Nature of Water

Capillarity: The rising of a liquid in a narrow tube, sometimes called capillary action.

capillarity:capillarity: 1 2 3 4• (define in your own words)

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Colloid: A mixture that contains particles that are evenly distributed through a dispersing medium and do not settle out over time.

colloid:colloid: 1 2 3 4• (define in your own words)

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Dissociation: The process by which the charged particles in an ionic solid separate from one another, primarily when going into solution.

dissociation:dissociation: 1 2 3 4

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Hydrogen bonding: A connection between the hydrogen atoms on one molecule and a highly electronegative atom on another molecule, but not a full covalent bond.

Hydrogen bonding:Hydrogen bonding: 1 2 3 4

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Osmosis: The flow of molecules through a selectively permeable membrane driven by concentration difference.

osmosis:osmosis: 1 2 3 4

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Tyndall effect: The scattering effect caused when light passes through a colloid.

Tyndall effect:Tyndall effect: 1 2 3 4

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Meniscus: A concave surface of a liquid resulting from surface tension. The bottom of the meniscus is used to measure the volume of a liquid in apparatus such as a graduated cylinder.

meniscus:meniscus: 1 2 3 4• (define in your own words)

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Saturated solution: A solution that holds the maximum amount of solute under the given conditions.

saturated solution:saturated solution: 1 2 3 4

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Supersaturated solution: A solution containing more solute than the usual maximum; they are unstable.

Supersaturated solution:Supersaturated solution: 1 2 3 4

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Unsaturated solution: A solution in which the amount of solute dissolved is less than the maximum that could be dissolved.

Unsaturated solution:Unsaturated solution: 1 2 3 4

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Solution: a mixture that is the same throughout, or Homogeneous

solution:solution: 1 2 3 4

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Solute: the substance that is being dissolved when making a solution.

solute:solute: 1 2 3 4• (define in your own words)

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Solvent: the substance that dissolves the solute when making a solution.

solvent:solvent: 1 2 3 4• (define in your own words)

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Demo

The Polar Nature of Water

In this apparatus, the seawater is an example of a _____. Jul'04 11th -18 

A. strong electrolyteB. weak acidC. nonelectrolyteD. strong base

Which of the following objects will float on water? (Apr'04 10th -27)

A

B

C

D

A. Starch concentrations being equal on each side of the membrane

B. Water passing from a region of lower starch concentration to one of higher starch concentration

C. Water and starch volumes being the same

D. Solute in the tubes changing from a higher temperature to a lower temperature

Which would most likely cause the liquid in Tube A to rise?

Bathwater normally has electrolytic behaviors even though distilled water does not. This is because bathwater _____. Apr'04 11th -24 A. contains isotopes of hydrogenB. has been heatedC. is separated into H+ and OH– ionsD. contains dissolved minerals

Which factor makes water an effective solvent? A. The presence of molecular oxygenB. Its lack of covalent bondsC. The polar nature of its moleculesD. Its abundance on Earth’s surface

The table shows times required for water to evaporate from identical containers. Which of these is the best question to ask before developing a reasonable hypothesis to explain the data? A. Why does a lower temperature slow the rate of evaporation?B. What is the boiling point of the water after both samples are heated?C. Why does water exist as a solid at -15C and as a liquid at 25C?D. How does the rate of evaporation change when a different container is used?

Which characteristic of water best explains its ability to dissolve a great variety of materials? Apr'06 11th -25 A. Its transparency in lightB. Its electrical conductivityC. Its physical state of matterD. Its molecular arrangement

Power plants that discharge warm water into rivers have a negative effect on aquatic life. This is because the higher water temperature _____. Apr'06 11th - 21 A. increases the pressure of the river waterB. increases the pH value of the river waterC. decreases sediment solubility in the river waterD. decreases the dissolved oxygen in the river water

The diagram on the right shows water molecules and ions from an NaCl crystal. What is the most likely reason that each water molecule is arranged so that the oxygen part of the molecule faces a sodium ion?

A.The oxygen in a water molecule contains a partial negative charge.B.Gravity rotates the oxygen atoms to face the more-massive sodium ions.C.Hydrogen atoms create repulsive forces with chloride ions.D.Oxygen atoms form covalent bonds with sodium ions.

A student is working with four beakers that each contain a clear liquid. Which set of procedures would be best to use to determine whether one of the beakers contains only distilled water? Feb'06 11th -43

A. Observe odorDetermine temperatureObserve colorDetermine boiling point

C. Observe volumeDetermine massObserve colorDetermine pH

B. Observe odorDetermine pHDetermine densityDetermine boiling point

D. Determine massObserve volumeDetermine temperatureObserve odor

Fish survive through severe winters because of the property of water that allows water to _____. Apr'04 11th -26 A.form chemical bonds as it freezes, raising the water temperature below the iceB. increase in density while it freezes, dissolving more oxygen from the airC.expand when it freezes, creating a floating and insulating layer of iceD.precipitate vital nutrients when it freezes, increasing the food supply

A. The ratio of hydrogen to oxygenB. The ability to refract lightC. The hydroxide ion concentrationD. The freezing temperature

What characteristic of water remains the same no matter what is dissolved in it?

Which of the following salts has the greatest solubility in water at 25C? A. CaCO3

B. FeSC. HgCl2

D. KClO4

A. The density of water increases as temperature increases between 4C and 10C.B. The density of water decreases as temperature increases between 0C and 4C.C. The density of water decreases as temperature increases between 4C and 10CD. The density of water remains constant as temperature increases.

1. Which of the following statements best describes this relationship?

All of these can affect the rate at which a solid dissolves in water except____. Apr'03 11th -17 A. decreasing air pressureB. stirring the waterC. increasing the temperature of the waterD. using larger crystals of the solid

A. Thermal energyB. 2.0 g of baking sodaC. Ice cubesD. 2.0 g of sodium chloride

A recipe calls for 210 grams of sugar to be dissolved in 0.25 liter of water. After the mixture is stirred, some sugar crystals remain in the water. What can be added to the mixture to help dissolve the remaining sugar crystals?

The structure of pure water makes it a good ____. Fall'05 11th -36 A. solventB. catalystC. conductorD. nutrient

A recipe calls for 210 grams of sugar to be dissolved in 0.25 liter of water. After the mixture is stirred, some sugar crystals remain in the water. What can be added to the mixture to help dissolve the remaining sugar crystals?

A recipe calls for 210 grams of sugar to be dissolved in 0.25 liter of water. After the mixture is stirred, some sugar crystals remain in the water. What can be added to the mixture to help dissolve the remaining sugar crystals?

A recipe calls for 210 grams of sugar to be dissolved in 0.25 liter of water. After the mixture is stirred, some sugar crystals remain in the water. What can be added to the mixture to help dissolve the remaining sugar crystals?

A recipe calls for 210 grams of sugar to be dissolved in 0.25 liter of water. After the mixture is stirred, some sugar crystals remain in the water. What can be added to the mixture to help dissolve the remaining sugar crystals?

Heat of solution: A measure of the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of substance 1° C.

Heat of solution:Heat of solution: 1 2 3 4

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Specific heat: The heat taken in or released in the dissolving process.

specific heat:specific heat: 1 2 3 4

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Surface tension: The force needed to overcome intermolecular attractions and break through the surface of a liquid or spread the liquid out.

Surface tension:Surface tension: 1 2 3 4

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