navigation review atc chapter 12. aim to review principals of navigation to a bak level of knowledge

Navigation ReviewATC Chapter 12

Aim

To review principals of navigation to a BAK level of knowledge

Objectives1.State the method to read charts and identify

prominent features2.Explain the principals of direction3.Describe the triangle of velocities4.In the ERSA extract data pertaining to prohibited,

restricted and danger areas, and conversions5.State the method for fuel planning

1. ChartsVisual Terminal Chart (VTC)

Smallest scale chart, 1:250000, shows the greatest detail and used whenever possibleOnly produced for areas with high volumes of trafficFeatures include: • Visual reporting points• VFR routes• Danger/Restricted areas• Terminal information• Aerodromes• Controlled airspace

boundaries and levels• Spot heights• Visual navigation aidsIncludes inset for major GA aerodromes

1. ChartsVisual Navigation Chart (VNC)

1:500000 scale, used on navigation exercisesShows less detail but covers a larger area

1. ChartsWorld Aeronautical Chart (WAC)

1:1000000 scale, used on navigation exercises in areas not covered by the VNCA lot less information compared to the VTC or VNCUses contours and hypsometric tints to show terrain shape and height

1. ChartsPCA

1:8300000 scale, covers the entire countryUsed primarily during the pre-flight planning stages to track weather systems

2. DirectionVariation

All charts use the geographical north pole as their reference datum, this is known as true north. A track taken from a chart is said to be in degrees trueUnfortunately when we are flying in the aircraft all our instruments will use the magnetic north pole as the datumVariation is the angular difference between true and magnetic north, it is not constant over the entire earth and is shown on charts using isogonals (lines of constant variation)

2. DirectionVariation

Variation is labelled east or west depending on whether the isogonal is east or west of the agonic lineIf variation is East, magnetic direction is less than trueIf variation is West, magnetic direction in more than true For example, if we are on a flight from YPPF to YPAG, we measure a track from the chart of 193⁰, what is the variation?8⁰What is the magnetic track?185⁰

3. Triangle of VelocitiesTriangle of Velocities

The triangle of velocities is typically used to calculate heading and groundspeedIn order to use the triangle we must know at least two of the following:Track and groundspeedWindHeading and TAS

Track and groundspeed

Heading and TAS

Wind

4. ERSAPRD Areas

Information relating to Prohibited, Restricted and Danger (PRD) areas can be found in the PRD section in the back of the ERSAIt states the PRD areas identification, status, hours of operation, controlling authority and type of operations conductedRestricted area (RA) status indicates the likelihood of obtaining a clearance through the area• RA 1: Pilots may plan through the area and can expect a clearance from ATC• RA 2: Pilots must not plan through the area unless on a route specified in the

ERSA GEN FPR or under an agreement from the department of defence, ATC clearance is not assured

• RA 3: Pilots must not plan through the area and clearance will not be available

For example:What is the status of R255?What is the status of R292A?

4. ERSAConversions

ERSA GEN CON contains various conversion charts and tables including:• Fuel weight table• Imperial to metric conversions• Distance conversions• Wind component tables

5. Fuel Plan

SARTIME

LAST LIGHT TIME EET LFT RT TTL

FUEL MIN L MIN L MIN L MIN L Cruise Alternate SUB TOTAL Var. Reserve Fixed Reserve TRK

ALT XPDR REQ

Holding Taxi Fuel Required Margin ENDURANCE FROM

The fuel plan is used to pre-plan fuel requirements for the flight

Note: Due to the critical nature of the fuel plan, always round up

5. Fuel Plan

SARTIME


FUEL MIN L MIN L MIN L MIN L Cruise 121 Alternate SUB TOTAL Var. Reserve Fixed Reserve TRK

ALT XPDR REQ


1. Fill in flight time

5. Fuel Plan1. Fill in flight time2. Determine cruise fuel required, remember when fuel planning we plan to burn 35

litres per hour for the C172SP

SARTIME


FUEL MIN L MIN L MIN L MIN L Cruise 121 71 Alternate SUB TOTAL Var. Reserve Fixed Reserve TRK

ALT XPDR REQ



litres per hour for the C172SP3. An alternate will not be required for training area flights

SARTIME


FUEL MIN L MIN L MIN L MIN L Cruise 121 71 Alternate - - SUB TOTAL Var. Reserve Fixed Reserve TRK

ALT XPDR REQ



litres per hour for the C172SP3. An alternate will not be required for training area flights4. Sub total = Cruise + Alternate

SARTIME


FUEL MIN L MIN L MIN L MIN L Cruise 121 71 Alternate - - SUB TOTAL 121 71 Var. Reserve Fixed Reserve TRK

ALT XPDR REQ



litres per hour for the C172SP3. An alternate will not be required for training area flights4. Sub total = Cruise + Alternate5. As per our ops manual we must carry 15% variable reserve.

Note: This is not a legal requirement as we are an air work operation

SARTIME


FUEL MIN L MIN L MIN L MIN L Cruise 121 71 Alternate - - SUB TOTAL 121 71 Var. Reserve 19 11 Fixed Reserve TRK

ALT XPDR REQ


5. Fuel Plan6. Fixed reserve is required for all operations

SARTIME


FUEL MIN L MIN L MIN L MIN L Cruise 121 71 Alternate - - SUB TOTAL 121 71 Var. Reserve 19 11 Fixed Reserve 45 27 TRK

ALT XPDR REQ


5. Fuel Plan6. Fixed reserve is required for all operations7. Holding should not be required for training area flights

SARTIME



ALT XPDR REQ

Holding - - Taxi Fuel Required Margin ENDURANCE FROM

5. Fuel Plan6. Fixed reserve is required for all operations7. Holding should not be required for training area flights8. The ops manual states to plan 5 Litres for taxi fuel

SARTIME



ALT XPDR REQ

Holding - - Taxi 5 Fuel Required Margin ENDURANCE FROM

5. Fuel Plan6. Fixed reserve is required for all operations7. Holding should not be required for training area flights8. The ops manual states to plan 5 Litres for taxi fuel 9. Work out the total fuel required

SARTIME



ALT XPDR REQ

Holding - - Taxi 5 Fuel Required 185 114 Margin ENDURANCE FROM

5. Fuel Plan6. Fixed reserve is required for all operations7. Holding should not be required for training area flights8. The ops manual states to plan 5 Litres for taxi fuel 9. Work out the total fuel required10. Enter the Useable fuel on board at start up

SARTIME



ALT XPDR REQ

Holding - - Taxi 5 Fuel Required 185 114 Margin ENDURANCE 201 FROM

5. Fuel Plan6. Fixed reserve is required for all operations7. Holding should not be required for training area flights8. The ops manual states to plan 5 Litres for taxi fuel 9. Work out the total fuel required10. Enter the Useable fuel on board at start up11. The margin is the difference between Endurance and fuel required

SARTIME



ALT XPDR REQ

Holding - - Taxi 5 Fuel Required 185 114 Margin 87 ENDURANCE 201 FROM

5. Fuel Plan6. Fixed reserve is required for all operations7. Holding should not be required for training area flights8. The ops manual states to plan 5 Litres for taxi fuel 9. Work out the total fuel required10. Enter the Useable fuel on board at start up11. The margin is the difference between Endurance and fuel required12. Determine margin endurance at a fuel burn of 35 litres per hour

SARTIME



ALT XPDR REQ

Holding - - Taxi 5 Fuel Required 185 114 Margin 149 87 ENDURANCE 201 FROM

5. Fuel Plan13. Add fuel required time and margin time to determine total endurance

SARTIME



ALT XPDR REQ

Holding - - Taxi 5 Fuel Required 185 114 Margin 149 87 ENDURANCE 334 201 FROM

Note: For the C172SP the full fuel endurance should be 333 minuets

5. Fuel PlanExample

Determine the fuel required for a 1.5 hour flight to the training area and the margin if we are carrying 160 litres

SARTIME



ALT XPDR REQ

Holding - - Taxi 5 Fuel Required 149 93 Margin 115 67 ENDURANCE 276 160 FROM

Questions?

navigation review atc chapter 12. aim to review principals of navigation to a bak level of knowledge

Documents

direction variation

height slide

larger area slide

magnetic track

datum variation

magnetic direction

tas wind slide

fuel planning slide