ATechnical Seminar report on

Hydro power plantSubmitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement

For the award of the degree ofBachelor of Technology

InELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

BYV.VINAY

16705A0248Under the esteemed guidance of

Mr. S.S.DEEKSHITM.Tech

Assistant professorDepartment of EEE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERINGANNAMACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES

(AN AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION)Affiliated To Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Anantapur

Approved by A.I.C.T.E, New Delhi Institute Accredited by NBA & NAAC, Bangalore

New Boyanapalli, RAJAMPET-516216, Kadapa(dt), A.P.  

CONTENTS:

Introduction Layout of Hydro power plant Construction and Working Classifications of Hydro power plant Advantages Disadvantages Conclusion

Introduction Power system mainly contains three parts namely

generation, transmission and distribution. Generation means how to generate electricity from the available source and there are various methods to generate electricity but in this article we only focused on generation of electricity by the means of hydro or water (hydro power plant). As we know that the power plant is defined as the place where power is generated from a given source, so here the source is hydro that’s why we called it hydro power plant.

Layout of Hydro power plant

Construction And Working For construction of hydro power plant first we choose the area where the

water is sufficient to reserve and no any crisis of water and suitable to build a dam, then we construct the dam.

The main function of dam is to stop the flow of water and reserve the water in reservoir.

Mainly dam is situated at a good height to increase the force of water. Reservoir stocks up lots of water which is employed to generate power by means of turbines.

After that Penstock, the pipe which is connected between dam and turbine blades and most important purpose of the penstock is to enlarge the kinetic energy of water that’s why this pipe is made up of extremely well-built material which carry on the pressure of water

After that Penstock, the pipe which is connected between dam and turbine blades and most important purpose of the penstock is to enlarge the kinetic energy of water that’s why this pipe is made up of extremely well-built material which carry on the pressure of water

To control the pressure of water means increase or decrease water pressure whenever required, we use a valve. Storage tank comes in picture when the some reason the pressure of water in reservoir is decreases then we use storage tank it is directly connected to penstock and use only in emergency condition.

As we know that the turbine is an engine that transfers energy of fluid into mechanical energy which is coupled with generator and generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy which we utilize at the end

Dam and Reservoir:  The dam is constructed on a large river in hilly areas to ensure

sufficient water storage at height. The dam forms a large reservoir behind it. The height of water level (called as water head) in the reservoir determines how much of potential energy is stored in it.

Control Gate:  Water from the reservoir is allowed to flow through the penstock

to the turbine. The amount of water which is to be released in the penstock can be controlled by a control gate. When the control gate is fully opened, maximum amount of water is released through the penstock.

Penstock:  A penstock is a huge steel pipe which carries water from the

reservoir to the turbine. Potential energy of the water is converted into kinetic energy as it flows down through the penstock due to gravity.

Water Turbine:  Water from the penstock is taken into the water turbine. The

turbine is mechanically coupled to an electric generator. Kinetic energy of the water drives the turbine and consequently the generator gets driven

GENERATOR:  A generator is mounted in the power house and it is mechanically

coupled to the turbine shaft. When the turbine blades are rotated, it drives the generator and electricity is generated which is then stepped up with the help of a transformer for the transmission purpose.

Surge Tank: Surge tanks are usually provided in high or medium head power

plants when considerably long penstock is required. A surge tank is a small reservoir or tank which is open at the top. It is fitted between the reservoir and the power house. The water level in the surge tank rises or falls to reduce the pressure swings in the penstock. When there is sudden reduction in load on the turbine, the governor closes the gates of the turbine to reduce the water flow. This causes pressure to increase abnormally in the penstock. This is prevented by using a surge tank, in which the water level rises to reduce the pressure. On the other hand, the surge tank provides excess water needed when the gates are suddenly opened to meet the increased load demand.

Classification of Hydroelectric Power Plants

Classification based on plant capacity

Type Capacity

Very low capacity hydro electric plants Up to 0.1 MW

Low capacity hydro electric plants Up to 1.0 MW

Medium capacity hydro electric plants Up to 10 MW

High capacity hydro electric plants More than 10 MW

They can also be classified as follows

Type Capacity

Micro hydro electric plants < 100 kW

Mini hydro electric plants 100kW to 1MW

Small hydro electric plants 1 MW to a few MW

Medium hydro electric plants More than a few MW

Super hydro electric plants More than 1000 MW

Classification based on headBased on the available head hydro power plants are classified into the

following:

Type Head

Low head plants < 15 m

Medium head plants 15 – 70 m

High head plants 70 – 250 m

Very high head plants More than 250 m

High head plants

Due to high head, small amount of water can produce large amount of power. Therefore these types of plants are very economical. The reservoir is found at the top of the mountain and the power house is found at the foot. For high head plants catchment area of small capacity is sufficient. If the water from one stream is not sufficient, more than water can be diverted from the neighboring streams. For heads above 500 m, Pelton turbine is used and for low heads Francis turbines are used.

Medium head plants

Larger volume of water is required in this type if power plant. The reservoir capacity will be large. In these power plant water is carried from the reservoir is carried to the penstock through the forebay. There is no need of surge tank as forebay itself acts as a surge tank. Francis, Kaplan and Propeller turbines are commonly used for the medium head plants.

Low head plants.

Low head plants require larger volume of water than high and medium head plants to produce same amount of power. The reservoir capacity will be large. Francis, Kaplan and Propeller turbines are commonly used for the low head plants.

Advantages Of A Hydroelectric Power Plant No fuel is required as potential energy is stored water is used for

electricity generation Neat and clean source of energy Very small running charges - as water is available free of cost Comparatively less maintenance is required and has longer life Serves other purposes too, such as irrigationDisadvantages Very high capital cost due to construction of dam High cost of transmission – as hydro plants are located in hilly

areas which are quite away from the consumers

 CONCLUSION 

 Hydroelectric power was one of the first renewable sources of energy, and therefore the most developed currently.

Overtime other renewable sources of energy will develop and become competitive, offering a wider variety of affordable renewable energy.

Hydroelectric market growth in the United States seems to have reached a plateau and is unlikely to see significant growth in the future.