naturalization in the translation of english business management

NATURALIZATION IN THE TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH BUSINESS MANAGEMENT TERMS INTO INDONESIAN

Ria puspitasari ([email protected])

Faculty of letters, Gunadarma university

ABSTRACT

The aim of this research is to find out a model of naturalizing English business management terms into Indonesian. The method employed in this research is a qualitative descriptive. The data in this research consists of English business management terms that have been naturalized into Indonesian. The result of the analysis shows that the model of naturalizing English business management terms consist of three ways i.e. adjustment of spelling and pronunciation, adjustment of spelling but the pronunciation is retained, and adjustment of pronunciation but the spelling is retained.

Keywords: naturalization, business management terms

INTRODUCTION

Translation is one of the ways to learn and understand English. The

important thing in translation is that the translation must be natural without

changing the meaning or the ideas. In translating, we will find problems and try to

translate the text meaning. In translation English into Indonesian, there are some

problems that a translator has to face. One of them is the difference in

grammatical structure between source language (SL) and target language (TL).

The development of terms in science especially in business management

field grow rapidly, unfortunately it is only in English version. It makes many

written works that were used Indonesian language in relation to business

management use many foreign terms (English terms). Based on the reason above,

it is very important to find Indonesian terms for every field. Since the limitation of

the time, the writer only focuses on the business management terms.

In the translation of the terms, the writer found out many terms that do not

have equivalence in Indonesian. Therefore, a lot of foreign terms are naturalized

into Indonesian. With this reason translators employed naturalization strategy in

order to get the translation of the texts, words, of terms. Based on the fact above,

the writer is interested in doing a research that is related to the naturalization of

foreign words into Indonesian.

In this research, the writer tries to find out the naturalization in the

translation of business management terms. The writer hopes that the result of this

research can be a guideline for the translators and students in translating business

terms. Hence, the writer chooses “Naturalization in the translation of English

business management terms into Indonesian” as the title of the Research.

RESEARCH METHOD

In this research the writer implements a descriptive qualitative method; it

means that there are a descriptive and a qualitative of the data from the Source

Language (SL) as well as from the product of the translation of business

management terms. The data analyzed are in the form of words rather than

numbers.

According to (Miles and Huberman 1984, p.23) this analysis consists of

three concurrent flows of activity; data reduction, data display and conclusion

drawing/verification.

According to Gay (1996:208), qualitative research involves over an

extended period of time, in a ‘naturalistic setting’. The term ‘naturalistic setting’

refers to the fact that the variables being investigated are studied where they

naturally occur, not in research-controlled conditions, as is the case with

qualitative studies. Descriptive research involves collecting data in order to test

hypotheses or to answer questions concerning the current status of the subject of

the study (Gay, 1996:249).

RESULT OF THE RESEARCH

Adjustment of spelling and pronunciation

Since the source language terms do not have their equivalent in the target

language terms. The translators translate the terms by adopting the original terms

of the source language by making some changes dealing with pronunciation and

spelling. There are 179 (82%) out of 218 terms of English business management

terms that were naturalized into Indonesian by using adjustment of spelling and

pronunciation.

a. Example of the data

No. Source Text Language Target text Language

1 Account receivable

financing

Permodalan akun piutang

2 Administrative expense Biaya administratif

3 Amortization Amortisasi

4 Contract Kontrak

5 Capitalism Kapitalisme

6 Chief Executive Eksekutif kepala

7 Equity Ekuitas

8 Fiscal year Tahun fiskal

9 Globalization

Globalisasi

10 Insolvency

Insolvensi

11 Management Manajemen

12 Patent Hak Paten

13 Product Produk

14 Quality Kualitas

15 Ratio Rasio

16 Variable

Variabel

b. Analysis

The translators transfer and adapt the source language term, first to the

normal pronunciation then to the normal morphology (word-forms) of the target

language texts. The terms account, administrative, contract, capitalism, executive,

fiscal, globalization, insolvency, patent, quality, and variable in the source

language terms are naturalized into akun, administratif, kontrak, kapitalisme,

eksekutif, fickal, globalisasi, insolvensi, paten, kualitas, and variabel in the target

language terms.

Here are the phonetic symbols of both languages:

Account [ə’ka nt] - akun [akun]

Administrative [əd’mInIstrətIv] – administratif [administratif]

Amortization [ə,m :taI’zei n] - amortisasi [amortisasi]

Contract [‘k ntrækt] - Kontrak [kontrak]

Capitalism [‘kæpItəlIzəm] - Kapitalisme [kapitalisme]

Equity [‘ekwəti] – ekuitas [ekuitas]

Executive [Ig’zekjətIv] – Eksekutif [eksekutif]

Fiscal [‘fIskl] - fiskal [fiskal]

Globalization [, glə bəlaIzeI n] - Globalisasi [globalisasi]

Insolvency [In’s lvənsi] - Insolvensi [insolvensi]

Management [‘mænI mənt] - manajemen [manajemen]

Patent [‘pætnt] - Paten [paten]

Product [‘pr dΛkt] – produk [produk]

Quality [‘kw ləti] - Kualitas [kwalitas]

Ratio [‘reI iə ] - rasio [rasio]

Variabel [‘veəriəbl] - Variabel [variabel]

The term account is naturalized into akun. The naturalization of this term

is followed by adjusting the pronunciation and spelling. The adjustment of

spelling is employed because in Indonesian, /cc/ in front of /o, u/ is changed into

/k/. The alphabet /-nt/ in final position is changed into /n/, in this consonant cluster,

/t/ is deleted.

The term Administrative is naturalized into administratif, where the suffix

/-ive/ in the source language is changed into /if/ in the target language terms.

The term Contract is naturalized into Kontrak, where the prefix-co in the

source language terms is changed into prefix-kon in the target language terms. The

alphabet /ct/ in initial position is change into /k/.

The term Capitalism is naturalized into Kapitalisme. The naturalization of

this term is followed by adjusting the pronunciation and spelling. The adjustment

of spelling is employed because the suffix-ism in the source language terms is

changed into suffix-isme in the target language terms. The alphabet /c/ in initial

position is change into /k/.

The term Executive is naturalized into eksekutif, where the suffix /-ive/ in

the source language is changed into /if/ in the target language terms and English

/x/ in the middle is changed into /ks/.

The term Fiscal is naturalized into fiskal, where the spelling /c/ in the

middle position of source language term is changed into /k/ in the target language

term.

The term Globalization is adopted into Globalisasi and the term

amortization is naturalized into amortisasi, where the suffix-tion in the source

language terms is changed in to suffix-si in the target language.

The term Insolvency is naturalized into Insolvensi, where the suffix-cy in

the source language terms is changed into suffix-si in the target language terms.

The term patent is naturalized into paten and the term management is

naturalized into manajemen, where English /-nt/ in final position is changed into

/n/, in this consonant cluster, /t/ is deleted.

The term quality is naturalized into kualitas and the term equity is

naturalized into ekuitas, where the suffix-ity in the source language term is change

into suffix-itas. The alphabet /q/ in initial position for the word quality is changed

into /k/, while for the word equity; the alphabet /q/ in middle position is also

naturalized into /k/

The term ratio is naturalized into rasio. The adjustment of spelling is

employed because the alphabet /-t/ in the source language is change into /-s/ in

target language.

The term Variable is naturalized into Variabel, the adjustment of spelling

is employed because the suffix-ble in the source language terms is changed into

suffix-bel in the target language terms.

For the next case, the writer takes product term. This term is naturalized

into produk. The naturalization of this term is followed by adjusting the

pronunciation and spelling. The adjustment of spelling is employed because the

alphabet /-ct/ in English is changed into /k/ in Indonesian.

The adaptation should be according to the pronunciation and spelling rules

of Indonesian system in order to make the terms be translated into correct and

good Indonesian. The spelling and the pronunciation are changed from their

origins in English as needed, so that the Indonesian forms still can be compared

with the original one which is term in English. Here, the use of naturalization is

followed by adjustment of spelling and pronunciation.

Adjustment of spelling but the pronunciation is retained

There are 19 (9%) out of 218 terms of English business management terms

were naturalized into Indonesian by using adjustment of spelling but the

pronunciation is retained.

a. Example of the data

No. Source Text Language Target text Language

1 Accelerated cost recovery

system (ACRS)

Sistem pemulihan biaya yang

dipercepat

2 Credit Kredit

3 Deficit spending Pengeluaran defisit

4 Flexible budget Anggaran fleksibel

b. Analysis



language texts. The terms system, credit, deficit, and flexible in the source

language terms are naturalized into sistem, kredit, defisit, and fleksibel in the

target language terms.


System [‘sIstəm] – Sistem [sistəm]

Credit [‘krədIt] – Kredit [krədit]

Deficit [‘defIsIt] – defisit [defisit]

Flexible [‘fleksəbl] - fleksibel [fleksibel]

The term System is naturalized into Sistem. The naturalization of this term

is followed by adjusting the spelling. The adjustment of spelling is employed

because the alphabet /sy/ in source language is changed into /si/ in target language.

The term Credit is adopted into Kredit, where the spelling /c/ in the initial

position of source language term is changed into /k/ in the target language term.

The term Deficit is naturalized into defisit, where the spelling /c/ in the

middle position of source language term is changed into /s/ in the target language

term.

The term Flexible is adopted into fleksibel. The naturalization of this term

is followed by adjusting the spelling. The adjustment of spelling is employed

because the suffix-ble in the source language terms is changed into suffix-bel in

the target language terms. The alphabet /x/ in English is change into /ek/

Along with the analysis of the adaptation of English term into Indonesian,

the writer finds that the changes of spelling but retain the pronunciation. The

spellings are written based on the way the terms are pronounced. The order of

these spelling changes is based on the order the writer’s findings of Indonesian

terms. The writer writes spelling changes and not pronunciation changes. Here,

the used of naturalization is followed by Adjustment of spelling but the

pronunciation is retained.

Adjustment of pronunciation but the spelling is retained

There are 21 (9%) out of 218 terms of English business management terms

were naturalized into Indonesian by using adjustment of pronunciation but the

spelling is retained.

a. Example of data

No Source Text Language Target text Language

1 Audio taping Perekaman audio

2 Audit Audit

3 Bank guarantee Jaminan bank

4 Earned surplus Surplus laba

5 Federal funds Dana federal

6 Incentive program Program Perangsang

7 Internet Internet

8 Nominal value Nilai nominal

9 Profit margin Margin laba

10 Tender Tender

b. Analysis



language texts. The terms audio, audit, bank, surplus, federal, program, internet,

margin, nominal, and tender in the source language terms are naturalized into

audio, audit, bank, surplus, federal, program, internet, margin, nominal, and

tender in the target language terms.


Audio [‘ :diə ] – audio[audio]

Audit [‘ dIt] – audit [audit]

Bank [bæηk] – bank [baη]

Surplus [‘sз:pləs] – surplus [surplus]

Federal [‘fedərəl] – Federal [fedəral]

Program [‘prə græm] – program [program]

Internet [‘Intənet] – Internet [internet]

Margin [‘m :d In] – margin [margin]

Nominal [‘n mInl] – Nominal [nominal]

Tender [‘tendə(r)] – tender tender

Based on the example above, the writer concludes that the naturalization

of this term is not followed by the adjustment of spelling but it is followed by the

adjustment of pronunciation. The spellings are written based on the way the terms

are pronounced. The order of the spelling between the source and the target

language are not changed. Here, naturalization is followed by adjustment of

pronunciation but the spelling is retained.

CONCLUSION

Based on the analysis of the data, there are two conclusions that can be

drawn, namely:

a. There are three categories of naturalization by the translators in the

translation of English business management terms into Indonesian, namely

adjustment of spelling and pronunciation, adjustment of spelling but the

pronunciation is retained, and adjustment of pronunciation but the spelling

is retained

b. The most common model of naturalization employed by the translators is

adjustment of spelling and pronunciation (82%). It is followed by

adjustment of pronunciation but the spelling is retained (9%) in the second

position. The least common model of naturalization employed by the

translators is adjustment of spelling but the pronunciation is retained (9%)

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