navord rpt 1248, manual for shaped charge design
TRANSCRIPT
NAVORD REPOtll 1248
L'i "" 5429'7
MANUAL FOR SHAPED-CHARGE DESIGN
DT' C.q j ELECTE
AUG 2 19EI
DOC
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Al-.!' 3"SI/
U /6 "SIF!ED NOTS 311t
TOM 8.2 " 135 17 AUGUST 195d
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NAVORD Report 1248 (NOTS 311) is the approved versionof MS/174241 published by the Technical Informiation Division.It consists of cover and 21 leaves. Frown the original printing of200 copies this document is
c-oPY N? 117
ERR4TA
Page iii. Aud as thLrd paragraph: This report was reviewed fortechnical accuracy by John S. Rinehart and Milton Blatt.
Page 30, item 13: for California Institute of Technology reaa Car-negie Institute of Technology; for Pasadena, Calif. read Pitts-burgh, Pa.; for (CIT/ORD 20) read (CIT-ORD-20).
Page 30, item 14: jor Pasadena, Calif. read Pittsburgh, Pa.; for(CIT/ORD 19) read (CIT-ORD-19).
Page 30, item 15: for Pasadena, Calif. read Pittsburgh, Pa.; for |(CIT/ORD 23) read (CIT-ORD-23).
(NAVORD Report 1248)
- .'
UNANNOUNCED
U. S. NAVAL ORDNANCE TEST STATION, INYOKERNCAPT. W. V. R. VIEWEG, USN
Commader
MANUAL FOR SHAPED-CHARGE DESIGN
By
Robert A. Brimner
Commander's Staff
Accession For
h"-SGRA&I IDTIC TABUnanno.ncedjustification NAVORD REPORT 1248
Distribution/ NOTS 311
h7.vaIlability Codes-Aval" and/or
"Dist 1 Special
China Lake, California17 August 1950
1:1o!4 ~J~'LMZASAF
~~~~~>~~1 .-. .- iŽ 5<'---
NAVORD REPORT 1248 OWL
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author wishes to acknowledge the help ofBrian B. Dunne who prepared the work on theoryand explosives. He also contributed other helpfulinformation used throughout the report. The excel-lent and varied help given by Peter B, Weiser duringthe writing of this report is also acknowledged.
4.S4 ' •. .
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NAVORD REPORT 1248
FOREWORD
This report is a design manual compiled fromthe best available information and should be aguide for the practical designer. The assemblingof the information in this report was done underthe guidance of the Shaped Charge Working Panel,Naval Ordnance Test Station, at the request ofthe Technical DirecLor.
The need for such a report became quite evi.dentwhen this Station was designing the RAM Warhead,under Local Project 617. There was a greatquantity of information available, but much timewas required to go through it and pick out theinformation needed. It is hoped that this reportwill provide the necessary s.iting and classifica-tion of the pertinent information.
JOHN H. SHENKHead, Besearch Department
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NAVORD REPORT 1248 t-.,NFWZ.,.TAL
ABSTRACT
This manual is intended for the practicaldesigner of shaped charges. It contains littletheory, but is a compilation of the best available
information on the penetration of various chargesand the explosives used. Examples of presentdesigns and proposals for further designs ofshaped charges are listed.
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CO N I U ~aI~LNAVORD R~EPORT 1248
CONTENTS
Page
Foreword.................. . . ... . ..... .. .. .. .. .. . . .....
Abstract .. .. .......... ............ ............ ............. iv
Introduction. .. ........ ............ ............ ............. 1Theory .. .. ...... ............ ............ ................. 1Definitions .. .......... ............ ............ ........... 1
Factors Affecting Penetration. .. ............ ................. 1Charge .. .. ...... ............ ............ ..................Defects in Shaped Charge Manufacture. .. .... ............... 7Confinement. .. .. .............. .......... ................. 8Fuzing. .. .. .............. .......... .............. ....... 10Stand-off and Air Space. .. .... ............ ................. ULiner .. .. .... ............ ............ ............ ....... 14Targets.. .... ............ .. .......... ............ ....... 17
* Terminal Velocity. .. ...... .. .. ........ ............ ..... 18Truncation. .. .. .......... .............. ............ ..... 18Rotation .. .. .......... ............ ............ ........... 19Penetration Data .. ...... ............ ............ ......... 19
Shaped Charge Design. .. .... ............ ............ ....... 19
Further Proposals .. .. ...... ............ ............ ....... 19
Fluted Liners. .. ...... ............ ............ ........... 19Hemispherical Liners. .. .. ............ ............ ....... 28Target Design .. .. ........ ............ ............ ....... 28
Paper Flash-Back Tubes .. .. ............ ............ ..... 28
References. .. .. ............ ............ ............ ....... 29
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NAVORD REPORT 1248 CONFIDENTIAL
ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure Page
1 Schematic Drawing of a Shaped Charge and Target .
2 Depth of Penetration vs. Charge Length . .. .. . .. 2
3 Triangular Deformation ........ ................. 7
S4 Steel Target Penetration by 4 3/8-in. Diameter SteelCones Having Tapered Walls .. .... . . . . . . ... . 9
5 Depth of Penetration vs. Wall Thickness ..... ........ 10
6 Stand-off vs. Penetration in Cone Angle t........ 11
7 Cone Angle vs. Penetration by Stand-off ..... ........ 12
8 Stand-off vs. Penetration by Material ..... ......... 13
9 Air Space vs. Range ........ .................. 13
10 Cone Angle vs. Maximum Range .... ............ .... 14
11 Penetration of Protective Material vs. PenetrationSof Mild Steel .. .. .. .. o.. .. .. .. .. .. ... 15
12 Jet Penetration Against Spaced Armor ..... ......... 17
S13 Jet Penetration vs. Rotation . .. .. .. .. .. . .. 18
S14 Penetration of Concrete by Detonation of Cone-End
Charges ................ ......................... 20
15 Perforation of Homogeneous Armor by Weapons WithCone-End Charges ............. ................... 21
16 105-mm Howitzer Fin-Stabilized H.E.A.T. Round . . . 22
17 Anti-Submarine Follow-through Bomb, Modified.... 23
vi CNEHENTRIAL
-. NFI•'TNfAL NAVORD REPORT 1248
ILLUSTRATIONS (Continued)
Figure Page
18 3.62Z Head for r59 Rock't . ........ .. .... D3
19 3.62" 1.x..A.T. Rocket Head Bearing M67 CopperCone With 2.36" T59 Motor ............... 24
?0 Fastax Record of 3.62" H.E.A.T. Round StrikingTarget at Normal Incidence ........... 24
21 The German 88-rnr A. T. Rocket . . . . . . . .... 25
22 Di-gram and Sectio.,lal Head of U.S. Army RocketHw..: T6'. . . .. . . . .. . . .. .. . . . . 26
2"2
GOf~N T-1At- vii
V-I !14
CONfPDi•N4AL NAVORD REPORT 12484i INTRODUCTION
THEORY
Theoretical treatment of the collapse process, jet flight, and pene-tration can be found in detail elsewhere. The theory proposed by Taylor(Ref. 10) and Birkhoff (Ref. 11, 12), modified by Pugh (Ref. 13, 14),presents the most widely accepted picture of the collapse process.let flight and penetration theories have been advanced by a number ofinvestigations (Ref. 12, 14, 15). Flash radiographs taken by Clark andSeely (Ref. 16, 13) aid in understanding these treatments. Anothergood treatment of this subject may be found in Ref. 1.
DEFINITIONS
The following are definitions commonly used in connection withshaped-charge design. V
Air Space. The water-free space in front of the cone of a shapedcharge used in underwater weapons which allows time for jet formation.
Confined. A shaped charge contained in some type of rigid container.Effective Penetration Depth. The depth of the resulting hole measured
"normal to the target surface.Penetration Depth. The depth of the resulting hole measured along
the charge axis.Unconfined. A cavity liner and bare charge.
There is good agreement on shaped-charge terminology. The termscommonly used are shown in Fig. 1 which is a diagramatic sketch of ashaped charge and target. These terms will be used throughout thisreport.
FACTORS AFFECTING PENETRATION
CHARGE
CHARGE LENGTH
The effect of charge length on the depth of penetration into steel whenfired in air is shown in Fig. 2. When used in tactical weapons, thecharge length is usually taken between 2.5 and 3.0 charge diameterseven though a length of 5.0 charge diameters gives somewhat greaterpenetration (Ref. 1).
GONM NTIAt-
4
NAVORD REPORT 1248 CONFIDENTIAL
• -- DETONATOR Fig. 1. Schematic Draw-inig of a Shaped Charge and
.,-DlOETONATO.t Target.
•1 / \ • / X /',eCONF'NINGCYLINDER
zw
zu • •CONE OR LItNER
It ' CONEI ANGLE' SHOULDER OR
CONER DIAKES
,CONE, DIA CONE BASECHARGE DIA
0 I0
4 CHARGE, CONE,ANDI DETONATOR AXIS
TAGTFig. 2. Depth of Pene-
tration vs. Charge Length(Reproduced From Fig. 1,p. 68 of Ref. 1).
4 42
I- z|4' w
CHARGE LENGTH CONE DIA
2 -CONFIDENTIAL
NAVORD REPORT 1248
The curve in Fig. 2 is for 50/50 Pentolite. Curves for otl-'r explosivesmay fall above or below the one given, changing the depth of penetration,but the general shape of the curve will remain the same.
The effect of charge length when fired under water is quite similarto that shown in Fig. 2. Maximum range is obtained with a 3.0 caliberlength. A decrease to 2.4 cal.ibers lowers the range only 10 percentbelow the maximum (Ref. 1).
EXPLOSIVES
Table 1 lists the characteristics of explosives commonly used in
shaped charges. In general, the explosive characteristic most de-sirable is high detonation pressure, combined with high detonation
velocity. Aluminum and other constituents which do not react rapidlyenough to contribute to the detonation pressure during the passage ofthe detonation wave over the cavity liner are ineffective in smallcharges. Aluminized explosives can'be used effectively for large
£ charges.
CORED CHARGES
It has been suggested (Ref. 3) that an improvement in shaped-chargeperformance might be gained by shaping the detonation wave so thatits incidence on the liner would be closer to the normal than in the
conventional shaped charge. The British performed experiments usinga cylindrical core of TNT inside the main charge. This gave an im-provement in penetration into concrete of 25 percent higher than thestandard shaped charge.
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NAVORD REPORT 1248 -CONFDEINMAL.-
Similar tests were tried in this country, giving an average of5 -20 percent increase in penetration over regular charges. Similar
improvement has been obtained with inert cores such as wood, but in
this case the core had to end short of the cone apex so that all of thecone surface could be covered by explosive.
NV
Since the above tests were all performed with unconfined charges,the same thing was tried with different degrees of confinement. It wasfound %hat by using cores and partial confinement (leaving approximately1/2 inch of bare charge above the cone base) the penetration could beincreased by almost 40 percent.
S~The same thing has been tried with cones containing !lash-back
S~tubes (Ref. 4). The diameter of the core seems to be more critical inS~this case, with the inert core giving no increase in performance although
S~it had no bad effect.
g4* .. Lt'.
-Cf*P~e'NT1•NAVORD REPORT 1248
TABLE 1
Shaped-Charge Explosives
si t Loading Det'lttioneIDesignation Density Physical Fore Veci atia e Sensitivityb Stabilityc Remarks
g/cc 250C (Loaded) meters Power'per sec
Used chiefly in shaped charges;Pentolite 1.65 cast 7,500 1io moderately penetration is 90-95% that of
50/50 stable 65/35 Cyclotol. More sensitivethan 65/35 Cyclotol.
Cvclotol 7 ca Better for filling small65/35 t shaped charges.
Cyclotol IOne of most effective shaped70/30 1.725 cast 7,790 114 charge explosives; too viscous
to load small shapei charges.
- Samples stored 2.5 yr. atordi-nary temp. found to be perfect.
BOX 1.60 cast 8,110 fairly Germans used pressed pre-formedstable pellets in shaped charges(Comp.
I A: RDX 909:, wax 10%); not usedalone in anaped charges.
About 20M more effective thanComp. B 1.60 cast -,S00 11? 7 very cast TNT; high shaped charge
m stable efficiency. good loading char-acteristics; sensitive to shock.
Comp C-2 1.5 plastic 7,800 I Hardens when stored atelevated(D .t temperature.
Comr. C modified to provide agood explosive for molded and
1.7 moderatcly shaped charges; tends to hardenC4) 9 stable in storage; special packaging
needed to prevent exudationeven at 355 F.
castable, Developed by Picatinny ArsenalPTX-2 1.712 similar to -- 118 stable as castable filling for shaped
Comp. B charges.
1.57-1.59 small charges,cast pressed; medium & very Used blasting, demoltion,
TNT 1.55-1.6! large charges, 6,800 100 stable for
pressed cast
Intended as replacement forHBX 1.65 cast 7,100 113 8 stable Torpex in depth bombs; genera-
tion of hydrogen may deformcavity.
1ery Mainly used in underwater ord-stable nance; generation of hydrogen
_________ _ 2 _ _ 1. __1__ cast 7,2__ 116 6may deform cavity.SPo-er of an equal volume of explosive relative to T.T (0I 1001, based an the fragmentation vrloi:ty of ThT.c on scale of-10 class I is most sensitise, class 10 I s least sessitive.SThose classified as soderately stable mill survive all but drastic tropical storage, stable and very stable will survive tois.
C_ FUU~I L
5,
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! C O •4•P f tA NA V O RD REPO RT 1248
Fig. 3. Triangular Deformation.~ ~- 1% BASE DIAMETER
/"\.€,
'3;
~ /\i
~/\/ / \ T R U E T R I A N G L E
TRI
DEFECTS IN SHAPED CHARGE MANUFACTURE
CHARGE IMPERFECTIONS
Care should be taken, when casting an explosive into a shaped charge,that bubbles are not formed at the base of the liner. If they occur closeto or at the apex, little harm is done to the penetration of the resultingjet (Ref. 5).
There is some feeling that a non-uniform crystalline structure in theexplosive might decrease the depth of penetration.
CONE INCLINATION
It has been shown in Ref. 7 that the cone and charge axis may beinclined only 0.5 degrees with respect to each other without causing
serious impairment of the jet formation and subsequent penetration.
CONE ELLIPTICITY
A cone may show an ellipticity of 1 percent of the cone diameterwithout significant effect on the performance. A difference of 1.7 percent
results in a decrease of more than 10 percent in penetration (Ref. 6).
TRIANGULAR DEFORMATION
A triangularly deformed cone showing a difference of as much as1 percent of the base diameter (Fig. 3) gives a penetration 10 percent
COWIMNTW7 7
NAVORD REPORT 1248 .O T
below the normal (Ref. 6). A difference of 0.5 percent could probablybe tolerated without significant harmful effect.
DETONATOR MALALIGNMENT
The off-center placement of the detonator caused by manufacturingtolerances will have little if any effect on the jet penetration. A largedisplacement (10 percent of the charge diameter) will cause scatteringof the jet and a decrease in the depth of penetration unless the chargeis very long (Ref. 5).
OBJECTS IN CAVITY
Wires, rods, and other solid inert materials in the cavity of the coneadversely affect penetration by interfering with the jet formation (Ref. 5).Where wires must pass through the cavity they should be placed as closeto the circumference c- the base as possible. When materials are self %
destructing and are cleared from the cone cavity before the jet forms,penetration will not be affected.
HOLES IN CONE
If holes tarough the cone wall are necessary for any reason, itis preferable to place them at the apex in a symmetrical pattern.
TAPERED WALLS
Penetration will not be affected if the walls of the cone are taperedso that the thick part is at the base (Ref. 5). Penetration is decreasedif the walls are thicker at the apex than at the base (Fig. 4).
WELDED CONES
When welded steel cones are used, the bead weld next to the ex-plosive should be ground down so that a smooth surface is maintainedon this face of the cone. It is not necessary to remove the bead on theinside (Ref. 8). :' . , -•,
CONFINEMENT
Confinement of a charge does not seem to affect the penetrationappreciably if the cone is designed for the degree of confinement. The
"8 -C-NHVV11Tltz,
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Cc~UIDNTIALNAVORD REPORT 1248
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NAVORD REPORT 1248 C--ONFfPI"f IAL
1 tr Fig. 5. Depth of Pene-" _________tration vs. Wall Thick-
ness (Reproduced FromFig. 5 of Ref. 27).
4
3 0UNCONFINEO CHARGE. 1 g/s" DIAM
4 " LIGHT" CONFINEMENT. I S/8" X I 3/4" STEEL
- X "HEAVY" CONFINEMENT. 1 5/8 X 2 STEEL4-
TAKEN FROM REF. 27 Io
t I I0.01 0.02 O.O,3
011WALL THICKNESS (COME DIAM.). _ ]
0 I0 20 30 40
CONE WEIGHT (GR.A
optimum liner weight and thickness are greater for confined than for
unconfined charges. The optimum wall thicknesses for 45 degree steelcones with three degrees of confinement are summarized below andin Fig. 5.
Approx. Optimum WallThickness for 450
Confinement Steel Cones (% ofbase diameter)
None or very light ......... ............... 1.5
Light (cross-sectional charge wt/casing wt. = 1.3) .... ........... ... 2.5
Heavy (cross-sectional charge wt,/casing wt. - 0.4) ...... ............ .. 3.5
The optimum wall thicknesses given are approximately correct for45 degree copper cones (Ref. 1).
FUZING
The actual design of fuzing is beyond the scope of this report, althougha few precautions should be mentioned. If a nose fuze is used, it mustnot interfere with the jet formation, This may be accomplished by plac-ing it far enough ahead of the charge that it acts only as an additional
10
-,.
cONe"Mr NAVORD REPORT 1248
CONE DIAMETERS1 2 3 4
Fig. 6. Stand-off go- FI Ivs. Penetration in Cone ,
Fig. 2, p. 69 of Ref.1).
00
I.-
0.
W
0I ..
0 ! 2 3 4 5 7
STAND.OFF IN INCHES
target, or by making it in an annular shape with a sufficiently largediameter hole that the jet may pass through it. Great care must betaken not to allow metal parts, such as wires, rods, or striking pins,to hamper the jet formation.
A good discussion of specific fuzes may be found in Ref. 1.
STAND-OFF AND AIR SPACE
STAND -OFF
Most cavity charges show an increase in depth of penetration when thestand-off is increased from zero to some optimum distance. Exceptionsare unlined charges and charges having 20 degree steel cones; theseperform best at zero stand-off (Ref. 1). Typical depth-of-penetrationversus stand-off curves for steel conical liners of 1 5/8-inch diameter
and various cone angles in unconfined charges are shown in Fig. 6.It will be noticed in Fig. 6 that the curves are plotted for a 1 5/8-inch
cone, but that at the top and right of the graph cone diameters are given.These values may be scaled for a cone of any diameter (Ref. 1). Thefact that the data used for plotting these curves were for unconfinedcharges would probably indicate a larger value of stand-off than the
optimum for a confined charge. This difference is not large enough to
affect the penetration a significant amount.
COINtef"AL
NAVORD REPORT 1248 CGONUL
7
00
3 w
a--aw
Z A
*0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
44
OCONE ANGLE (DEG.)
Fig. 7. Cone Angle vs. Penetration by Stand-off(Reproduced From Fig. 3, p. 70 of Ref. 1).
Figure 7 is a plot of cone angle versus depth of penetration at dif-ferent stand-off values.
Figure 8 is a plot of stand-off versus penetration for different conematerials. All of the cones were steel-confined. The curves for zinc andS~1lead were taken from material prepared at the Naval Powder Factory.
AIR SPACE
Corresponding to stand-off in air, underwater shaped charges requiresome air space (Ref. 1) beyond the charge to allow for complete linercollapse. In general, the optimum air space for maximum range varieswith liner shape and material much as does stand-off. The optimumair space is shorter than the optimum stand-off. The optimum airspace is in effect the shortest air space at which the maximum rangeof the jet is obtained consistently.
Typical results are shown in Fig. 9 for unconfined 1 5/8-inch cast Pen-tolite charges. Additional data for 20- and 30-degree cones, not includedin Fig. 9, indicate that for these liners the optimum air space is zero.
'Ditto material from the Ordnznce Inve3tigation Laboratory, Naval PowderFactory, on "The Cavity Charge, Its Theory -nd Applications to the Openirgof Explosive Filled Ordnance and Other Special Cutting and Drilling Operations,'by H. W. Kline, Lt.,USNR, with the assistance of J F. Nachman, Lt. (jg), USNR,dated 15 August 1945, CONFIDENTIAL.
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CONF'DEf*TtAL NAVORD REPORT 1248
o co,0
0
"q"
z $
0.
01o0
STAND-OFF IN CONE DIAMe.
Fig. 8. Stand-off vs. Penetration by Material (Reproduced FromFig. 4, p. 71, of Ref. 1).
45SEL60 STEEL 009 I
6 - _____ - OSTEEE0EL-I
p. 75EE of.ef.1)
CON~tEt~f*ir 1
60 STE 0.039-.J
NAVORD REPORT 1248 C-OWDITENTRA-
20 OPTIMUM AIR SPACE
ICI
w
z O.5 CD
.AIR SPACE
O AT 0.5 CD AIR SPACE
1 X__ XAT OPTIMUM AIR SPACE
I 30 45 0 750 900 100 120 1353
CONE AN~GLE
Fig. 10. Cone Angle vs. Maximum Range (ReproducedFrom Fig. 6, p. 75, of Ref. 1).
Figure 10 shows the range for various cone angles at 0.5 charge
diameters and at optimum air space, using steel cones. The charges
were unconfined Pentolite. The range couldbe improved about 10 percent
by dsing .Composition B.
Figure 11 shows the act al penetration into mild steel after the jet
has passed through a given thickness of protective material. The
protective material is that material through which the jet must pass
before entering the armor. It may be noted that as the density of the
protecting material increases the actual penetration into mild steel
decreases.
LINER
CONE ANGLE
Cone angle affects the depth of penetration as may be seen in Fig. 6
and 7 when the charge is fired in the air. For underwater penetration,one may refer to Fig. 10.
14 C-0•IDENrIAL
4I
~ - ___~-k~-~-~-*'- - ,4JI
CON NfTtAkL NAVORD REPORT 1248
I I EYPERIMENTAL POINTS"' PROTECTIVE MATERIALwU ID WA*TER
S~MILD STEEL
16.
z<
0•< 2 3 4 5 6 7 a
THICKNESS OF PROTECTIVE MATERIAL (IN.)
Fig. 11. Penetration of ProtectiveMaterial vs. Penetration of Mild Steel(Reproduced From Fig. 2, p. 106, ofRef. 28).
CONE DIAMETER
The penetration increases approximately linearly with cone diameter.
LINER MATERIAL
The material out of which the liner is fabricated has a very markedeffect on the penetration. The penetration using five cone materialsis plotted in Fig. 8. Other materials used are listed below.
Brass. This metal gives results quite similar to steel (Ref. 17, 18).It has the advantage of being somewhat easier to work in large-sizecones but has not been used in actual weapons.
Glass. Glass is used in demolition charges for the penetration ofconcrete even though it is inferior to steel. It produces a larger holediameter and volume, and does not leave as much debris as does asteel cone (Ref. 1).
Phosphor Bronze. This is a very poor material for a cone.
Red Brass. This is a very good material which falls between copperand steel in penetrating power. This metal contains 80 percent copper(Ref. 18).
CONFl>ENkTAL 15
NAVORD REPORT 1248 CONFtDNTRI7A
Steel. Although steel is used in many cones, it is necessary to notethe type of steel which gives the best results, since the word "steel"covers a great variety of compositions. Steel must be almost "dead"soft (Rockwell hardness 65-72B, Ref. 19). When the cone becomes solarge that it has to be rolled and welded from sheet steel,the weldshould be a double V-bead, smoothed off on the outside (Ref. 8). The
entire cone should be heat-treated by normalizing for 15-30 minutes
at 1600°-1625 0 F followed by furnace cooling. It is also believed bestto normalize drawn cones at 1150 0 -1250°F for 1 hour and then air coolto be sure of uniform structure (Ref. 20).
Zinc. Zinc was tried by the Germans even though the materialproduces very poor penetration. The reason for its use was the in-
creased incendiary effect.
SHOULDER
The configuration of the liner base where it joins the casing isimportant. If the true cone base diameter is smaller than that of thecharge and if -the cone is supported by a flat base flange covered byexplosive, the performance is seriously impaired under certain con-
ditions. In general, for a confined charge, the true cone diametershould be the full diameter of the charge at the place where the coneis secured to the casing (Ref. 1).
The explosive shoulder around the cone does not seem to be as detri-mental when the charge is unconfined.
LINER TAPERING
The effects of tapering the liner are covered in the section on Tapered
Walls and in Fig. 4.
LINER THICKNESS AND WEIGHT
The optimum liner weight varies but slightly with the apex angle forconical liners of a given base diameter (Ref. 1). The optimum linerthickness for a given metal is thus proportional to the sine of half theapex angle, though it may be somewhat greater for cones more acutethan 45 degrees. While exhaustive tests have not been carried out on
metals other than steel, the available evidence indicates that theoptimum weight is not very different for other metals, including copperand aluminum. At any rate, the performance is not affected criticallyby the precise liner weight (Ref. 9).
16 CON'F11YEMMIAL
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F CONfIDEN IAL NAVORD REPORT 1248
TARGETS
HOMOGENEOUS ARMOR AND REINFORCED CONCRETE
For experimental purposes, mild steel is used as the target for
many shaped charges, but homogeneous armor and reinforced concreteare the principal combat targets. For a wide range of steel cones,the depth of penetration into homogeneous armor is 84 percent of thatin mild steel. For a copper cone the penetration is 74 percent. Althoughthis seems to contradict the previous illustration that copper is abetter material for cones (Fig. 8), it actually does not since a coppercone of the same diameter as a steel cone will give a penetration ofone charge diameter greater than the steel cone in a mild steel target.For example: if we have a 6-inch steel cone and a 6-inch copper cone,
the approximate penetration into mild steel for the two cones will be
18 and 24 inches respectively. When these penetrations are multipliedby the correction factor for homogeneous armor, we find that thesteel cone gives a penetration of 18 inches X 0.84 = 15.2 inches; while .for copper we have 24 inches X 0.74 = 17.8 inches. The hole diametersin armor are 80 percent of the diameters in mild steel. The depthof penetration into reinforced concrete is roughly 3.2 times the depthof penetration into homogeneous armor. JSPACED ARMOR
Much thought has been given to using spaced armor as a defenseagainst shaped charges. Figure 12 shows some expected performances.
CONE
TARGET DI AM- -- i
AREAL DENSITY 1/4 IN.M.S. 2 2 3/4 2 2
NCR 2 12 NOMO
S HCR 2 4 " 1 1/4- -T 11
"T.I CKNESS i 1 /
4 1/4 1 N 14 1/4
M .. S _
RES IDUALPENETRATION 2.fon I.N. 3.22 IN. 3.04 IN. 3.20 1N.
M.S. _
Fig. 12. Jet Penetration Against Spaced Armor (Reproduced FromFig. 9, p. 114, of Ref. 28).
SCON •t~fAI 17
_m
NAVORD REPORT 1248 -ev"D1urdIAm-t
Fig. 13. Jet Penetra-tion vs. Rotation. Es-timated accuracy is ±25percent. (Plotted fromdata given on p. 417 of
_0._ 6- _ _ef. 25.)
0.4
B.
S0.2
1i00 200 300 400 500 600 700
REVOLUTIONS PER SECONO
STRIKING ANGLE
The angle of obliquity at which the projectile strikes the target haslittle effect upon the depth of penetration measured along the chargeaxis up to 84 degrees. The effective penetration D may be found by
D L sin0where
D = effective penetrationL = depth of penetration
S= angle between the target and projectile plane
TERMINAL VELOCITY
The terminal velocity of the shaped-charge projectile has little ifany effect on the penetration.
TRUNCATION
Truncation of conical liners was first considered when it was desiredto use a nose fuze with a small shaped charge and a spit-back tube down
the center of the charge. It was found that no adverse effect was pro-duced, and in some cases an improvement was noticed (Ref. 21). Intests performed at the Explosives Research Laboratory, the apexesof cones were filled to varying depths with solder. A 1 5/8-inch conewas filled to 0.4 inch above the apex and perfectly normal penetration
still existed. When filled to 0.9 inch, the penetration was decreased
by 20 percent (Ref. 19).
18 CONFIDE4TIAL
ri L NAVORD REPORT 1248
ROTATION
Rotating the charge about its axis reduces the depth of penetration(Ref. 12). The tangential velocity component of the cone elements duringcollapse causes the jet to dispezse. This is shown in Fig. 13 for a1.375-inch, 45-degree, mild-steel cone. This effect increases with
increasing apex angle. Hemispherical liners are not affected as much asconical liners (Ref. Z6).
PENETRATION DATA
Figures 14 and 15 (reproduced from Ref. 25) give penetration datafor concrete and homogeneous armor.
SHAPED-CHARGE DESIGNS
Different weapons that have been designed to use the shaped chargeare illustrated in this section. These illustrations are intended to showwhat has been tried, but should not be assumed to be the best de-signs possible.
The 105-mm H.E.A.T. round fired statically could defeat 13 inchesof mild steel. Rotation reduced this so much that a fin-stabilized roundwas desired. This round, with a muzzle velocity of 1,538 fps, couldpenetrate a 7-inch mild-steel plate at an angle of 48 degrees leavingan ample 1/2-inch by 3/4-inch hole, 10.5 inches in total length. Therewas some indication that the round was unstable in flight at transonicvelocities. The 105-mm fin-stabilized H.E.A.T. round is illustratedin Fig. 16.
Figures 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, and 22 illustrate other designs using theshaped charge. Table 2 summarizes information on service rounddesigns.
FURTHER PROPOSALS
FLUTED LINERS
Fluted liners have been used in an attempt to correct the bad effectsof rotation. No firm design or design information is yet available onthis liner, as it is still in the experimental stage. The work is being
done by the Carnegie Institute of Technology.
.CRef'WAL 19
# ''
NAVORD REPORT 1248 CNUE'Ax- OEPTH OF PENETRATION ienchs
Ica
Equation of measn line. - -
* I Ban incluas values 01I0 Bonsrvd inlueseraluens to co0soabove (anid bOl.:e man *- - - -i ---1 perforations
40 -- __ _a
soh
0 H(r~
0 c
i4 a_____ 1 ot0 40 so go 70 t0 90 100
or WEIGHT OF EXPLOSIVE .PosudsTegraph shows depth of penetrationi produced in concrete by a cone-end ctlarge placed with axis per-pedclar to the slao face. The menline was determined by a least squares reduction; shaded baniiPe~ld~ v u tabove an belw men
Bcueof scabbing on rear face (see inset sketches) perforation often results even when slab thick-ns isgreater than the penetration depth that would result in Massive concrete.
TYPEOf EPLOSVE:Effects are not greatly dependent on explosive type provided charge is thoroughlycop tand adequately primed.
:C -TTRX Plastic H.E. GOOD - Pentolite Nobel 808 POOR - tO/itO AmatolTNIER Cyclotol TNT Picric Acid P. A. G.
1'/C .E. Lyddite Tetrytol
CONE LINING: Dependence on material and thickness is not great.M aterials: BEST - Pressel steel. F00`111 large slug which may stick in hole. espec-ally I f cone
angle is less than about 700; may thus impair insertion of demolition charge.GOOD - Glass. Hole somewhat shallower but of larger volume than with steel . Less
debris is left in hole. Cast brass and cast manganese bronze also good.Thickne~s: Various thicknesses used. Experiments indicate optimum value of about 0.1 inch (steel)
for a charge of 6-inch diameter, and weighing approximately I0 lbs.
CONE ANGLE: Not entremely critical, but 600 to 800 usually adopted.
LENGTH-DIAMETER RATIO: Values of H/D (see sketches) between j and I are recommended.
STAND-OFF DISTANCE: The optimum stand-off, S, appears to be between about i and l1j dlareters.
CONCRETE STRENGTH: In generail, slightly larger but not deeper holes result in softer concrete.
PILSOXTESS.,Trials indicate that a 75-lb. bcharge will defeat a 5-ft. thick pillbox wall and throw
k ILBO TST:scab capable of lethal ý' i~iap--fVlating effects on any occupants.
DATA Mo~le IEXs'!ftiucur SItL EM9101mWllN oAND BY SRIIS mMamISTRY Of SUPPLY
EsY 1944
Fig. 14. Penetration Of Concrete by Detonation of Cone-End Charges(fBeproduced From p. 416 of Ref. 25).
20 C 0?'VTENITIn-
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CCNUIET,;AL--= NAVORD REPORT 1248Th Ickness
Inside Diameter Perforated By Thickness
Of Liner At Base Uirotated Charge Perforated Byd~sn oo=•0. is
oArmor Steeild ESTIMATED Homogeneous MildAro Ste ACCURACY Armor Steel
:. 1• I0.0
Rotation Factor': 0 .0.,use either 0-.
10 A - d or Muzzle Yelnocit A. 0Conge nrotationa timesd V, ftls.ec _
o.Rotational Sed for rifling 5.0•. Anle In, revlsec, timesN " detrees Linear Diameter., with twist of Lo- -- 0
4.0 "3 0d I c e I !in I in t
-7 ".0 .2 0 : 3 2 : ,,- i - L o
4X a - - -,r-Io 3.00. 1300-2100
.NC- L O "
07N 0If axis mkes an angle s with perpen-1
1 4'r-4.0 .' dicular to plate, multiply final thicknesslby the following factor: 1.5
I 0 0 3 00.. 85 5ooo I cou e 0.9_ 0.9k1 0.87 1 0.771 0.641 I.+.+.
EXAWLE: At normal incidence, an NEAT 106IOamt67 having a muzzle velocity of 950 ft/sec and a twist of I in 20 will per-forate about 5 un of armor. aa shown by, the index lines. At 3Do, the performance will be about 5 x 0.87 - '.3 i'
The somogram gives thickness of homogeneous armor perforated by Munroe jetsfrom cone-end hollow charge projected weapons.The underlying empirical equa.tlon, deduced from performance records nn actual weapons Is
PEIFOMANCE O PARTICULAR WEAPONS: o.8g d cuse
Thickness of Armor t fi/) d)
Weapon Ferforated, in where f/rdl - I.O 0.69, 0.57. 0.4b, for nO - 0,300.600,c 0 r.90.0 . In/(uorm• Incidence respectively. (ee notatson on nomogra•.)
US -HEAT N6A3(Sazooka) 5.3Grenade MBAi '1.0 Factors such iss thickness and material of liner, type and density of explo-HEAT 57m T-20 E-2 8 alve. confinement of charge, stand-off distance, etc. are not included inHEAT 75mm 166 3.5 the relation, although changes in these quantities are responsible for sometEAT loM 1467 '.8 variation In observed results. With the empirical relation used, scatter in
or - PIAT 3.8 thedata precludes making a distinction between detck of Penetration in mes-NEAT 3.7-in J Un 5.0 live plate and tkhscknes of Plate Perforated. Thus the present relationwill
bret- Panzerfaust be useful in estimating performance of any weapon designed accordingtorea-(30, 60 £ 100) 8.0 sooable practice, but should be considered a rough guide to be used only InFPenzerschrack the absence of experimental data.(Ger. Bazooka) 6.5Jap- A.T. Conical 66nd Basic data aremainlyfor projectiles having steel liners and filled Cyclo-
Grenade 2.8 tol or Pentolite. Explosives combining high power with high rate of detona-A.P. Rifle Grenade 2 tion give greatest target damage. As the equation abcve shows, rotated pro-
jectiles generally form shallower craters; however, these are likely to bewider than the craters due to static detonation.
I ST3 -Vr DISTSACE,sn
Explosive "IlIstct•" chirtn cap I
SFez* LinerN
SSECTION OF TYPICAL CONE-ENDHOLLOW CHARGE PROJECTILE rPIcAL CRATRS is nItSTEEL I .5 . -
SEDPROD ITB STATIC CHARSE AT VARIOUS STAND-OFFSWAi"melnve cees, 41.R Iu ,firme at normal IncIdence
Ref: OT8-12f (OSRD-S3Sof)
August 19',5
Fig. 15. Perforation of Homogeneous Armor by Weapons With Cone-EndCharges (Reproduced From p. 417 of Ref. 25).
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NAVORD REPORT 1248 CONFIDEN~tA*
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I- DETONATOR I PROET RMR TB-
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I 8 LEATHER
Fig. 17. Anti-Submarine Follow-through Bomb, Modified (ReproducedFrom Fig. 111-5 of Ref. 29).
T-2000 FUZE M687 COPPER CONE FAHTB
0.26 LS 1.15L8. 0 .77 LB. 13.8 ISL5.
S.62" HEAD FOR TS* ROCKET
Fig. 18. 3.62' Head for T59 Rocket (Reproduced From Fig. 2 of Ref. 6).
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NAVORD RE-PORT 1248 C-O+KtD!NTIAL
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The German 88-MM. A. T. Rocket
Totl' engti . .... "59/16 illimer Detonator Total weight ... 73 Ibs.
I'rop'lhnnt weight ..... o:js Ib1.
Stanldoff distance ..... 6 in.Maxlmtni 0 D) ...... 3 7/16 in
- e Cone angle (approx) ... 18*.Fla,,h tube (alpprox) . t d'..1m11-tr h1% 11,16
in. long
Gone Exillswhe charge (cast) 1.45 lb. Cyctotol (59/41).
oeThe German 88-mm. A. T. rocket, shown in fig-C r tire :14 is believed to have been patterned after
the American bazooka. This weapon is suhstan-tially larger than its American prototype and hasa slightly greater range.
Body Flash Tube The cavity liner used in this weapon is of thecombinaticin type refeired to earliec. It is be-lic'-d that the Germans used a shalhow apex angle
"Wood Plug for large slug formation and to re-uce the stand-off distance. The wider form near the base of theliner is most likely used to widen the hole pro- Kduced in the target and thus l)rovide for free pas- z
sage of the shlg formcd by the apex of the liner.The fuzing arrangement is characteristic of
Tube- German cavity charge weapons. The base initia-tion of the charge is obtained by a flash tube which Iruts from the apex of the cavity lining to the baseof the charge. Test firing of these rounds by theUnited State, Army showed that the rocket motorthrows a flame apl)roximately 1 foot in diameterthat envelops the forward portion of the launcher,thus compelling the operator to use gloves andmask or other shields.
This weapon has been modified to increase itsStobilizer range by altering its method of firing and mount-
Asembl ing it on a light wheel carriage identified as theR. W. 43. It carries a rangefinder calibrated to700 yards. The range is increased by closing thebreech which introduces a certain amount of re-
GERMAN 88mm ROCKET, BAZOOKA TYPE coil, and substituting percussion for electric fir-ing. -The weapon forms a part of German para-troop equipment.
Fig. 21. The German 88-mm A. T. Rocket (Reproduced From Fig. 34and p. 24 of Ref. 20).
.'5.
N:[
NAVORD REPORT 1248 Ce0NftDENTRL
ROCKET MOTOR
FOLLOW THROUGH
TETRYL GOOSTE EOAO
DETONATING RODS -
Fig. 22. Diagram and Sectional Head of U.S. Army Rocket H.E.A.T. T69(7.2-in.). (Reproduced from Fig. 32 and 33, p. 23 of Ref. 30.)
J I 26 CON DEN -~,*
C N, CGI SON" A NAVORD REPORT 1248
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NAVORD REPORT 1248 c(O)NnTA['
HEMISPHERICAL LINERS
Hemispherical liners have been investigated for their adaptabilityto spinning projectiles and for use at long stand-off (3.5 to 4.5 charge
V diameters). The initial velocity of the particles is lower, axial tubesimprove their performance, and they are not as sensitive to alignmentas are cones. These charges produce larger hole volumes with anaccompanying decrease in penetration.
TARGET DESIGN
Many different materials and geometries have been tried as defensesagainst shaped charges (Ref. 24). These include various chemicals,spaced armor (Ref. 9), plastic armor (Ref. 25), spikes (Ref. 25), andexplosive-steel, explosive-glass laminated targets (Ref. 14).
PAPER FLASH-BACK TUBES
Recently, considerable work has been done on special shaped-chargedesigns at the Naval Ordnance Test Station. In this work, paper orbakelite tubes have been used in place of the metal flash-back tubesmentioned previously. Very promising results have been obtained.
28 CONFRItENT1AL-
a' - '
SCON/-nDEfT'At NAVORD REPORT 1248
REFERENC ES
1. National Defense Research Committee. Summary Technical Reportof Division 8, NDRC. Vol. 1. "The Preparation and Testing ofExplosives." Washington, NDRC, 1946. (Summary Tech. Rept.Div. 8, Vol. 1) CONFIDENTIAL.
2. E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Co. Investigation of Cavity Effect,Sect. II. Gibbstown, N. J., Du Pont, 9 November 1942. (ReportNo. 5723-2) CONFIDENTIAL.
3. National Defense Research Committee. Progress Report on Im-provements in the Performances of Cavity Charges, by Vi. A. Pauland J. F. Lemons. Bruceton, Pa., Explosives Research Laboratory,April 3, 1944. (OSRD No. 3443) CONFIDENTIAL.
4. . Division 8 Interim Report on Shaped Charges, June 15, 1944 *
to July 15, 1944, comp. by H. J. Fisher. Washington, NDRC,July 1944. (NDRC Report SC-11) CONFIDENTIAL.
5. The Effects of Various Aberrations on the Performances ofCavity Charges. Washington, NDRC, 3 December 1945. (OSRDNo. 5599) CONFIDENTIAL.
6. Division 8 Interim Report on Shaped Charges, May 15, 1945to June 15, 1915, comp. by H. J. Fisher. Washington, NDRC,May 1945. (NDRC Report SC-ZZ) CONFIDENTIAL.
7. . Progress Report on the Effect of Unsymmetrical ConeAlignment on the Jet From a Cavity Charge, by M. A. Paul.Bruceton, Pa., Explosives Research Laboratory, August 5, 1943.(OSRD No. 1681) CONFIDENTIAL.
8. . Development of Anti-Sub Scatter Bomb. Washington, NDRC,November 1942. (NDRC Report CF-3) CONFIDENTIAL.
9. . Progress Report on Penetration of Steel Targets in Air bySmall-Scale Cavity Charges: by M. A. Paul. Bruceton, Pa., Ex-plosives Research Laboratory, September Z9, 1943. (OSRD No. 1861)CONFIDENT IAL.
10. Ministry of Supply. Advisory Council on Scientific Research andDevelopment, Shaped Charges Sub-Committee. A Formulation ofMr. Tuck's Conception of Munroe Jets, by G. I. Taylor. London,HMSO, March 1943. (Report No. A. C. 3734-SC 15) CONFIDENTIAL.
11. Ballistics Research Laboratory. Mathematical Jet Theory ofLined Hollow Charges, by G. Berkhoff. Aberdeen, Md., APG,June 1943. (Report 370) CONFIDENTIAL.
12. . Hollow Charge Anti Tank Projectiles, by G. Berkhoff.Aberdeen, Md., APG, February 1947, (Report 623) CONFIDENTIAL.
co~r~~JA,, 29
NAVORD REPORT 1248 CONFIDENTIAL
1 3. California Institute of Technology. Fundamentals of Shaped Charges,17th Bimonthly Report. Pasadena, Calif., CIT, 30 April 1949.(CIT/ORD 20) CONFIDENTIAL.
14. . Fundamentals of Shaped Charges, 16th Bimonthly Re-port. Pasadena, Calif., CIT, 28 February 1949. (CIT/ORD 19)CONFIDENTIAL.
15. . Fundamentals of Shaped Charges, 20th Bimonthly Re-port. Pasadena, Calif., CIT, 31 October 1949. (CIT/ORD 23)CONFIDENT IAL.
16. Ballistics Research Laboratory. High Speed Radiographic Studiesof Controlled Fragmentation. by L. B. Seely and J. C. Clark.Aberdeen, Md., APG, 25 September 1944. (APG/BRL 489)
CONFIDENTIAL.17. National Defense Research Committee. Division 8, Interim Report,
August 15, 1943 to September 15, 1943, Shaped Charges. Washington,NDRC, September 1943. (NDRC Report SC-i) CONFIDENTIAL.
18. . Division 8 Interim Report on Shaped Charges, July 15,
1944 to August 15, 1944, comp. by H. J. Fisher. Washington,NDRC, August 1944. (NDRC Report SC 12) CONFIDENTIAL.
19. . Division 8 Interim Report, July 15, 1943 to August 15, 1943,on Controlled Fragmentation and Shaped Charges. Washington,NDRC, August 1943. (NDRC Report C'F-12) CONFIDENTIAL.
20. E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Co. Investigation of Cavity Effect,Sect. IV. Wilmington, Del., January 1943. (Report No. 5723-4)CONFIDENTIAL.
21. National Defense Research Committee. Division 8 Interim Re-port on Shaped Charges, October 15, 1943 to November 15, 1943.Washington, NDRC, November 1943. (NDRC Rep6rt SC-3)
CONFIDENT IA L.22. Ballistics Research Laboratory. High Speed Radiographic Studies
of Controlled Fragmentation Collapse of Hemispherical and Seg-mental Cavity Charge Liners, by R. 0. Fleming, Jr., Aberdeen, Md.,APG, March 1948. (Report 667) CONFIDENTIAL.
23. British Intelligence Objectives Subcommittee. Development of
Hollow-Charge Work by Reinmetall, Borsig, Berlin, by H.L. Porter.London, B10S, 16 November 1948. (B10S Final Report No. 570)CONFIDENTIAL.
24. Ministry of Supply. Permanent Records of Research and Develop-ment. Defense of AFV's Against Attack by Hollow-Charge Weapons,
by Major A. R. F. Martin, Royal Artillery. London, HMSO,December 1948. (MOS MONOGR 5.035) CONFIDENTIAL.
30 M MENTTL
CONP&E*tAL NAVORD REPORT 1248
25. National Defense Research Committee. Summary Technical Reportof Division 2 NDRC, Vol. 1. Effects of Impact and Explosion.Washington, NDRC, 1946. (Summary Tech.Rept. Div. 2, Vol. 1)CONFIDENT IAL.
26. Ballistics Research Laboratory. The Effect of Rotation Upon theExplosive Collapse of Thin Metal Surfaces of Revolution, byI. S. Clark, and R. 0. Fleming, Jr. Aberdeen, i., APG, July 1948.(Report 671) CONFIDENTIAL.
27. National Defense Research Committee. Steel Target Penetrationin Air by Small-Scale Cavity Charges. Washington, NDRC,15 January 1946. (OSRD No. 5604) CONFIDENTIAL.
28. Office of Scientific Research and Development. A Compilation ofPapers Presented at the Shaped Charge Symposium SponsoredJointly by the joint Army-Navy-NDRC Committee on ShapedCharges. Washington, OSRD, May 1945. (OSRD No. 5754) CON-FIDENTIAL.
29. National Defense Research Committee. Division 8 Interim Reporton Shaped Charges, April 15, 1944 to May 15, 1944, comp. byH. 1. Fisher. Washington, NDRC, May 1944. (NDRC Report SC -9)CONFIDENT IAL.
30. Navy Department, Bureau of Ordnance. Applications of LinedCavity Charges. Washington, BuOA'd, 1 June 1946. (OP 1647)
CONFIDENTIAL.31. Ballistics Research Laboratory. Experiments With the 105-mm
(Howitzer) Fin-Stabilized Hollow Charge Shell, by F. J. Zaroodny.Aberdeen, Md., APG, 15 September 1947. (APG/BRL Memo Rept.No. 457) CONFIDENTIAL.
iNCIASSIF;etECON~tD~ffAL~31f
$F
NAVORD REPORT 1248 CONf$tTIfAL
INITIAL DISTRIBUTION
15 Bureau of OrdnanceAd6 (3)
2 Bureau of Aeronautics, Attn: AER-TD-45 Chief of Naval Operations
Deputy Chief (Air) (1)Operations Evaluation Group (1)
2 Office of Naval ResearchCode 463 (1)Code 466 (1)
1 Commander Air Force, U. S. Pacific Fleet1 Commander Air Force, U. S. Atlantic Fleet1 Operational Development Force1 Naval Proving Ground1 Naval Ordnance Laboratory, Attn: Library1 Naval Gun Factory, Attn: De7902 Naval Torpedo Station, Newport, Attn: Design Officer2 Naval Powder Factory1 Naval Ordnance Plant, Indianapolis, Attn: Library3 Naval Aviation Ordnance Test Station, Attn: Technical
Development Department1 Naval Research Laboratory, Attn: Code 20211 Naval Air Test Center, Attn: Aeronautical Publications Library1 Naval Air Material Center1 Bureau of Aeronautics General Representative, Western District1 Bureau of Aeronautics Representative, Pasadena1 Naval Liaison Officer, Air Proving Ground, Eglin AF Base5 Office of the Chief of Ordnance
ORDTX-AR (1)ORDTB (I)ORDTS (1)ORDTU (1)CHORE (1)
4 Aberdeen Proving Ground, Attn: Ballistic Research Laboratories1 Frankford Arsenal, Attn: Pitman-Dunn Laboratory2 Picatinny Arsenal1 Redstone Arsenal5 U.S.Air Force, Directorate of Research & Development,
DCS/M, Attn: AFMPP
P I-A ý. Iý E T32 CONFIDENTIAL
CONE 4RL t-- NAVORD REPORT 1248
7 Air Materiel Command, Wright-Patterson AF Base,Attn: MCREAX6
1 Holloman AF Base1 Air Materiel Armament Test Center, Air Proving Ground, Eglin
AF BaseI Los Angeles Air Materiel Command Engineering Field Office,
Attn: Officer-in-Charge1 National Bureau of Standards, Attn: Ordnance Development
LaboratoryZ Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University
30 Shaped Charge Working Panel
ic
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