me t o r e d

n o g r e e n s h o ws i n t h e f l a me . The wi r e i s d i ppe d whi l e s t i l l hi n t o a s a mp l e of wa s t e o i l a nd t h en pu t b ac k i n t o t h e f l a me . I f t he f l a mt ur ns gr e e n t he oi l ha s una c ce pt a bl e l e ve l s of c h l or i ne . For pr a c t i c e , abl e nd of 1 pe r c e nt t r i c hl or oe t ha ne i n DFM or ot he r di s t i l l a t e f ue l ma y beus e d a s a n e xa mpl e of a n oi l whi c h f a i l s t hi s t e s t . Th e oi l s a mp l e s h ou lb e pu r g e d of a ny s o di u m c hl or i d e pr i o r t o t he t e s t b y wa s h i n g wi t h

f r e s h wa t e r .I f a n oi l f a i l s t hi s t e s t ,

s e gr e ga t i on.i t i s p r ob ab l y d ue t o i mp r o pe r

I t c a n be s a l va ge d by bl e ndi ng i t i nt o known qua l i t y oi l s ot h a t i t b e c ome s a c c e p t a b l e o r i s d i s p o s e d o f i n a c c or d a nc e wi t h NAVSUPPu bl i c a t i o n 45 00 , Co ns o l i d a t e d Ha z a r d ou s I t e m Li s t .

3. 5. 6 Sul f ur Cont e nt . Ma x i mu m a l l o wa b l e s u l f u r i n oi l i sr e gul a t e d by l oc al a ut hor i t i e s ( e . g. ,i ngr e di e nt s o f wa s t e oi l ( e . g. ,

0. 5 pe r c e nt i n Ca l i f or ni a ) . The ma

pr i ma r i l y l ow s u l f ur ma t e r i a l s .J P- 8 , J P- 5 , F- 7 6, l ubr i c at i ng oi l ) a r e

oi l s i s us u al l y l ow.The r e f or e , t he s ul f ur c o nt e nt of wa s t e

Oc c as i ona l de t e r mi na t i on of t he s ul f ur c ont e nt i nwa s t e o i l wo ul d be a d e qu a t e .

i f t e s t i ngA s u f f i c i e nt ove r v i e w of t he wa s t e oi l pr ope r t i e s c a n be a c hi e v

i s p e r f o r me d on c e or t wi c e e a c h mo nt h f o r a 6 - mo nt h pe r i o d.

Al t h oug h t he ph ys i c a l / c he mi c a l p r o pe r t i e s o f t h e wa s t e oi l ma y v ar yc ons i de r a b l y be t we e n s h or e ac t i vi t i e s ,un i f or m f o r a n y on e g i v en ac t i vi t y .

t he pr ope r t i e s s h oul d r e ma i n f a i r lI f t h e a bo ve pr o pe r t i e s a r e kno wn , t

wa s t e oi l i s t h en s ome wh at p r e d i c t a bl e a nd ne c e s s a r y a dj u s t me nt s f o rb ur n i n g a n d b l e n di n g c a n be p r o pe r l y a c c omp l i s h e d .

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3. 6 BLENDI NG. Two p os s i b l e me t h od s of b l e n di n g wa s t e oi l wi t h f u e l o i l a r e :di r e c t a n d i n- l i ne bl e ndi ng. Di r e c t bl e ndi ng i s t he a ddi t i on of t he wa s t e

oi l di r e c t l y i nt o e xi s t i ng f u el oi l t a nka ge . I f t he wa s t e oi l be i ng a dde d t o

t he t a nk i s l i ght e r t ha n t he nor ma l f ue l oi l , i t s h ou l d be p ump e d i n a t t h e

b ot t o m of t he t a nk as s ho wn i n Fi gu r e 3 - 2 a . The l i ght e r o i l wi l l t e nd t o mi x

a s i t r i s e s t hr o ugh t h e he avi e r o i l . I f t he wa s t e oi l i s he a vi e r t ha n t he

f u e l i n t h e t a n k, i t s h ou l d be p ump e d i n on t o p a s s h own i n Fi g ur e 3 - 2 b . Th ehe avi e r o i l wi l l t e nd t o mi x as i t f a l l s i nt o t he f u el . The t a nk c ont e nt s

s h ou l d t h e n b e c i r c u l a t e d t o a c hi e v e a h omo ge n e ou s mi x t u r e . Ca r e mu s t ' b ee xe r c i s e d t o i ns u r e t h at t he f i l l e r p i p e ope ni ng i s i mme r s e d be l ow t he f u e ls u r f a c e i n or de r t o pr e ve nt s p l a s hi ng a nd a cc umul a t i on of e l e c t r i c a l c ha r g e sa nd t ha t t he oi l s uc t i on l i ne i s n ot l oc a t e d di r e ct l y a t t he bot t om of t he

t a nk t o pr e ve nt t he i nt a ke of a ny wa t e r or s e di me nt s . Di r e c t bl e ndi ng t e s t ss h ow t ha t no s pe c i a l a t t e nt i on i s r e qui r e d t o bur n t h e wa s t e oi l , e xc e pt

s o me t i me s t o a dj us t t he t e mpe r a t ur e of t he bl e nd s o t ha t i t s v i s c os i t y i sne a r l y t he s a me a s t ha t of t he r e gul a r f ue l oi l .

I n - l i ne bl e ndi ng i s s i mpl e and pr a c t i c a l wi t h e i t he r d i s t i l l a t e or

r e s i dua l f ue l s . Eve n t hou gh a ddi t i ona l e qu i pme nt i s n e c e s s a r y, t he e f f or t

and expenses a r e mi ni mal . A wa s t e o i l s u p pl y a nd i n - l i n e bl e n di n g s c h e me i s

s h own s c h e ma t i c a l l y i n Fi g ur e 3 - 3 . I n t hi s s c h eme , t he wa s t e oi l i s

i nt r o duc e d i nt o t he s u c t i on s i de of t he ma i n f ue l p ump o f t he e xi s t i ng s y s t e m

t o i n s ur e t h or o ug h mi x i n g. Te mpe r a t ur e s a r e t a ke n a t t h r e e l oc a t i ons , a nd as a mp l i n g p or t i s p r o vi d e d d own s t r e a m o f t h e p ump s o t h a t t h e wa s t e oi lc o nc e n t r a t i o n c a n be me a s u r e d by e i t h e r t h e Te mp e r a t u r e Me t h od " o r t h e

"Spec i f i c Gr av i t y Me t hod" desc r i bed be l ow. Th e r e c i r c u l a t i n g p ump n e a r t h ewa s t e oi l t a nk i s us e d f o r s t i r r i ng t h e wa s t e oi l s i n t h e t a n k, a s ne ce s s a r y ,

t o i nsur e a homogeneous mi xt ur e . ( De pe ndi ng on t he s p ec i f i c i ns t a l l a t i on,

one ma y c ons i de r t he pos s i b i l i t y of us i n g t h e e xi s t i n g f ue l t r a ns f e r p ump f o rt hi s p ur pos e t o c ut ove r a l l c os t . ) Expe r i e nc e ga i ne d t h us f a r s h ows t ha ti n - l i n e bl e n di n g i s s i mp l e t o i mp l e me n t a n d wo r k s i n a n a c c e p t a b l e ma n ne r .

s pe ci f i c gr a vi t i e s , r e s pe ct i ve l y , of t he r e gul a r f ue l o i l , wa s t e o i l , a ndt he i r b l e n d at t h e s a me t e mpe r a t ur e . Th e wa s t e oi l c o nc e n t r a t i o n, C, wo ul d

b e a pp r o x i ma t e l y :

Fo r t h i s me t h od , a n or d i n a r y h yd r o me t e r , a t he r mome t e r , a gl a s s c y l i nde r , a nd

a s a mpl i ng por t c l os e t o t he bur ne r n oz z l e i n t he f u e l s y s t e m wi l l ber e qui r e d . Th i s