Navigation

TASKS

• Pilotage and Dead Reckoning

• Navigation Systems and ATC Radar Services

• Diversion

• Lost Procedures

Pilotage

• Flying from one visible landmark to another

• When one landmark is reached, another more distant landmark should be selected

Pilotage

• Apply wind drift correction to maintain desired ground track

• More difficult when areas lack prominent landmarks or under conditions of low visibility

Dead Reckoning• Navigating solely by means of

computations based on true airspeed, course, heading, wind direction and speed, groundspeed, and elapsed time

• It is “deduced reckoning” hence the term

Navigation Systems

• Know how to use all navigation systems in your airplane - VOR, ADF, LORAN, GPS

• Determine and control ground track on the basis of navigation instrument indications

Navigation Systems

• Communicate with ATC facilities to–Participate in VFR radar traffic

advisories

–Terminal radar programs

–Radar assistance to lost aircraft

Diversion• Reasons for diversions

–Low fuel

–Bad weather

–Pilot or passenger fatigue or illness

–Airplane system or equipment malfunction

Diversion• Procedures

–Confirm present position

–Select alternate airport and estimate a heading to put you on course

–Write down the time and turn to new heading

Diversion–Draw a new course line

–Refine your heading by pilotage and available navigation systems

–Compute groundspeed, arrival time and fuel

Lost Procedures• 5 Cs

• Climb

• Communicate

• Confess

• Comply

• Conserve

Lost Procedures• Maintain you original heading and

look for landmarks• Identify the nearest concentration of

landmarks• Use all available navigation systems

and ask for help from any ATC or FSS facility

Lost Procedures

• Plan a precautionary landing if weather conditions get worse or low on fuel

Navigation

• Time to station–Established inbound on a radial

rotate the obs 10o to the left, turn the aircraft 10o to the right

–Note the time and maintain heading until the cdi centers

Navigation–Note the time

–Time to the station is the same as the time to complete the 10o change of bearing

Time to station (min)

Note the radial you are on

Turn 90o to the left or right

Note the time elapsed between bearings

60 x Min flown between bearing change Degrees of bearing change

Distance To station (NM) TAS X Min. flown between bearing change

Degrees of bearing change

Fuel Required

Rate of fuel consumption x Min to station60

Navigation

• When a relative bearing doubles in a specific time, the time to the station is that time.