natural justice
DESCRIPTION
disclaimer: this note is reference for student of Administrative Law (LAW506) in Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. It's prepared by Puan Normawati HashimTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Natural justice](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062404/554c3a1bb4c9056b648b475b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Natural Justice
Meaning:
• Procedural safeguard against improper exercise of powers by a public authorit
• Characterised as fair administrative procedure
• Procedural fairness is an integral part of Administrative Law
![Page 2: Natural justice](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062404/554c3a1bb4c9056b648b475b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Natural Justice
• Development and Application
• Elements/Principles of Natural Justice
• Effect of failure to observe natural justice
![Page 3: Natural justice](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062404/554c3a1bb4c9056b648b475b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Development and Application1. Look into the classification of powers
- Applied if it involved quasi judicial power- Cooper v Wandsworth of Works (1863) 14 C.B.N.S. 180
2. Strict approach- natural justice not applicable if it is pure administrative approach- Nakkuda Ali [1951 AC 66.
3. Flexible approach-Ridge v Baldwin (1964) AC 40-fairness-Re (H) K (an infant) [1967] 2 QB 617-procedural fairness-Tan Teck Seng - Hong Leong
![Page 4: Natural justice](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062404/554c3a1bb4c9056b648b475b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Development and Application
4. Principle of legitimate expectation
• Legitimate expectation arises when there is a promise or representation or past practice followed by authority.
• Legitimate Expectation includes expectation which goes beyond an enforceable legal right, provided it has reasonable basis.
• Expectation may be based on some express statement of undertaking, or on behalf of, the public authority which has the duty of making the decision, or from the existence of a regular practice which the claimant can reasonably expect to continue.
- Schmidt v Secreatary of State for Home Affairs [1969] 2 WLR 337.- -Re Liverpool Taxi Owners, Assoc. [1972]2 All ER 589
- AG of Hong Kong v NG Yuen Shiu [1983] 2 AC 629.
![Page 5: Natural justice](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062404/554c3a1bb4c9056b648b475b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Legitimate Expectation
• Application in Malaysia
- J. P Belthelsen v Director General of Immigration [1987] 1 MLJ 134.
- Dr. Benjamin George & Ors v Majlis Perbandaran Ampang Jaya and others [1995] 3 MLJ 665.
- Lee Freddie v Majlis Perbandaran Petaling Jaya [1994] 3 MLJ 640.
![Page 6: Natural justice](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062404/554c3a1bb4c9056b648b475b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Elements of Natural Justice
I. Right to be Heard (audi alteram partem)
2. Rules against bias (nemo judex in causa sua)
![Page 7: Natural justice](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062404/554c3a1bb4c9056b648b475b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Right to be heard
1. Noticea) Chargesb) Time
2. Hearinga) Writtenb) Oralc) Reasonable hearing
![Page 8: Natural justice](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062404/554c3a1bb4c9056b648b475b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Right to be heard
1. Notice
a) Content of charges should be informed
- if charges on minor sentence but punish for severe punishment therefore notice must be given
- grounds of charges must be clear
-Maradana Mosque Trustee v Badi-ud-din- Mahmud [1967] 1 AC 13
- Mahadevan v Anandrajan [1974] 1 MLJ 2
![Page 9: Natural justice](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062404/554c3a1bb4c9056b648b475b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Right to be heard
1. Notice
b) Sufficient time must be given to make defence
- Re Liverpool Taxi Owner’s Association [1972] 2 All ER 589
- Phang Moh Sin v Commissioner of Police [1967] 2 MLJ 186
![Page 10: Natural justice](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062404/554c3a1bb4c9056b648b475b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Right to be heard
1. HearingIntroductionHearing could be written or oral hearing because defending on the circumstances of an individual case- Ketua Pengarah Kastam v Ho Kwan Seng [1977] 2 MLJ 152
a. WrittenIf the case is simple and not complicated or technical written hearing is sufficient
![Page 11: Natural justice](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062404/554c3a1bb4c9056b648b475b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Right to be heard
b. Oral
- Oral hearing is needed if the case involved is complex or technical or serious charges had been made affecting reputation and livelihood of the alleged person
- Travencore Rayons AIR 1971 SC 862
- Pett v Greyhound [1968] AII ER 545
- Phang Moh Sin
- Pengarah Kastam
![Page 12: Natural justice](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062404/554c3a1bb4c9056b648b475b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Right to be heard
c) Reasonable hearing
To ensure that there is a fair hearing is given, the hearing must be reasonable. Reasonable hearing includes the following:
i) Disclosure of evidence or information
ii) Right to receive information
iii) Right to counsel
iv) Reasoned decision
v) Based on procedural fairness
![Page 13: Natural justice](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062404/554c3a1bb4c9056b648b475b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Right to be heardc) Reasonable hearing
i) Disclosure of evidence or information- relevant material used in decision making must be brought to the notice of the alleged person- R v Secretary of state for the Home Department ex parte Hosenball [1977] 1 WLR 766- R v Chief constable of North Wales Police v Evans [1982] - Fairmount Investments Ltd v Secretary of state for the Environment [1976] 1 WLR 1255- Phang Moh Sin- Shamsiah Ahmad Sham (1990) 3 MLJ 364- Abdul Rahman v Public Service Comm (1991) 2 MLJ 240- Re Paragamon Press Ltd (1971) Ch 388
![Page 14: Natural justice](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062404/554c3a1bb4c9056b648b475b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Right to be heard
c. Reasonable hearing
ii) Right to accept information- Decision maker must accept information or
evidence given by the alleged person to support or rebut allegation against him/her
- R v Board Visitors of Hull Prison ex parte St Germain (No. 2) 1 WLR 1401
- Malayawata Steel Bhd v Union Malayawata Steel Workers [1978] 1 MLJ 87
![Page 15: Natural justice](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062404/554c3a1bb4c9056b648b475b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Right to be heard
c. Reasonable hearing
iii) Right to counsel- Generally not a right but if the case is complicated, serious, affecting reputation or livelihood the allege person should be allowed legal assistance
- Pett v Greyhound Racing Association [1969] 1 QB 125- -Pett No 2 [1970] 1 QB 46- R Secretary v of State for the Home Department ex
parte Tarrant [1985] QB 251- R v Board of Visitors of the Maze Prison ex parte
Home and Mc Cartan [1988] AC 379
![Page 16: Natural justice](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062404/554c3a1bb4c9056b648b475b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Right to be heard
c. Reasonable hearingiv) Reasoned decisions- It is not an obligation to give reasons but by
giving reasoned decisions it amounts to good administration
- Breen v AEU 2 QB 143- Travencore Rayons- Pemungut Hasil Tanah, Daerah Barat Daya,
Pulau Pinang v Kam Gin Paik [1983] 2 MLJ 392- Rohana Ariffin v USM (1989) 1 MLJ 487
![Page 17: Natural justice](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062404/554c3a1bb4c9056b648b475b/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Right to be heard
C. Reasonable hearingiv. Reasoned decisions- Based on procedural fairness
Giving of reasons extended to cases affecting fundamental liberties of a persons- Padfield v Minister of Agriculture , Fisheries and Food [[1968] AC 997- Rohana Ariffin v USM- Hong Leong Equipment [1996] 1 MLJ 481
- based on Hong Leong
![Page 18: Natural justice](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062404/554c3a1bb4c9056b648b475b/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Rules against bias
Elements of bias
• Pecuniary bias
• Personal bias
• Policy bias
![Page 19: Natural justice](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062404/554c3a1bb4c9056b648b475b/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Rules against bias
Elements
1. Percuniary bias
- percuniary interest disqualify a judge
- Dimes v Grand Junction Canal (1852) 3 HLCas 759.
![Page 20: Natural justice](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062404/554c3a1bb4c9056b648b475b/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Rules against bias
Elements
2. Personal bias
- adjudicator can’t have relationship, friendship, business with party in dispute
- test- whether ther is likelihood of bias
- Metropolitan Properties [1968] 3 All ER 304
- A. Kraipak AIR 1970 SC 150
- Govindaj v President MIC [1984] 1 MLJ 190
![Page 21: Natural justice](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062404/554c3a1bb4c9056b648b475b/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Rules against bias
Elements
3. Policy bias- Gullapalli N Rao v Andra Pradesh AIR 1959 SC 308
- Franklin v Minister Town and Country Plainning (1948) AC 87
- Alkaff & Co v The Governor-in-Council [1937] MLJ 202