Nature’s anonymous donor:

The hidden contribution of forests to rural

livelihoods

Frances SeymourIFADMarch 4, 2011

Presentation outline

Brief introduction to CIFORContributions of forests to rural livelihoods

Wood, food, energy, healthAgricultural goods and servicesEmployment

CRP6: A framework for exploiting opportunities and managing risk

Brief introduction to CIFORCIFOR

CIFOR…• an international organization headquartered in Bogor, Indonesiag q g ,• a member of the CGIAR• purpose to conduct research to inform policies and practices that affect forests in developing countriesforests in developing countries

• staff of about 200 globally• annual budget of about $27 million

CIFOR’s visionWe envision a world where:

Forests are high on the political agendaPeople recognize the value of forests for maintaining livelihoods andfor maintaining livelihoods and ecosystemsDecisions that influence forests and the people that depend on them are based on solid science and principles of good governance, and reflect the of good governance, and reflect theperspectives of developing countries and forest‐dependent people

CIFOR’s research domains

1 Enhancing the role of forests in mitigating climate change

Enhancing the role of forests in adapting to climate change2Improving livelihoods through smallholder and3 Improving livelihoods through smallholder and community forestry3Managing trade-offs between conservation and 4 development at the landscape scale4Managing impacts of globalised trade and investment on forests and forest communities5 forests and forest communities5Sustainably managing tropical production forests6

Contributions of forests to rural livelihoodsrural livelihoods

Net change in forest area 2005‐2010(13 million ha lost per year)(13 million ha lost per year)

Source: FAO Forest Resource Assessment (FRA) 2010

On average, households in forest communities derive forest communities derive 24% of their income from forests – not captured in national forests not captured in national accounts

CIFOR’s Poverty and Environment Network study of forest-based contributions to incomes in more than 8,000 households40 study sites in 25 developing countriesIncome and other socio-economic and environmental data, collected on a quarterly basis over a 12-month periodM j it f h i d t b 38 t Majority of research carried out by 38 partners (mainly PhD students) from Asia, Africa & Latin AmericaLaunch planned for June 15 2011 in LondonLaunch planned for June 15, 2011 in London

Wood productspLocal communities exploit forests for construction timber, poles, boats, tools, baskets, and many other usesUlin (ironwood) species identified by local communities in East Kalimantan as one of the most valued forest products

FoodForests provide wild fruits, honey, mushrooms, tubers, grubs, and many other diet supplementsFish are often the most important non timber forest product and Fish are often the most important non-timber forest product, and fisheries depend on healthy forest ecosystems

• Bushmeat can constitute up to 80% of the protein and fat in the diets of households in rural areas of Central Africa

• Research suggests importance of bushmeat to AIDS orphans in Southern Africa

THINKING beyond the canopy

p

Energy

Up to 80 percent of rural energy needs in sub‐Saharan Africa are met by fuelwood and charcoal from forests

HealthHealth

Forests provide:Forests provide:Access to nutritious foodAccess to medicinal plants

lDisease control

Employmentp y

• Research in Cameroon highlights the significance of the domestic timber sectortimber sector

• Some 45,000 people derive income from the sector

THINKING beyond the canopy

Forest-related employment also includes

Gathering non-timber forest products for saleproducts for saleHousehold processing

Such employment is especially important for women, as it is compatible with other household compatible with other household responsibilities

Goods and services to agricultureagriculture

Forests and trees on farms provide fodder and Forests and trees on farms provide fodder and enhance soil fertility

Forests contain the preponderance of the Earth’s Forests contain the preponderance of the Earth s terrestrial biodiversity – including wild relatives of important crop species

Forests provide environmental services important to the agriculture sector, including hydrological regulation and pollination

CRP6: A framework for exploiting opportunities and managing riskopportunities and managing risk

CGIAR Research Program on Forests Trees and AgroforestryForests, Trees, and Agroforestry

Conceptual framework

Component 1 Smallholder production systems and markets

Researchthemes

Enhancing management and production systems for smallholders (food security and nutrition)Increasing income generation and market integration for smallholderssmallholdersImproving policy and institutions to enhance social assets to secure rights in forest- and tree-dependent communitiescommunities

Support to small‐scale producers

• Research suggests significant potential to increase the share

Suppo t to s a sca e p oduce s

potential to increase the share of value captured by small producers of timber and NTFPs

• Example: Teak producers in Example: Teak producers in Java need – better information on

market requirements, andq ,– access to financial services

THINKING beyond the canopy

• Women’s roles in NTFP value chains often invisible• Danger of marginalizing women’s roles in processing through

interventions focused on streamlining production and marketing

THINKING beyond the canopy

M t d ti f f t d t

Research Understanding threats to important tree species and

Component 2 Management and conservation of forest and tree resources

themes Understanding threats to important tree species and formulating genetic conservation strategiesConserving and characterizing high-quality germplasm of important tree crops and their wild relativesimportant tree crops and their wild relativesDeveloping improved silvicultural, monitoring and management practices for multiple useDeveloping tools and methods to resolve conflicts over Developing tools and methods to resolve conflicts over distribution of benefits and resource rights

Certification

CIFOR i t d th F t St d hi

Certification

CIFOR assisted the Forestry Stewardship Council’s efforts to refine FSC certification standards for small-scale operations with prospective application in Brazil prospective application in Brazil, Cameroon, and Mexico.

Beyond timberCIFOR research on the potential of

Beyond timberp

multiple-use management focuses on barriers to integration of timber and Brazil nut production in the Western Amazon.

E i t l i d l d Component 3 Environmental services and landscape

management

Researchthemes

Understanding drivers of forest transitionUnderstanding the consequences of forest transition for environmental services and livelihoodsLearning landscapes: dynamics of multi-functionality

Payments for Environmental S iServices

CIFOR analysis reveals tenure constraints to PES-based approaches to forest conservation in Brazil.

Competitiveness of REDD supply Bottleneck: Land tenure “chaos”

Unknown tenure 53%

Indigenous lands 9%

Agricultural settlements 10%

PA f i bl 9%

Legend

PA for sustainable use 9%

Community lands <1%

Registered properties 1%

CitiesRoadsState limitsWater

Sources: IBAMA, INCRA 2007, Soares-Filho et al. 2006

TenureResearch shows that strengthening community rights to forests can lead to “win-win” outcomes:• improved forest condition • enhanced local incomes

THINKING beyond the canopy

• However, research also shows that communities require: – Support to defend their new rights, and to mobilize forest pp g ,

resource assets to generate income; and– Relief from unnecessary regulatory burdens

THINKING beyond the canopy

Component 4 Climate change adaptation and mitigation

Researchthemes

Harnessing forests, trees and agroforestry for climate change mitigationEnhancing climate change adaptationUnderstanding synergies between climate change mitigation and adaptation

Deforestation and land use change

Risks and opportunities

Deforestation and land use change contribute 12–18% of the world’s total annual carbon emissionsREDD+ ld id h l i ifi t REDD+ could provide channel significant revenue flows to rural communities

Forests themselves are threatened by climate changeForests provide an important source of resilience for adaptation to climate change

Learning from REDD: A global comparative analysiscomparative analysis

CIFOR research input to the Indonesia – Norway Letter of Intent on REDD

Ecosystem-based adaptationp

Joint CIFOR-CATIE research on tropical f d li h d i i forests and climate change adaptation in Honduras influenced the design of one of the first projects ever approved by the UNFCCC’s Adaptation Fund BoardUNFCCC s Adaptation Fund Board.

Component 5 Impacts of trade and investment on forests and people

Researchthemes

Understanding the processes and impacts of forest-related trade and investment Enhancing responses and policy options to mitigate the negative impacts and enhance the positive impacts of trade and investment

Trade and investment

CIFOR research on the implications of biofuel expansion on forests and forest communities

Law enforcement • CIFOR research highlighted danger of local

communities losing livelihood from crackdowns targeting “the little guy with the chainsaw”

THINKING beyond the canopy

targeting the little guy with the chainsaw

Cross cutting themes: GenderApproach:

Gender

Gender disaggregated data collection and analysisGender appropriate research methodsPartnerships with key organizations to build capacity & share knowledge

Example of research:CIFOR study on barriers to women’s participation in forest decision-making and participation in forest decision making and benefit-sharing in Nicaragua and Uganda

Cross-cutting approach:Sentinel Landscapes

Follows key recommendation from the 2009 social science “stripe” review

Sentinel Landscapes

2009 social science stripe review commissioned by the CGIAR Science CouncilBuilds on the CGIAR’s comparative Builds on the CGIAR s comparative advantage to conduct long-term, comparative researchGenerates data about the drivers and Generates data about the drivers and impacts of land use change, as well as approaches to threats and benefits for environmental resilience and the poorenvironmental resilience and the poorIntegrates research and impact pathways to exploit potential synergies across all CRP6 componentsCRP6 components

International, national and local partnershipspartnerships

Levels/Types Research Partners Policy and Practice P

Knowledge‐sharing PPartners Partners

International CIRAD, IRD, CSIRO, Forest Landscape Denmark, IUFRO Norwegian

CPF, FAO, UNEP, World Bank, UN‐REDD, IPCC, FSC IUCN

BBC World Service Trust, Panos, UN‐REDD CPF IUCNIUFRO, Norwegian 

University of Life Sciences

FSC, IUCN  REDD, CPF, IUCN

Regional CATIE, Amazon Initiative,  AFF, COMIFAC, Asia  RECOFTC, STCP, CATIE ANAFE, FARA, SEANAFE; ASARECA, CORAF, SAARD, STCP, SA/AP/LAFORGEN

Forest Partnership, ECOWAS

Country or local

NARS, local/national research organizations, FORDA

NARS, government, CBOs, NGOs, private sector companies 

Local NGOs and networks, government

Communications and knowledge gsharing “Hurricane” model

enabled by increased i iconnectivity

Impact pathway example:climate changeclimate change

http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/crp6/