natural england green bridges guide · 2019. 1. 16. · structures include wildlife overpasses and...
TRANSCRIPT
i
Gre
en B
ridge
s
Tech
nica
l Gui
danc
e N
ote
09/2
015
Dece
mbe
r 201
5
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Cont
ents
Fore
wor
d by
Cha
irman
of L
I Tec
hnic
al C
omm
ittee
i
Intr
oduc
tion
1
Whe
n to
con
sider
a g
reen
brid
ge
3
Plan
ning
for a
gre
en b
ridge
stru
ctur
e 6
Choo
sing
a gr
een
brid
ge st
ruct
ure
11
Case
Stu
dies
16
Post
-con
stru
ctio
n re
com
men
datio
ns
16
Refe
renc
es
17
This
Guid
ance
Not
e gu
ide
prov
ides
info
rmat
ion
and
guid
ance
on
plan
ning
for a
gre
en b
ridge
, the
diff
eren
t typ
es o
f gre
en b
ridge
that
can
be
used
and
exa
mpl
e ca
se
stud
ies.
It a
lso h
ighl
ight
s som
e of
the
wid
er m
ulti-
func
tiona
l ben
efits
that
gre
en b
ridge
s can
pro
vide
.
i
Fore
wor
d
Frag
men
tatio
n of
the
land
scap
e, lo
ss o
f its
pat
tern
s an
d fe
atur
es a
nd d
isrup
tion
to e
cosy
stem
con
nect
ivity
are
maj
or p
robl
ems.
Gre
en b
ridge
s ca
n pl
ay a
par
t in
en
surin
g co
nnec
tivity
is r
etai
ned
or r
eins
tate
d. A
s ju
st o
ne r
ecen
t ex
ampl
e, E
uan
Mah
arg’
s aw
ard-
win
ning
con
cept
for
tw
o gr
een
brid
ges
in t
he S
even
Loc
hs
Wet
land
Par
k in
Sco
tland
has
bee
n an
insp
iratio
n.
The
repo
rt o
n w
hich
thi
s gu
idan
ce n
ote
is en
tirel
y ba
sed,
with
out
subs
tant
ive
alte
ratio
n, w
as w
ritte
n by
Lan
d U
se C
onsu
ltant
s fo
r an
d fo
llow
ing
rese
arch
co
mm
issio
ned
by N
atur
al E
ngla
nd.
Und
erst
anda
bly
refe
renc
es a
re to
the
regu
lato
ry e
nviro
nmen
t in
Engl
and
but t
he s
tudy
is b
ased
on
rese
arch
inte
rnat
iona
lly a
nd
in p
artic
ular
prin
cipl
es a
nd p
ract
ice
deve
lope
d in
the
Net
herla
nds.
It i
s of
cou
rse
poss
ible
that
diff
eren
t reg
ulat
ions
, lan
dsca
pe p
atte
rns
and
feat
ures
and
clim
atic
co
nditi
ons
in o
ther
cou
ntrie
s m
ay r
equi
re a
djus
tmen
ts t
o pr
actic
e bu
t th
e La
ndsc
ape
Inst
itute
bel
ieve
s th
at t
he p
rinci
ples
are
wel
l-est
ablis
hed
and
wid
ely
appl
icab
le.
The
Inst
itute
ther
efor
e co
mm
ends
this
guid
ance
to p
ract
ition
ers o
n th
is ba
sis.
Plea
se n
ote
that
Nat
ural
Eng
land
ow
ns t
he In
telle
ctua
l Pro
pert
y Ri
ghts
to
the
repo
rt b
ut h
as li
cens
ed t
he L
ands
cape
Inst
itute
to
publ
ish
it in
the
for
m o
f a
Land
scap
e In
stitu
te g
uida
nce
note
und
er th
e O
pen
Gov
ernm
ent L
icen
ce.
Mar
k Tu
rnbu
ll FL
I, Ch
airm
an o
f LI T
echn
ical
Com
mitt
ee, D
ecem
ber 2
015
1
Intr
oduc
tion
It is
wel
l do
cum
ente
d th
at t
rans
port
inf
rast
ruct
ure
can
have
a n
egat
ive
impa
ct o
n th
e en
viro
nmen
t. R
oad
and
rail
sche
mes
can
frag
men
t hab
itats
an
d cr
eate
a b
arrie
r to
spe
cies
mov
emen
t ca
usin
g di
rect
impa
cts
thro
ugh
spec
ies
colli
sions
with
veh
icle
s.
Road
s an
d ra
ilway
s ca
n ca
use
habi
tat
frag
men
tatio
n be
caus
e th
ey b
reak
larg
e ha
bita
t ar
eas
into
sm
all,
isola
ted
habi
t pa
tche
s w
hich
sup
port
few
er i
ndiv
idua
ls.
How
ever
, re
sear
ch h
as
show
n th
at w
hen
man
aged
app
ropr
iate
ly e
xist
ing
tran
spor
t cor
ridor
s ha
ve
the
pote
ntia
l to
be
enha
nced
to
prov
ide
conn
ectin
g co
rrid
ors
thro
ugh
othe
rwise
bio
dive
rse
poor
land
scap
es s
uch
as u
rban
are
as a
nd in
tens
ivel
y fa
rmed
land
scap
es.
In l
ands
cape
and
visu
al t
erm
s lin
ear
tran
spor
t co
rrid
ors
can
seve
r an
d fr
agm
ent
cohe
sive
area
s of
val
ued
land
scap
e; h
avin
g a
detr
imen
tal e
ffect
on
the
spec
ial q
ualit
ies
that
und
erpi
n th
e na
tura
l bea
uty
of o
ur d
esig
nate
d la
ndsc
apes
(e.
g. N
atio
nal P
ark
and
Area
s of
Out
stan
ding
Nat
ural
Bea
uty)
an
d ad
vers
ely
affe
ctin
g th
e ch
arac
ter
of o
ur v
alue
d la
ndsc
apes
, bo
th
natio
nally
des
igna
ted
land
scap
es a
nd o
ther
s.
Such
sch
emes
can
res
ult
in
exte
nsiv
e sc
arrin
g fr
om c
ut a
nd f
ill o
r em
bank
men
ts, a
nd n
otch
es o
n th
e sk
ylin
e, c
onfli
ctin
g w
ith t
he l
ocal
lan
dfor
m;
seve
ring
and
disr
uptin
g th
e lo
cal p
atte
rn a
nd d
etai
l of t
he la
ndsc
ape
such
as
impo
rtan
t fie
ld b
ound
ary
patt
erns
, and
impo
sing
asso
ciat
ed u
rban
infr
astr
uctu
re, i
nclu
ding
ligh
ting,
in
oth
erw
ise ru
ral,
tran
quil
plac
es.
The
time
dept
h an
d hi
stor
ic c
hara
cter
of
the
land
scap
e ca
n be
cha
nged
and
hist
oric
pat
tern
s, li
near
fea
ture
s an
d ro
utes
may
be
seve
red.
The
sig
nific
ance
and
set
ting
of h
istor
ic a
sset
s m
ay
also
be
chan
ged.
Road
and
rai
l in
fras
truc
ture
also
im
pact
s on
the
loc
al c
onne
ctiv
ity a
nd
acce
ssib
ility
of t
he la
ndsc
ape
seve
ring
links
bet
wee
n pl
aces
. In
fras
truc
ture
ca
n ac
t as a
bar
rier t
o ac
cess
to g
reen
spac
e an
d m
ay se
ver e
xist
ing
wal
king
, cy
clin
g an
d ho
rse
ridin
g ro
utes
. H
owev
er so
me
road
or r
ail i
nfra
stru
ctur
e if
sens
itive
ly
desig
ned
may
pr
esen
t op
port
uniti
es
for
icon
ic
land
scap
e fe
atur
es su
ch a
s gre
en b
ridge
s.
Wild
life
cros
sing
stru
ctur
es h
ave
been
use
d in
Eur
ope
and
Nor
th A
mer
ica
to
faci
litat
e m
ovem
ent
thro
ugh
land
scap
es
frag
men
ted
by
road
s. T
hese
stru
ctur
es in
clud
e w
ildlif
e ov
erpa
sses
and
gre
en b
ridge
s, b
ridge
s, c
ulve
rts,
and
pipe
s.
Gree
n br
idge
s ar
e re
lativ
ely
new
with
in t
he U
K, w
ith o
nly
a sm
all n
umbe
r in
exi
sten
ce.
This
guid
e is
desig
ned
to p
rovi
de in
form
atio
n on
whe
n it
may
be
appr
opria
te to
con
sider
inst
allin
g a
gree
n br
idge
as
part
of
a p
roje
ct.
As
wel
l as
new
inf
rast
ruct
ure
sche
mes
, re
trof
ittin
g gr
een
brid
ges
on
exist
ing
sche
mes
m
ay
be
an
optio
n to
al
levi
ate
know
n bl
acks
pots
for
wild
life
colli
sions
or
whe
re t
here
is a
wid
er g
oal t
o jo
in u
p la
ndsc
apes
an
d ec
osys
tem
s.
Su
ch
retr
ofitt
ing
may
en
hanc
e w
ildlif
e co
nnec
tivity
an
d in
crea
se
the
perm
eabi
lity
of
the
land
scap
e,
whi
le
pote
ntia
lly e
nhan
cing
the
attr
activ
enes
s an
d vi
sual
cha
ract
er o
f an
exist
ing
cros
sing.
Thr
ough
cre
atin
g hi
gh q
ualit
y, v
isual
ly a
ttra
ctiv
e an
d co
nven
ient
cr
ossin
gs f
or p
edes
tria
ns,
cycl
ists
and
hors
e rid
ers,
gre
en b
ridge
s ca
n en
cour
age
mor
e pe
ople
to u
se th
ese
rout
es w
ith re
sulti
ng h
ealth
, wel
lbei
ng
and
othe
r ben
efits
.
This
guid
e pr
ovid
es i
nfor
mat
ion
on p
lann
ing
for
a gr
een
brid
ge,
the
diffe
rent
type
s of
gre
en b
ridge
that
can
be
used
and
exa
mpl
e ca
se s
tudi
es.
The
guid
e al
so h
ighl
ight
s so
me
of t
he w
ider
mul
ti-fu
nctio
nal b
enef
its t
hat
gree
n br
idge
s can
pro
vide
for p
eopl
e an
d co
mm
uniti
es.
This
gui
de is
bas
ed u
pon
a lit
erat
ure
revi
ew o
n gr
een
brid
ges
unde
rtak
en
for N
atur
al E
ngla
nd b
y La
nd U
se C
onsu
ltant
s:
Nat
ural
Eng
land
(201
5) G
reen
Brid
ges
– Li
tera
ture
Rev
iew
. Nat
ural
Eng
land
Co
mm
issio
ned
Repo
rt
In s
umm
ary,
the
lite
ratu
re r
evie
w f
ound
tha
t gr
een
brid
ges
do p
rovi
de
miti
gatio
n fo
r ec
olog
ical
sev
eran
ce, w
ith e
vide
nce
of w
ildlif
e us
e re
cord
ed
on a
lar
ge n
umbe
r of
brid
ges.
Gr
een
brid
ges
wer
e fo
und
to p
rovi
de
habi
tats
in t
heir
own
right
, w
ith e
stab
lishe
d br
idge
s co
mpl
emen
ting
and
conn
ectin
g th
e su
rrou
ndin
g ha
bita
t.
Som
e ev
iden
ce w
as a
lso f
ound
to
show
tha
t gr
een
brid
ges
can
be u
sed
to a
ddre
ss l
ands
cape
and
acc
ess
seve
ranc
e.
Beyo
nd t
hese
asp
ects
som
e ev
iden
ce w
as a
lso f
ound
to
dem
onst
rate
a r
ole
in p
rovi
ding
wid
er e
cosy
stem
ser
vice
s, fo
r ex
ampl
e by
re
cycl
ing
rain
wat
er t
o irr
igat
e th
e br
idge
str
uctu
re.
In
the
liter
atur
e
For
the
purp
oses
of th
is g
uide
a g
reen
bridg
e is
def
ined
as
an:
Art
ifici
al s
truc
ture
ove
r ro
ad o
r ra
il in
fras
truc
ture
whi
ch is
eith
er
vege
tate
d or
pro
vide
s so
me
wild
life
func
tion
2
revi
ewed
gre
en b
ridge
s ar
e al
so re
ferr
ed to
as
ecod
ucts
, lan
dsca
pe b
ridge
s, w
ildlif
e br
idge
s an
d w
ildlif
e cr
ossin
gs.
The
revi
ew d
id n
ot in
clud
e cu
t an
d co
ver
tunn
els1 .
It
is ac
know
ledg
ed t
hat
muc
h of
the
lite
ratu
re h
as
conc
entr
ated
on
the
role
of g
reen
brid
ges
as w
ildlif
e cr
ossin
gs, a
nd to
dat
e th
ere
is re
lativ
ely
little
info
rmat
ion
on t
he e
ffect
iven
ess
for
land
scap
e an
d vi
sual
miti
gatio
n.
Guid
e st
ruct
ure
This
guid
e is
desig
ned
to g
ive
a cl
ear p
athw
ay o
n pl
anni
ng a
nd d
esig
ning
a
gree
n br
idge
str
uctu
re.
It is
not
inte
nded
to
be a
det
aile
d de
sign
guid
e,
cove
ring
tech
nica
l eng
inee
ring
aspe
cts
as th
ese
will
larg
ely
be s
ite s
peci
fic.
The
guid
e ai
ms
to id
entif
y th
e br
oad
desig
n pr
inci
ples
for g
reen
brid
ges
so
that
the
y ar
e ab
le t
o pr
ovid
e ec
olog
ical
, lan
dsca
pe a
nd a
cces
s fu
nctio
ns,
depe
ndin
g on
the
aim
s.
In te
rms
of p
lann
ing,
the
guid
e la
ys o
ut th
e ke
y co
nsid
erat
ions
to ta
ke in
to
acco
unt
whe
n de
cidi
ng i
f a
gree
n br
idge
is a
n ap
prop
riate
app
roac
h fo
r pr
ojec
t sp
ecifi
c m
itiga
tion
or w
ider
bio
dive
rsity
/ la
ndsc
ape/
acce
ss g
oals.
O
nce
the
cons
truc
tion
of a
gre
en b
ridge
is id
entif
ied
as a
sui
tabl
e op
tion
then
det
ails
are
give
n on
the
wor
k re
quire
d to
pos
ition
the
brid
ge a
nd
deve
lop
the
desig
n.
Desig
n op
tions
are
the
n pr
ovid
ed a
long
with
cas
e st
udy
exam
ples
.
The
appr
oach
with
in t
his
guid
e ha
s la
rgel
y be
en d
evel
oped
fro
m t
he
info
rmat
ion
gath
ered
with
in t
he l
itera
ture
rev
iew
. H
owev
er,
whe
re t
he
liter
atur
e re
view
onl
y pr
ovid
ed li
mite
d or
no
info
rmat
ion
on a
n as
pect
then
LU
C’s v
iew
s are
pre
sent
ed.
This
is cl
early
refe
renc
ed in
the
text
.
Lim
itatio
ns o
f the
gui
de
The
inte
rnat
iona
l lite
ratu
re re
view
of g
reen
brid
ges
has
reve
aled
that
ther
e ar
e kn
owle
dge
gaps
, for
exa
mpl
e, in
term
s of
ass
essin
g if
gree
n br
idge
s ar
e su
cces
sful
in m
aint
aini
ng g
ene
flow
of p
opul
atio
ns w
here
pop
ulat
ions
hav
e be
en s
ever
ed b
y ro
ad a
nd ra
il in
fras
truc
ture
. Thi
s is
larg
ely
due
to a
lack
of
long
term
mon
itorin
g da
ta.
1 i.e.
con
stru
ctin
g a
tunn
el b
y ex
cava
ting
a cu
ttin
g to
the
req
uire
d de
pth
and
then
bac
kfill
ing
the
exca
vation
ove
r th
e tu
nnel
roo
f do
wn
to a
dep
th
The
maj
ority
of l
itera
ture
focu
ses
arou
nd b
ridge
s ov
er r
oads
; how
ever
it is
co
nsid
ered
tha
t th
e co
ncep
ts u
sed
for
thes
e br
idge
s ar
e ap
plic
able
ove
r ra
ilway
s.
Ther
e is
limite
d in
form
atio
n re
gard
ing
gree
n br
idge
s bu
ilt f
or p
urpo
ses
othe
r tha
n w
ildlif
e, fo
r exa
mpl
e, to
brin
g la
ndsc
ape
bene
fits.
In t
erm
s of
asc
erta
inin
g ty
pica
l co
sts
for
gree
n br
idge
s, t
here
are
som
e de
tails
reg
ardi
ng c
osts
of c
onst
ruct
ed b
ridge
s bu
t the
se a
re li
mite
d an
d as
su
ch o
nly
roug
h in
dica
tions
of
likel
y co
sts
of n
ew b
ridge
s ar
e pr
ovid
ed in
th
e gu
idan
ce b
elow
. I
t is
note
d th
ese
are
heav
ily c
avea
ted
as lo
cal s
ite
aspe
cts w
ill in
fluen
ce c
osts
, suc
h as
topo
grap
hy, g
eolo
gy a
nd h
ydro
logy
.
This
guid
e do
es n
ot c
onsid
er t
he v
isual
im
pact
s of
gre
en b
ridge
s on
la
ndsc
ape,
but
mor
e sp
ecifi
cally
rel
ates
to
the
way
the
y m
itiga
te f
or
land
scap
e se
vera
nce
from
road
and
railw
ay in
fras
truc
ture
.
This
guid
e so
lely
focu
ses
on g
reen
brid
ges
and
does
not
incl
ude
tunn
els
or
cut a
nd c
over
stru
ctur
es.
Aim
s of g
reen
brid
ge st
ruct
ures
Whe
n pl
anni
ng fo
r a g
reen
brid
ge, i
t is i
mpo
rtan
t tha
t pro
ject
aim
s are
cle
ar
from
the
outs
et.
Gree
n br
idge
s ca
n ei
ther
be
built
as
part
of n
ew p
roje
cts
or r
etro
fitte
d in
to
exist
ing
infr
astr
uctu
re w
here
a n
eed
is id
entif
ied.
The
ai
ms o
f a g
reen
brid
ge m
ay b
e to
:
- M
aint
ain,
res
tore
or
enha
nce
eco
logi
cal
conn
ectiv
ity (
to r
educ
e sp
ecie
s fra
gmen
tatio
n an
d m
itiga
te e
colo
gica
l sev
eran
ce)
- Pr
ovid
e ha
bita
t enh
ance
men
t and
redu
ce h
abita
t fra
gmen
tatio
n -
Redu
ce sp
ecie
s mor
talit
y fr
om c
ollis
ions
-
Mai
ntai
n, re
stor
e or
enh
ance
hist
oric
al li
nks
- M
aint
ain,
rest
ore
or e
nhan
ce a
cces
s and
recr
eatio
nal l
inks
-
Mai
ntai
n, r
esto
re o
r en
hanc
e a
conn
ecte
d la
ndsc
ape
reso
urce
or
feat
ure
- Re
duce
visu
al e
ffect
s and
frag
men
tatio
n -
Prov
ide
ecos
yste
m se
rvic
es
- Pr
ovid
e al
l or s
ome
of th
e ab
ove
3
Whe
n to
con
side
r a g
reen
brid
ge
Whe
n co
ntem
plat
ing
a gr
een
brid
ge, c
are
shou
ld b
e ta
ken
to u
nder
stan
d th
e ad
vant
ages
an
d di
sadv
anta
ges
it m
ay
offe
r co
mpa
red
to
othe
r en
gine
erin
g so
lutio
ns (
p.5)
. Al
so,
a gr
een
brid
ge m
ay p
rovi
de a
loca
lised
be
nefit
for
land
scap
e, b
ut w
ill n
ot m
itiga
te t
he im
pact
s of
line
ar t
rans
port
in
fras
truc
ture
ove
r a w
ide
area
.
Gree
n br
idge
s may
be
inst
alle
d fo
r new
road
and
rail
sche
mes
, but
may
also
be
ret
ro-fi
tted
ove
r ex
istin
g in
fras
truc
ture
. W
hen
cons
ider
ing
if a
gree
n br
idge
is a
n ap
prop
riate
opt
ion
the
key
driv
ers
will
be
ecol
ogic
al, l
ands
cape
an
d ac
cess
con
sider
atio
ns.
The
req
uire
men
t fo
r a
gree
n br
idge
may
be
driv
en b
y on
e of
the
se, o
r by
mul
tiple
driv
ers.
Eve
n w
here
a p
roje
ct h
as
only
one
mai
n dr
iver
, th
e us
e of
a g
reen
brid
ge m
ay p
rovi
de m
ultip
le
bene
fits
beyo
nd t
hat
of t
he d
river
. T
he t
able
bel
ow i
dent
ifies
the
key
dr
iver
s and
like
ly tr
igge
rs in
rela
tion
to th
ese.
Eco
log
ical
La
nd
scap
e A
cces
s
Sev
eran
ce o
f a
desi
gnat
ed s
ite,
or
infr
astr
uctu
re b
etw
een
two
desi
gnat
ed s
ites
Sev
eran
ce o
f an
app
roac
h to
/ or
set
ting
of/
or w
ithin
an
his
toric
land
scap
e
Sev
eran
ce o
f ac
cess
ro
ute,
e.g
. na
tiona
l or
regi
onal
tra
il, c
ycle
rou
te
or b
ridl
eway
Sev
eran
ce o
f sp
ecie
s co
mm
utin
g ro
utes
(e.
g.
bats
)
Infr
astr
uctu
re t
o be
site
d w
ithin
a s
tatu
tory
de
sign
ated
land
scap
e (e
.g.
Nat
iona
l Par
k or
AO
NB)
Sev
eran
ce o
f tw
o ar
eas
of
publ
ic o
pen
spac
e
Sev
eran
ce o
f ra
re
habi
tats
or
habi
tats
of
loca
l im
port
ance
Sev
eran
ce o
f a
high
ly
valu
ed o
r se
nsiti
ve
feat
ure
of im
port
ance
to
land
scap
e ch
arac
ter
(e.g
. sm
all l
anes
) or
to
addr
ess
othe
r la
ndsc
ape
Sev
eran
ce b
etw
een
resi
dent
ial a
reas
and
gr
eens
pace
or
rura
l are
as
Eco
log
ical
La
nd
scap
e A
cces
s
seve
ranc
e/co
nnec
tivity
is
sues
(e.
g. t
o av
oid
an
unbr
oken
sky
line)
Iden
tific
atio
n of
loca
l bi
odiv
ersi
ty b
enef
its t
hat
a gr
een
brid
ge c
ould
pr
ovid
e, e
.g. co
nnec
ting
loca
l wild
life
site
s
Iden
tific
atio
n of
loca
l la
ndsc
ape
bene
fits
that
a
gree
n br
idge
cou
ld
prov
ide,
e.g
. cr
eatin
g an
ic
onic
str
uctu
re (
in
keep
ing
with
land
scap
e ch
arac
ter)
Iden
tific
atio
n of
acc
ess
bene
fits
that
a g
reen
br
idge
cou
ld p
rovi
de, e.
g.
addr
essi
ng lo
cal
defic
ienc
ies
in a
cces
s to
gr
eens
pace
thr
ough
lin
king
to
publ
ic r
ight
s of
w
ay a
nd o
ther
gr
eens
pace
s
Wid
er B
enef
its
Gree
n br
idge
s m
ay b
e ab
le t
o pr
ovid
e a
rang
e of
ben
efits
bey
ond
that
of
thei
r in
itial
driv
ers.
For
exa
mpl
e th
e m
ain
driv
ers
of a
pro
ject
may
be
to
prov
ide
acce
ss a
nd b
y ad
ding
gre
en f
eatu
res
to a
brid
ge a
pro
ject
can
de
liver
add
ition
al f
unct
ions
. A
mix
ed u
se g
reen
brid
ge c
an p
rovi
de w
ider
ec
osys
tem
ser
vice
s su
ch a
s cu
ltura
l se
rvic
es,
allo
win
g fo
r re
crea
tiona
l ac
tiviti
es b
y jo
inin
g up
a s
ever
ed p
ath
and
prov
idin
g cu
ltura
l ser
vice
s in
re
latio
n to
aes
thet
ic v
alue
s and
cre
atin
g a
sens
e of
pla
ce.
Inco
rpor
atin
g st
ruct
ures
suc
h as
gre
en b
ridge
s in
to s
chem
e de
sign
to
addr
ess
ecol
ogic
al, l
ands
cape
and
acc
ess
seve
ranc
e is
in li
ne w
ith a
num
ber
of g
over
nmen
t pol
icy
docu
men
ts in
clud
ing:
� th
e N
atio
nal P
olic
y Fr
amew
ork
(NPP
F) w
hich
iden
tifie
s th
e ne
ed
to m
inim
ise im
pact
s on
bio
dive
rsity
whi
le p
rovi
ding
net
gai
ns
whe
re p
ossib
le.
It al
so d
etai
ls th
at l
ocal
pla
nnin
g au
thor
ities
sh
ould
set o
ut a
stra
tegi
c ap
proa
ch in
thei
r Loc
al P
lans
, pla
nnin
g po
sitiv
ely
for
the
crea
tion,
pr
otec
tion,
en
hanc
emen
t an
d m
anag
emen
t of
ne
twor
ks
of
biod
iver
sity
and
gree
n
4
infr
astr
uctu
re a
nd a
dvoc
ates
a l
ands
cape
sca
le a
ppro
ach
to
biod
iver
sity.
With
res
pect
to
acce
ss,
the
NPP
F de
tails
tha
t pl
anni
ng p
olic
ies
shou
ld p
rote
ct a
nd e
nhan
ce p
ublic
rig
hts
of
way
and
acc
ess.
With
res
pect
to
land
scap
e it
iden
tifie
s th
e im
port
ance
of
pr
otec
ting
and
enha
ncin
g va
lued
la
ndsc
apes
, an
d th
e w
eigh
t sh
ould
be
give
n to
con
serv
ing
land
scap
e an
d sc
enic
be
auty
in
N
atio
nal
Park
s,
the
Bro
ads
and
Are
as
of
Out
stan
ding
Nat
ural
Bea
uty
� th
e N
atio
nal
Net
wor
ks N
atio
nal
Polic
y Sta
tem
ent,
whi
ch c
ites
gree
n br
idge
s as
a w
ay o
f en
hanc
ing
exis
ting
habi
tats
and
cr
eatin
g ne
w h
abita
ts o
f va
lue.
� th
e N
atur
al E
nviro
nmen
t W
hite
Pap
er w
hich
aim
s to
est
ablis
h co
here
nt e
colo
gica
l net
wor
ks th
at a
re m
ore
resil
ient
to c
urre
nt
and
futu
re p
ress
ures
.
� th
e N
atur
al E
nviro
nmen
t an
d Ru
ral
Com
mun
ities
(N
ERC)
Act
20
06, w
hich
det
ails
that
“Eve
ry p
ublic
aut
horit
y m
ust,
in e
xerc
ising
its
fun
ctio
ns,
have
re
gard
, so
far
as
is co
nsist
ent
with
the
pro
per
exer
cise
of
thos
e fu
nctio
ns,
to t
he p
urpo
se o
f co
nser
ving
bio
dive
rsity
” Se
ctio
n 40
, N
ERC
Act,
2006
Oth
er k
ey d
ocum
ents
inc
lude
Law
ton’
s M
akin
g Sp
ace
for
Nat
ure
(201
0).
This
repo
rt p
rovi
des
an in
depe
nden
t re
view
of E
ngla
nd’s
wild
life
sites
and
th
e co
nnec
tions
bet
wee
n th
em a
long
with
rec
omm
enda
tions
to
help
ac
hiev
e a
heal
thy
natu
ral e
nviro
nmen
t. T
he r
epor
t id
entif
ies
the
need
for
grea
ter
join
ed u
p th
inki
ng a
nd p
rovi
sions
of
conn
ectio
ns a
cros
s ou
r la
ndsc
ape
for
wild
life
to f
unct
ion.
La
wto
n id
entif
ies
that
“th
e es
senc
e of
w
hat
need
s to
be
done
to
enha
nce
the
resil
ienc
e an
d co
here
nce
of
Engl
and’
s ec
olog
ical
net
wor
k ca
n be
sum
mar
ised
in f
our
wor
ds:
mor
e,
bigg
er, b
ette
r and
join
ed”.
O
ne o
f the
five
key
app
roac
hes i
dent
ified
in th
e re
view
is to
enh
ance
con
nect
ions
bet
wee
n, o
r jo
in u
p, s
ites,
eith
er th
roug
h ph
ysic
al c
orrid
ors,
or t
hrou
gh ‘s
tepp
ing
ston
es’.
Gree
n br
idge
s ca
n be
a k
ey
step
in a
chie
ving
this
visio
n to
prio
ritise
bio
dive
rsity
net
wor
ks.
Alte
rnat
ives
to g
reen
brid
ges
It is
impo
rtan
t to
ens
ure
that
miti
gatio
n an
d en
hanc
emen
t m
easu
res
are
prop
ortio
nate
. Gr
een
brid
ges
are
one
of a
num
ber o
f mea
sure
s th
at c
ould
be
con
sider
ed to
add
ress
eco
logi
cal,
land
scap
e an
d ac
cess
seve
ranc
e iss
ues.
As
par
t of
the
con
sider
atio
n of
opt
ions
it m
ay b
e ne
cess
ary
to c
onsid
er
alte
rnat
ive
optio
ns, w
hich
may
incl
ude
the
follo
win
g:
- M
odifi
ed g
rey
brid
ges
- M
ultif
unct
iona
l ove
rpas
ses
- Cu
t and
cov
er tu
nnel
s -
Pede
stria
n, c
yclis
t and
equ
estr
ian
brid
ges
- U
nder
pass
es fo
r med
ium
-size
d an
d la
rge
anim
als
- U
nder
pass
es fo
r sm
all a
nim
als
- M
odifi
ed a
nd m
ultif
unct
iona
l und
erpa
sses
-
Mod
ified
cul
vert
s -
Fish
pas
sage
s -
Amph
ibia
n tu
nnel
s -
Fenc
es (e
.g. w
here
mam
mal
col
lisio
ns a
re a
key
con
sider
atio
n)
- W
arni
ng si
gns/
war
ning
syst
ems w
ith se
nsor
s -
Clea
ring
vege
tatio
n/ P
lant
ing
vege
tatio
n
- Es
cape
ram
ps fr
om d
rain
s, fa
una
exits
in w
ater
way
s -
Artif
icia
l lig
htin
g (e
.g.
to d
eter
spe
cies
fro
m c
ross
ing
in a
ce
rtai
n ar
ea)
Whe
n pl
anni
ng a
gre
en b
ridg
e, t
his
shou
ld n
ot b
e do
ne in
is
olat
ion,
but
sho
uld
form
par
t of
a w
ider
and
inte
grat
ed
desi
gn a
nd m
itiga
tion
stra
tegy
add
ress
ing
wild
life,
la
ndsc
ape,
acc
ess
and
broa
der
ecos
yste
m s
ervi
ces
cons
ider
atio
ns.
Par
ticul
arly
of re
leva
nce
for
long
line
ar
sche
mes
a g
reen
bri
dge
may
be
used
in c
ombi
natio
n w
ith u
nder
pass
es,
tunn
els
and
ledg
es t
o in
crea
se t
he
perm
eabi
lity
of t
he r
oad
or r
ailw
ay t
o w
ildlif
e.
5
Re
cord
ing
Aim
s and
Obj
ectiv
es
If th
e ea
rly s
chem
e pl
anni
ng s
tage
s id
entif
y th
at a
gre
en b
ridge
cou
ld
prov
ide
a m
itiga
tion
solu
tion,
it is
impo
rtan
t tha
t the
aim
s and
obj
ectiv
es o
f co
nstr
uctin
g a
gree
n br
idge
are
cle
arly
reco
rded
.
As t
he p
roje
ct p
rogr
esse
s th
e ai
ms
and
obje
ctiv
es s
houl
d be
reg
ular
ly
revi
sited
and
upd
ated
in
the
light
of
any
new
inf
orm
atio
n, i
.e.
data
ga
ther
ed t
hrou
gh s
urve
ys, s
take
hold
er c
onsu
ltatio
n.
It is
impo
rtan
t th
at
robu
st d
ata
is co
llect
ed a
t ea
rly s
tage
s so
thi
s ca
n be
com
pare
d w
ith t
he
findi
ngs
post
con
stru
ctio
n an
d sh
ould
be
tied
into
the
futu
re m
anag
emen
t an
d m
aint
enan
ce p
lan
post
con
stru
ctio
n.
.
Furt
her
gu
idan
ce o
n a
lter
nat
ives
can
be
fou
nd
wit
hin
th
e fo
llow
ing
sou
rces
:
Des
ign
Man
ual f
or R
oads
and
Bridg
es,
Vol
ume
10 (
sect
ions
3 a
nd 4
) Vo
lum
e 11
(se
ctio
ns 3
and
4)
Gre
at C
rest
ed N
ewt
Miti
gatio
n G
uide
lines
(En
glis
h N
atur
e 20
01)
Bat
Miti
gatio
n G
uide
lines
(En
glis
h N
atur
e 20
04)
The
Dor
mou
se C
onse
rvat
ion
Han
dboo
k 2nd
Edi
tion
(Eng
lish
Nat
ure
2006
)
Wat
er V
ole
Con
serv
atio
n H
andb
ook
3rd E
ditio
n (S
trac
han
2011
)
Com
mon
Toa
ds a
nd R
oads
: G
uida
nce
for
high
way
s pl
anne
rs a
nd e
ngin
eers
in
Engl
and
(ARC 2
011)
Gui
danc
e on
Bui
ldin
g D
evel
opm
ent
(Eng
land
) W
ith R
espe
ct t
o Am
phib
ians
and
Rep
tiles
, Am
phib
ian
and
Rep
tile
Con
serv
atio
n, S
ep 2
010
6
Pla
nn
ing
for
a g
reen
bri
dg
e st
ruct
ure
Whe
n pl
anni
ng fo
r a g
reen
brid
ge, i
t is
impo
rtan
t tha
t thi
s is
incl
uded
with
th
e ea
rly d
esig
n st
ages
. Th
is is
to a
llow
suf
ficie
nt s
urve
ys to
be
unde
rtak
en
to p
rovi
de a
pre
-con
stru
ctio
n ba
se l
ine
as w
ell
as t
o al
low
for
wid
er
cons
ulta
tion
to ta
ke p
lace
and
to e
nsur
e th
at th
e de
sign
is fu
lly in
tegr
ated
in
to t
he w
ider
tra
nspo
rt n
etw
ork
and
surr
ound
ing
land
scap
e an
d is
appr
opria
tely
loca
ted.
It is
reco
mm
ende
d th
at t
he fo
llow
ing
step
s ar
e ta
ken
durin
g th
e pl
anni
ng
proc
ess:
Step
1: D
evel
op a
Com
mun
icat
ion
Plan
In
or
der
to
enga
ge
with
st
akeh
olde
rs
it is
reco
mm
ende
d th
at
a co
mm
unic
atio
n pl
an is
dev
elop
ed a
t th
e pr
ojec
t ou
tset
. Th
is sh
ould
hel
p sm
ooth
the
con
sent
ing
proc
ess.
Th
e co
mm
unic
atio
n pl
an s
houl
d co
ntai
n th
e fo
llow
ing
actio
ns:
- Es
tabl
ish a
div
erse
pro
ject
stee
ring
com
mitt
ee w
ith b
road
re
pres
enta
tion
incl
udin
g: l
ocal
aut
horit
y, l
ocal
com
mun
ity g
roup
s, l
ocal
w
ildlif
e gr
oups
, lo
cal
acce
ss
grou
ps,
proj
ect
neig
hbou
rs,
stat
utor
y co
nsul
tees
. -
Enco
urag
e an
d re
cord
sta
keho
lder
/par
ticip
ant
cont
ribut
ions
fro
m p
ublic
m
eetin
gs,
- De
velo
p a
com
mun
icat
ion
plan
to p
ublic
ise m
eetin
gs a
nd w
orks
hops
in lo
cal
and
regi
onal
med
ia,
- M
aint
ain
a vi
sible
, acc
essib
le p
ublic
reco
rd in
clud
ing
mee
ting
and
wor
ksho
p m
inut
es t
o as
sure
tha
t in
form
atio
n an
d co
mm
ents
are
par
t of
the
offi
cial
pr
ojec
t rec
ord/
proc
ess,
-
Mai
ntai
n an
up-
to-d
ate
proj
ect w
ebsit
e, in
clud
ing:
pro
ject
su
mm
ary,
sch
edul
e, c
onta
ct i
nfor
mat
ion,
dow
nloa
dabl
e dr
aft
docu
men
ts,
map
s and
imag
es, a
nd a
ddre
ss fo
r em
ail.
Step
2: I
nfor
mat
ion
Gath
erin
g In
ord
er t
o de
cide
on
the
best
loca
tion
to p
ositi
on a
gre
en b
ridge
a w
ide
rang
e of
inf
orm
atio
n sh
ould
be
colle
cted
. I
t is
reco
mm
ende
d th
at t
his
info
rmat
ion
is th
en o
verla
id in
Geo
grap
hica
l Inf
orm
atio
n Sy
stem
(GIS
).
The
follo
win
g in
form
atio
n sh
ould
be
colle
cted
:
- Ae
rial p
hoto
grap
hy
- La
ndow
ners
hip
map
s and
adj
acen
t lan
d m
anag
emen
t -
Pote
ntia
l fut
ure
chan
ges i
n la
nd m
anag
emen
t -
Land
scap
e Ch
arac
ter A
sses
smen
ts
- Ph
ase
1 ha
bita
t m
aps
(and
w
here
ap
prop
riate
N
atio
nal
Vege
tatio
n Cl
assif
icat
ion
map
s)
- Gr
eens
pace
and
gre
en in
fras
truc
ture
map
s sh
owin
g pu
blic
acc
ess
incl
udin
g op
en a
cces
s, c
omm
on la
nd e
tc.
- De
finiti
ve M
ap o
f Pub
lic R
ight
s of W
ay
- Am
enity
use
-
Road
kill
dat
a -
Topo
grap
hy d
ata
- Ge
olog
y da
ta
- Fl
ood
risk
zone
-
Util
ities
-
Loca
l bio
dive
rsity
opp
ortu
nity
map
s -
Loca
l st
rate
gies
an
d m
anag
emen
t pl
ans
e.g.
pr
otec
ted
land
scap
e m
anag
emen
t pl
ans,
gre
en in
fras
truc
ture
/op
en s
pace
str
ateg
ies
and
plan
s,
loca
l bio
dive
rsity
act
ion
plan
s -
Desig
nate
d na
ture
con
serv
atio
n sit
es, p
rote
cted
land
scap
es a
nd p
rote
cted
sp
ecie
s inf
orm
atio
n
This
data
gat
herin
g pr
oces
s is
likel
y to
requ
ire s
urve
ys to
be
unde
rtak
en.
It is
impo
rtan
t th
at t
hese
sur
veys
are
und
erta
ken
in a
sys
tem
atic
and
re
peat
able
way
. S
urve
ys s
houl
d fo
llow
bes
t pr
actic
e gu
idel
ines
and
ful
l su
rvey
resu
lts s
houl
d be
pre
sent
ed.
For s
ome
spec
ies
(for e
xam
ple
bats
) it
is no
ted
that
tw
o ye
ars
of s
urve
y da
ta m
ay b
e re
quire
d to
pro
vide
rob
ust
indi
catio
n of
site
use
; thi
s sho
uld
be c
onsid
ered
in p
roje
ct ti
mes
cale
s.
7
Step
3: C
hoos
ing
a lo
catio
n U
sing
the
data
iden
tifie
d ab
ove,
a s
hort
list
of l
ocat
ions
sho
uld
be c
reat
ed.
Whe
n sit
ing
a br
idge
, con
sider
atio
n ne
eds
to b
e gi
ven
to a
reas
bey
ond
a pr
ojec
t’s im
med
iate
bou
ndar
y to
iden
tify
optim
um lo
catio
ns a
t a la
ndsc
ape
scal
e. T
his
appr
oach
is n
eede
d to
ens
ure
that
brid
ges
deliv
er th
e gr
eate
st
poss
ible
ben
efits
.
Onc
e a
shor
t lis
t ha
s be
en c
reat
ed t
his
shou
ld b
e su
bjec
t to
fur
ther
sc
reen
ing
base
d on
topo
grap
hy, o
bsta
cles
pre
sent
, geo
logy
and
geo
grap
hy,
mai
nten
ance
, sa
fety
, flo
od r
isk a
nd u
tiliti
es a
ll of
whi
ch c
an u
ltim
atel
y in
fluen
ce t
he lo
catio
n.
Whe
n sit
ing
a gr
een
brid
ge t
he la
ndsc
ape
cont
ext
and
loca
l lan
dsca
pe c
hara
cter
shou
ld b
e co
nsid
ered
.
Key
poin
ts w
hich
shou
ld b
e co
nsid
ered
whe
n se
lect
ing
a lo
catio
n ar
e:
- O
utco
mes
of
co
nsul
tatio
n w
ith
stat
utor
y co
nsul
tees
, en
viro
nmen
tal
part
ners
hips
, loc
al c
omm
uniti
es, l
and
owne
rs a
nd o
ther
rele
vant
par
ties.
-
Avoi
d ar
eas
with
larg
e di
ffere
nces
in to
pogr
aphy
(bet
wee
n le
vel g
roun
d an
d em
bank
men
ts);
this
is lik
ely
to b
e es
peci
ally
im
port
ant
whe
n ad
dres
sing
land
scap
e se
vera
nce.
-
Whe
re t
arge
t sp
ecie
s re
ly o
n a
habi
tat,
sele
ct a
site
whe
re t
he h
abita
t ca
n be
con
nect
ed to
the
brid
ge.
- If
targ
etin
g sp
ecie
s use
, loc
ate
alon
g tr
aditi
onal
com
mut
ing
rout
es
- W
hen
plan
ning
a b
ridge
for
wild
life
use,
con
sider
if a
mix
ed u
se b
ridge
is
appr
opria
te in
term
s of d
istur
banc
e le
vels.
Con
sider
sel
ectin
g lo
catio
ns w
ith
low
lev
els
of h
uman
dist
urba
nce,
tak
ing
acco
unt
of
futu
re p
ropo
sed
deve
lopm
ent.
- Do
n’t
crea
te ‘
dead
end
s’ i.
e. d
on’t
build
a b
ridge
to
now
here
, th
e br
idge
ne
eds t
o co
nnec
t int
o a
wid
er p
erm
eabl
e la
ndsc
ape
- Co
nsid
er t
he lo
catio
n of
oth
er f
eatu
res
in t
he la
ndsc
ape
that
can
enh
ance
co
nnec
tivity
an
d ho
w
the
brid
ge
loca
tion
inte
ract
s w
ith
thes
e i.e
. w
ater
cour
ses,
hed
ge li
nes,
gre
enw
ays,
par
ks a
nd g
reen
spac
es, s
ites e
tc.
- Fo
r a
mix
ed u
se b
ridge
con
sider
con
nect
ions
with
str
ateg
ic a
cces
s ro
utes
su
ch a
s pu
blic
rig
hts
of w
ay, N
atio
nal T
rails
, str
ateg
ic c
ycle
net
wor
k, h
orse
rid
ing
trai
ls an
d ot
her l
ocal
acc
ess r
oute
s
Step
4: S
peci
fic D
esig
n Co
nsid
erat
ions
Th
e ov
eral
l fun
ctio
n of
the
gree
n br
idge
will
driv
e m
ost o
f the
dec
ision
s, a
s th
e siz
e of
the
stru
ctur
e m
ust b
e de
term
ined
bas
ed o
n th
e re
quire
men
ts o
f th
e ex
pect
ed u
se (i
.e. s
peci
es s
peci
fic, m
ixed
etc
.) an
d th
e de
gree
of n
eed
for s
epar
atio
n be
twee
n w
ildlif
e an
d hu
man
acc
ess.
Onc
e th
e pr
efer
red
loca
tion
for
the
gree
n br
idge
has
bee
n se
lect
ed th
en a
lis
t of
spe
cific
des
ign
cons
ider
atio
ns s
houl
d be
cre
ated
to
allo
w t
he m
ost
suita
ble
type
of s
truc
ture
to b
e se
lect
ed.
Spec
ific
desig
n co
nsid
erat
ions
will
nee
d to
take
acc
ount
of t
he fo
llow
ing:
- Ex
istin
g an
d pr
opos
ed l
evel
of
the
road
in
rela
tion
to t
he s
urro
undi
ng
land
scap
e -
Shap
e of
gre
en b
ridge
, e.g
. hou
rgla
ss o
r str
aigh
t -
Wid
th
- Le
ngth
-
Suita
ble
vege
tatio
n to
be
in k
eepi
ng w
ith lo
cal l
ands
cape
and
hab
itats
-
Soil
dept
h an
d su
bstr
ate
type
-
Scre
enin
g an
d fe
ncin
g -
Targ
et sp
ecie
s -
Oth
er u
sers
(ped
estr
ians
, equ
estr
ian,
cyc
lists
); ac
cess
for a
ll -
Ecos
yste
m
serv
ices
be
nefit
s (s
uch
as
polli
natio
n,
cultu
ral
herit
age,
re
crea
tion
and
tour
ism,
aest
hetic
exp
erie
nce,
wat
er m
anag
emen
t, w
ild
spec
ies d
iver
sity)
-
Engi
neer
ing
cons
ider
atio
ns
- Dr
aina
ge a
nd w
ater
(for
exa
mpl
e, p
onds
) -
Ease
and
cos
t of m
aint
enan
ce/m
anag
emen
t -
Abili
ty o
f w
ildlif
e to
acc
ess
and
exit
from
the
brid
ge in
to t
he s
urro
undi
ng
land
scap
e -
Ligh
ting
- Co
nnec
tivity
with
sur
roun
ding
fea
ture
s in
the
wid
er l
ands
cape
i.e
. fo
r w
ildlif
e br
idge
s, v
eget
atio
n w
ill n
eed
to c
onne
ct in
to s
urro
undi
ng la
ndsc
ape
feat
ures
such
as w
ater
cour
ses,
hed
ge li
nes.
8
[Spe
cific
Des
ign
Con
side
ration
s co
ntin
ued:
] W
idth
an
d l
eng
th
Brid
ges
aim
ing
to a
chie
ve c
onne
ctio
ns a
t a
land
scap
e/ e
cosy
stem
lev
el
shou
ld b
e ov
er 8
0m in
wid
th.
Brid
ges
aim
ing
to a
chie
ve c
onne
ctio
ns f
or
spec
ies
at a
pop
ulat
ion
leve
l sho
uld
be a
roun
d 50
m (
publ
ished
gui
danc
e re
com
men
datio
ns ra
nge
from
25m
-80m
, with
an
aver
age
of 5
0m).
Brid
ges
belo
w 2
0m in
wid
th a
re n
ot r
ecom
men
ded
as f
requ
ency
of
use
has
been
fo
und
to b
e lo
wer
. Th
e le
ngth
will
larg
ely
be d
eter
min
ed b
y th
e nu
mbe
r of
road
s/ ra
ilway
line
s th
at a
re c
ross
ed.
The
leng
th w
ill a
lso b
e in
fluen
ced
by
topo
grap
hy a
s the
acc
ess r
amps
shou
ld n
ot b
e to
o st
eep.
A w
idth
to le
ngth
ra
tio o
ver 0
.8 is
reco
mm
ende
d.
Veg
etat
ion
The
vege
tatio
n sh
ould
co
mpl
emen
t th
e ha
bita
ts
eith
er
side
of
the
stru
ctur
e, u
sing
plan
t spe
cies
nat
ive
to th
e lo
cal a
rea.
In
term
s of
see
ding
, op
tions
inc
ludi
ng n
atur
al e
stab
lishm
ent
and
use
of t
he l
ocal
see
d ba
nk
(from
top
soil
or h
ay c
uttin
g) s
houl
d be
con
sider
ed.
Hedg
e st
ruct
ures
can
be
use
d to
pro
vide
a g
uidi
ng li
ne, f
or s
peci
es s
uch
as b
ats,
and
sho
uld
be
cont
inuo
us a
nd c
onne
ct w
ith e
stab
lishe
d fo
ragi
ng r
oute
s. W
hen
targ
etin
g sm
all v
erte
brat
es a
nd in
vert
ebra
tes t
hen
the
aim
shou
ld b
e to
rese
mbl
e th
e ha
bita
t adj
acen
t to
the
brid
ge a
s fa
r as
is po
ssib
le.
The
plan
ting
shou
ld b
e de
signe
d to
cre
ate
a m
osai
c w
ith tr
ee a
nd sh
rub
plan
ting
at th
e en
d an
d th
e m
iddl
e se
ctio
n le
ft op
en w
ith g
rass
es a
nd s
mal
ler
vege
tatio
n.
Depe
ndin
g on
the
spec
ies
that
may
use
the
brid
ge it
may
also
be
appr
opria
te to
leav
e pa
tche
s of
bar
e gr
ound
or
grav
el.
If su
ch m
icro
-hab
itats
are
cre
ated
the
n w
ithin
the
man
agem
ent
plan
mea
sure
s sh
ould
be
incl
uded
to
ensu
re t
hat
thes
e re
mai
n op
en a
reas
rat
her
than
allo
win
g co
loni
satio
n by
veg
etat
ion.
Br
ash,
tre
e st
umps
and
pile
s of
rub
ble
may
also
be
used
to
crea
te r
efug
es
for s
mal
l ani
mal
s.
To a
ccou
nt fo
r th
e tim
e it
take
s fo
r ve
geta
tion
to e
stab
lish,
oth
er fe
atur
es
may
be
need
ed t
o pr
ovid
e co
ver
follo
win
g br
idge
con
stru
ctio
n.
This
may
in
clud
e tr
ee s
tum
ps, p
iles
of b
rash
and
sto
nes
(it m
ay b
e po
ssib
le t
o us
e
left
over
con
stru
ctio
n m
ater
ials
for
this
purp
ose)
, as
wel
l pl
antin
g m
ore
mat
ure
shru
b, h
edge
and
tree
sapl
ings
.
Wat
er fe
atur
es c
an b
e cr
eate
d on
brid
ges
to p
rovi
de “
step
ping
sto
nes”
for
spec
ies
usin
g th
e br
idge
and
can
also
pro
vide
a h
abita
t in
the
ir ow
n rig
ht.
Thes
e ha
ve b
een
succ
essf
ully
cre
ated
on
the
cont
inen
t an
d us
ed b
y a
num
ber
of a
mph
ibia
n sp
ecie
s an
d dr
agon
flies
. T
his
can
be a
chie
ved
by
crea
ting
a se
ries
of w
et d
epre
ssio
ns a
cros
s th
e br
idge
itse
lf, w
ith d
eepe
r po
nds e
ither
side
. W
ater
recy
clin
g ca
n be
use
d to
tran
spor
t rai
n w
ater
run-
of
f to
the
top
of th
e br
idge
, whi
ch c
an th
en ru
n do
wn
the
brid
ge th
roug
h a
serie
s of
sm
all p
ools/
wet
dep
ress
ions
. It
is no
ted
that
the
wet
hab
itats
on
the
brid
ge d
o no
t nee
d to
con
tain
wat
er a
t all
times
, and
will
be
depe
nden
t on
rain
wat
er.
Soi
l
The
amou
nt o
f soi
l use
d w
ill a
ffect
the
brid
ge lo
ad.
It m
ay b
e po
ssib
le t
o ac
hiev
e de
eper
dep
ths
at th
e ed
ges
of th
e br
idge
with
sha
llow
dep
th in
the
cent
re.
The
var
iatio
n in
soi
l de
pths
can
be
used
to
crea
te a
mos
aic
of
vege
tatio
n, i
nclu
ding
mai
ntai
ning
are
as o
f ba
re g
roun
d, a
nd c
reat
ing
a va
ried
topo
grap
hy.
As a
gui
de th
e fo
llow
ing
dept
hs m
ight
be
appr
opria
te:
Gras
s and
her
bs: 0
.3m
, Shr
ubs:
0.6
m, T
rees
: 1.5
m.
In s
ome
case
s to
p so
il m
ay n
ot b
e re
quire
d, d
epen
ding
on
the
targ
et
vege
tatio
n, f
or e
xam
ple
crus
hed
aggr
egat
e m
ay b
e us
ed t
o cr
eate
a
subs
trat
e su
itabl
e fo
r spe
cies
ass
ocia
ted
with
bro
wn
field
site
s.
Advi
ce fr
om a
n en
gine
er sh
ould
be
soug
ht if
nec
essa
ry.
Scr
een
ing
an
d f
enci
ng
Scre
ens
can
be u
sed
to r
educ
e di
stur
banc
e on
the
brid
ge f
rom
ligh
t an
d no
ise.
Thes
e sh
ould
be
loca
ted
as c
lose
to th
e ou
ter e
dge
of th
e br
idge
as
poss
ible
to m
axim
ise th
e am
ount
of t
he b
ridge
ava
ilabl
e fo
r use
.
On
wid
er b
ridge
s, h
edge
s on
mou
nds
may
be
used
to
prov
ide
scre
enin
g.
Whe
re e
arth
mou
nds
are
used
the
se s
houl
d be
des
igne
d to
ext
end
alon
g th
e tr
ansp
ort
infr
astr
uctu
re.
Side
scr
eens
sho
uld
be a
roun
d 2m
in h
eigh
t an
d sh
ould
be
conn
ecte
d in
to a
ny o
ther
scr
eeni
ng p
rese
nt a
long
the
in
fras
truc
ture
(suc
h as
noi
se b
arrie
rs).
If s
cree
ns a
re n
ot u
sed
then
fenc
ing
9
mus
t be
pla
ced
alon
g th
e ou
ter
edge
of
the
brid
ge a
nd f
enci
ng o
n th
e br
idge
mus
t tie
into
fenc
ing
alon
g th
e in
fras
truc
ture
.
Lig
hti
ng
If th
e m
ain
driv
er o
f the
brid
ge is
wild
life
use
then
it is
reco
mm
ende
d th
at
light
ing
is av
oide
d.
If a
mix
ed u
se b
ridge
is
desig
ned,
whe
re l
ight
ing
is re
quire
d, t
his
shou
ld b
e de
signe
d to
min
imise
dist
urba
nce
to w
ildlif
e.
Guid
ance
on
the
Ba
t Co
nser
vatio
n Tr
ust
web
site
shou
ld
cons
ider
ed:
http
://w
ww
.bat
s.or
g.uk
/pag
es/b
ats_
and_
light
ing.
htm
l
Targ
et s
pec
ies
The
targ
et s
peci
es fo
r us
e m
ay b
e cr
itica
l in
dete
rmin
ing
the
wid
th, d
esig
n an
d ve
geta
tion.
For
exa
mpl
es a
mph
ibia
ns m
ay re
quire
a “
wet
zone
” ac
ross
th
e br
idge
. F
or l
arge
r an
imal
s, t
he w
idth
and
loc
atio
n ca
n be
mor
e im
port
ant
than
the
veg
etat
ion,
but
for
sm
alle
r an
imal
s su
ch a
s ba
ts t
he
vege
tatio
n is
mor
e im
port
ant.
Oth
er U
sers
(M
ixed
use
)
In g
ener
al t
he li
tera
ture
focu
ses
on b
ridge
s w
ith a
wild
life
func
tion
and
as
such
gui
danc
e re
com
men
ds a
void
ing
mix
ed u
se s
truc
ture
s w
here
wild
life
use
is th
e pr
imar
y ob
ject
ive.
How
ever
in tw
o st
udie
s on
mix
ed u
se b
ridge
s, w
here
wild
life
use
was
inve
stig
ated
, evi
denc
e of
spe
cies
use
was
reco
rded
an
d as
suc
h it
is co
nsid
ered
in c
erta
in c
ircum
stan
ces,
mix
ed u
se b
ridge
s m
ay b
e ap
prop
riate
.
At t
he Z
ande
rij C
railo
o gr
een
brid
ge i
n Ho
lland
re
cord
ed 1
80,0
00 w
alke
rs a
nd c
yclis
ts a
nd 1
7,00
0 ho
rse
rider
s in
a y
ear a
nd
13
spec
ies
wer
e re
cord
ed
usin
g th
e br
idge
, in
clud
ing
6 sp
ecie
s of
am
phib
ians
and
2 sp
ecie
s rep
tiles
.
To d
eter
min
e th
e w
idth
of
a m
ixed
use
brid
ge,
the
wid
th o
f an
y pa
ths
shou
ld b
e ad
ded
to th
e w
idth
req
uire
d fo
r fa
unal
pas
sage
to g
ive
the
tota
l w
idth
of t
he b
ridge
.
For b
ridge
s, w
here
the
mai
n ob
ject
ive
is sp
ecie
s use
(par
ticul
arly
for s
peci
es
sens
itive
to d
istur
banc
e) it
is re
com
men
ded
that
any
pat
hs u
sed
shou
ld b
e po
sitio
ned
on a
n ou
ter
edge
to
ensu
re t
he w
idth
of
the
natu
ral
area
is
reta
ined
. W
here
the
mai
n fu
nctio
n is
to p
rovi
de a
cces
s, w
ith a
sec
onda
ry
biod
iver
sity
bene
fit, t
hen
it m
ay b
e ap
prop
riate
to c
onsid
er th
e us
e of
pat
hs
in o
ther
are
as o
f the
brid
ge. T
he n
eeds
of p
eopl
e of
all
abili
ties
shou
ld b
e co
nsid
ered
to e
nsur
e ac
cess
for a
ll.
If gr
eeni
ng a
low
use
roa
d br
idge
(e.
g. a
n ac
com
mod
atio
n ov
erbr
idge
), a
vege
tate
d st
rip a
long
one
edg
e m
ay b
e us
ed.
This
shou
ld h
ave
a m
inim
um
wid
th o
f 1m
, with
soil
of a
roun
d 0.
3m (a
gain
this
may
dep
end
on th
e ta
rget
ve
geta
tion
and
it m
ay b
e po
ssib
le t
o us
ed c
rush
ed a
ggre
gate
). T
he s
trip
m
ay b
e pl
ante
d or
left
to n
atur
ally
veg
etat
e, a
lthou
gh it
is im
port
ant t
hat a
m
anag
emen
t pl
an is
in p
lace
to
ensu
re t
hat
the
verg
e is
wel
l mai
ntai
ned.
Ap
prop
riate
in
form
atio
n an
d in
terp
reta
tion
will
ad
d to
us
ers’
unde
rsta
ndin
g an
d ap
prec
iatio
n of
the
gree
n br
idge
.
Ecos
yste
m s
ervi
ce b
enef
its
In d
esig
ning
a g
reen
brid
ge c
onsid
erat
ion
shou
ld a
lso b
e gi
ven
to w
hat
ecos
yste
m s
ervi
ces
the
stru
ctur
e ca
n pr
ovid
e.
For
mos
t br
idge
s, i
f th
e de
sign
is fo
r wild
life
purp
oses
or h
as a
seco
ndar
y w
ildlif
e fu
nctio
n, th
en th
e br
idge
w
ill
natu
rally
pr
ovid
e th
e fu
nctio
n of
w
ild
spec
ies
dive
rsity
.
Exam
ples
of o
ther
eco
syst
em se
rvic
es th
at m
ay b
e pr
ovid
ed in
clud
e th
e us
e of
pla
nt s
peci
es w
ith h
igh
nect
ar s
ourc
es t
o pr
ovid
e a
reso
urce
for
po
llina
ting
inse
cts;
thi
s m
ay b
e ac
hiev
ed t
hrou
gh p
lant
ing
a w
ildflo
wer
m
eado
w m
ix o
f loc
al p
rovi
denc
e or
thro
ugh
loca
l sel
f-see
ding
.
The
met
hod
of d
rain
age
shou
ld a
lso c
onsid
er w
ater
recy
clin
g to
irrig
ate
the
brid
ge s
truc
ture
. Th
is m
ay a
lso b
e us
ed t
o pr
ovid
e re
silie
nce
to c
limat
e ch
ange
, for
exa
mpl
e by
usin
g ba
sins
with
in th
e br
idge
dec
k to
reta
in w
ater
fo
r use
in d
roug
ht p
erio
ds.
Mix
ed u
se b
ridge
s an
d th
ose
that
are
des
igne
d to
mai
ntai
n cu
ltura
l and
re
crea
tiona
l lin
ks w
ill p
rovi
de c
ultu
ral h
erita
ge,
recr
eatio
nal a
nd t
ouris
m
serv
ices
. If
appr
opria
tely
land
scap
ed a
nd w
ell m
aint
aine
d, s
uch
stru
ctur
es
shou
ld a
lso p
rovi
de a
n ae
sthe
tic e
xper
ienc
e an
d th
e us
ers’
vie
w p
oint
sh
ould
be
cons
ider
ed d
urin
g th
e de
sign
proc
ess.
Eng
inee
rin
g c
onsi
der
atio
ns
Load
and
dra
inag
e ar
e th
e m
ain
engi
neer
ing
aspe
cts
whi
ch w
ill in
fluen
ce
the
desig
n of
the
brid
ge in
term
s of
wha
t veg
etat
ion
it ca
n su
ppor
t and
as
such
shou
ld b
e co
nsid
ered
at t
he in
itial
des
ign
stag
e.
10
The
build
mat
eria
ls w
ill a
lso a
ffect
the
aes
thet
ics
of t
he b
ridge
and
how
w
ell i
t mer
ges i
nto
the
surr
ound
ing
land
scap
e.
Oth
er k
ey c
onsi
der
atio
ns
Cost
is a
key
fact
or.
Cost
s ca
n be
red
uced
or m
inim
ised
by d
ecre
asin
g th
e lo
ad, s
pan,
and
/or
wid
th o
f th
e st
ruct
ure.
Sho
rter
spa
ns c
an b
e ob
tain
ed
thro
ugh
the
prov
ision
of
inte
rmed
iate
sup
port
s, t
houg
h th
is ca
n in
terf
ere
with
road
saf
ety
and
aest
hetic
con
cern
s. T
he fo
unda
tions
for
the
stru
ctur
e ha
ve a
sig
nific
ant
impa
ct o
n co
st a
nd r
equi
rem
ents
are
rel
ated
to
soil
cond
ition
s and
topo
grap
hy a
t the
site
.
The
brid
ge lo
ad w
ill d
epen
d on
the
tar
get
vege
tatio
n.
Larg
er v
eget
atio
n (t
rees
) will
requ
ire d
eepe
r soi
l to
supp
ort i
ts ro
ot s
truc
ture
whi
ch w
ill h
ave
a hi
gher
load
tha
n sh
allo
wer
roo
ted
vege
tatio
n.
Cons
ider
atio
n co
uld
be
give
n to
con
tain
ing
larg
er v
eget
atio
n (s
uch
as t
rees
and
shr
ubs)
at
dist
inct
lo
catio
ns a
long
the
spa
n ra
ther
tha
n pl
acin
g ov
er t
he e
ntire
are
a. T
he
drai
nage
sys
tem
und
er th
e so
il an
d co
ntro
l of s
oil b
uild
up,
will
also
affe
ct
the
load
and
nee
ds to
be
cons
ider
ed in
des
ign.
Gree
n br
idge
s ca
n be
com
plex
eng
inee
red
stru
ctur
es a
nd t
he a
dvic
e of
an
engi
neer
shou
ld b
e so
ught
.
11
Ch
oosi
ng
a g
reen
bri
dg
e st
ruct
ure
Fo
ur t
ypes
of
gree
n br
idge
str
uctu
re h
ave
been
dev
elop
ed i
n th
is gu
ide
base
d on
exa
mpl
es o
f gre
en b
ridge
str
uctu
res
from
aro
und
the
wor
ld. (
It is
note
d th
at t
his
guid
e do
es n
ot in
clud
e cu
t an
d co
ver
styl
e br
idge
s w
hich
m
ay b
e ap
prop
riate
to a
ddre
ss la
rge-
scal
e la
ndsc
ape
impa
cts)
. Th
ese
have
be
en te
rmed
as f
ollo
ws:
- N
atur
al B
ridge
-
Wild
life
Brid
ge
- M
ixed
Use
Brid
ge
- M
odifi
ed G
rey
Brid
ge
The
type
of
gree
n br
idge
sel
ecte
d sh
ould
be
base
d on
the
aim
s an
d ob
ject
ives
of
the
proj
ect
(whi
ch i
n tu
rn i
s in
fluen
ced
by l
ands
cape
, bi
odiv
ersit
y an
d ac
cess
nee
ds)
alth
ough
it is
also
not
ed t
hat
the
sele
cted
de
sign
may
be
heav
ily in
fluen
ced
by e
ngin
eerin
g as
pect
s. T
he d
escr
iptio
ns
of e
ach
desig
n ty
pe b
elow
are
inte
nded
as
guid
es.
Whe
n de
signi
ng a
gre
en
brid
ge o
n a
site,
this
will
be
a co
llabo
rativ
e pr
oces
s be
twee
n th
e ro
ad a
nd
brid
ge e
ngin
eers
and
the
env
ironm
enta
l co
nsul
tant
s, w
ith i
nput
fro
m a
w
ide
rang
e of
stak
ehol
ders
. T
he st
ruct
ural
requ
irem
ents
of t
he d
esig
n w
ill
be k
ey in
term
s of w
hat i
s ach
ieva
ble
in e
stab
lishi
ng v
eget
atio
n gr
owth
.
Cost
s Th
e ta
ble
belo
w p
rovi
des e
xam
ples
of g
reen
brid
ges a
nd th
eir c
osts
. W
ithin
th
e gr
een
brid
ge li
tera
ture
rev
iew
, lim
ited
info
rmat
ion
was
foun
d on
cos
ts
and
as s
uch
no d
etai
led
cost
s fo
r ea
ch b
ridge
typ
e id
entif
ied
abov
e ar
e pr
ovid
ed.
Fur
ther
mor
e co
sts
will
be
heav
ily i
nflu
ence
d by
loc
al a
spec
ts
such
as g
eolo
gy a
nd to
pogr
aphy
.
Brid
ge
nam
e,
loca
tion
Cost
2 De
tails
on
stru
ctur
e
Mile
End
, U
K
£5,8
00,0
00
25 m
wid
th o
f la
ndsc
aped
par
klan
d.
Rai
nwat
er r
uns
off th
e br
idge
and
dow
n
into
tan
ks o
n ei
ther
sid
e. I
t is
the
n pu
mpe
d ba
ck o
nto
it an
d re
used
.
Koo
twijk
,
Net
herlan
ds
£2,1
87,6
21
(3 m
illio
n eu
ros)
150m
long
, ho
ur g
lass
sha
pe s
truc
ture
,
80m
wid
e at
its
entr
ance
s an
d 30
m w
ide
in t
he m
iddl
e. 1.
5m w
alls
pla
nted
with
tree
s an
d sh
rubs
Laar
der
Hoo
gt,
Net
herlan
ds
£8,3
85,5
88
(11.
5 m
illio
n eu
ros)
Not
yet
con
stru
cted
. T
wo
brid
ges,
one
70x4
0m a
nd o
ne 4
0x3 0
m
Nat
uurb
urg
Zee
poor
t
£4,0
08,4
93 (
5.5
mill
ion
euro
s)
Sch
edul
ed f
or c
onst
ruct
ion
in 2
016
Zan
derij
Cra
ilio
£10,
569,
588
14.7
5 m
illio
n eu
ros
300m
long
, 50
m w
ide
Asp
ihol
z an
d
Fuch
swie
s,
Sw
itzer
land
5% o
f pr
ojec
t co
st
Con
cret
e of
0.4
m a
nd a
min
imum
soi
l
laye
r of
1.5
m.
Nat
ive
bush
es w
ere
plan
ted
only
at
criti
cal s
pots
and
the
res
t ha
s be
en
left
for
nat
ural
suc
cess
ion.
A55
6,
Che
shire,
UK
Estim
ated
cos
t of
‘gre
enin
g’ t
he a
cces
s
brid
ge £
366,
000,
with
tot
al b
ridg
e co
st
estim
ated
at
£1.1
4m.
Not
yet
con
stru
cted
. P
ropo
sal i
s fo
r an
11m
gre
en b
ridg
e, w
ith a
far
m t
rack
and
a
7 m g
reen
ver
ge.
2 Exc
hang
e ra
te c
alcu
late
d us
ing
ww
w.x
e.co
m o
n 27
/02/
15 r
ate
of 1
GBP
= 1
.372
09 E
UR
12
Nat
ural
Brid
ge
Thes
e ar
e th
e la
rges
t of
the
fou
r br
idge
typ
es d
efin
ed in
thi
s gu
ide,
with
w
idth
s of
70m
to
100m
or
grea
ter.
By
bein
g of
a la
rger
size
the
aim
is t
o pr
ovid
e an
eco
syst
em le
vel o
f co
nnec
tion.
Th
e la
rger
size
allo
ws
for
the
recr
eatio
n of
hab
itats
and
ide
ally
the
pla
ntin
g sh
ould
be
desig
ned
and
inte
grat
ed s
o th
ere
is ha
bita
t con
tinui
ty fr
om o
ne s
ide
of th
e br
idge
to th
e ot
her.
By
prov
idin
g ha
bita
t co
ntin
uity
thi
s sh
ould
faci
litat
e us
e by
a w
ide
rang
e of
sp
ecie
s.
It
is re
com
men
ded
that
hu
man
us
e is
care
fully
co
nsid
ered
, dep
endi
ng o
n th
e se
nsiti
vity
of t
he ta
rget
wild
life.
W
idth
– 7
0m to
100
m
Soil
– W
here
pos
sible
avo
id i
mpo
rtin
g fr
om o
utsid
e th
e ar
ea.
Aim
for
de
pths
bet
wee
n 1.
5m to
2m
in a
reas
with
tree
pla
ntin
g. S
hallo
wer
dep
ths
may
be
used
in th
e ce
ntre
for g
rass
es a
nd h
erbs
(0.3
m) a
nd s
hrub
s (0
.6m
).
Soil
mus
t be
dee
p en
ough
to
allo
w w
ater
ret
entio
n.
A va
riatio
n in
soi
l de
pths
can
be
used
to c
reat
e a
mos
aic
of v
eget
atio
n, in
clud
ing
mai
ntai
ning
ar
eas o
f bar
e gr
ound
, and
cre
atin
g a
varie
d to
pogr
aphy
.
Habi
tat c
reat
ion
– Ai
m to
cre
ate
habi
tat a
s fo
und
eith
er s
ide
of th
e br
idge
. N
ativ
e sp
ecie
s lo
cal t
o th
e ar
ea s
houl
d be
use
d.
Tree
and
shr
ub p
lant
ing
shou
ld b
e us
ed t
o gu
ide
spec
ies
mov
emen
t ac
ross
the
brid
ge a
nd t
o pr
ovid
e co
ver.
The
pla
ntin
g sh
ould
be
desig
ned
to c
reat
e a
mos
aic
with
tr
ee a
nd s
hrub
pla
ntin
g at
the
end
and
the
mid
dle
sect
ion
left
ope
n w
ith
gras
ses
and
smal
ler v
eget
atio
n. B
rash
, tre
e st
umps
, for
exa
mpl
e, m
ay a
lso
be u
sed
to c
reat
e re
fuge
s fo
r sm
all
anim
als.
If
crea
ting
habi
tat
for
amph
ibia
ns a
ser
ies o
f poo
ls/ w
et d
epre
ssio
ns s
houl
d be
cre
ated
acr
oss t
he
stru
ctur
e, w
ith a
larg
er d
eep
pool
eith
er s
ide.
Bo
ulde
rs (
embe
dded
) may
al
so b
e us
ed e
ither
side
of t
he b
ridge
to p
reve
nt v
ehic
le a
cces
s.
Fenc
ing/
scr
eeni
ng –
Ear
th m
ound
s w
ith h
edge
s pl
ante
d on
top
can
be
used
alo
ng t
he b
ridge
edg
es t
o re
duce
noi
se a
nd l
ight
pol
lutio
n on
the
br
idge
. Th
ese
mou
nds
shou
ld e
xten
d al
ong
the
appr
oach
ram
ps to
tie
into
w
ildlif
e fe
ncin
g. T
he m
ound
plu
s veg
etat
ion
shou
ld a
im to
be
arou
nd 2
m in
he
ight
. Al
tern
ativ
ely
woo
d fe
ncin
g co
uld
be u
sed
as s
cree
ning
; whe
re th
is is
done
then
fenc
ing
shou
ld b
e pl
aced
on
the
oute
r edg
e of
the
brid
ge.
Fig
ure
1:
Exam
ple
ske
tch
of
a N
atu
ral
Bri
dg
e
13
Wild
life
Brid
ge
Thes
e ar
e ve
ry s
imila
r in
desig
n to
a N
atur
al B
ridge
, but
are
sm
alle
r in
size.
Th
is ty
pe o
f br
idge
is in
tend
ed p
rimar
ily t
o fa
cilit
ate
spec
ies
cros
sing
the
infr
astr
uctu
re.
Des
ign
spec
ifics
may
tar
get
part
icul
ar s
peci
es.
Idea
lly a
n ho
urgl
ass
shap
e sh
ould
be
used
as
this
is be
tter
for
wild
life
loca
ting
the
ram
ps to
cro
ss t
he b
ridge
. It
is re
com
men
ded
that
hum
an u
se is
car
eful
ly
cons
ider
ed, d
epen
ding
on
the
sens
itivi
ty o
f the
targ
et w
ildlif
e.
Wid
th -
40m
-50m
Soil
- Whe
re p
ossib
le a
void
impo
rtin
g fr
om o
utsid
e th
e ar
ea. A
im fo
r dep
ths
betw
een
1.5m
to
2m (m
ay n
eed
to b
e sh
allo
wer
in c
entr
e).
Soil
mus
t be
de
ep e
noug
h to
allo
w w
ater
ret
entio
n.
A va
riatio
n in
soi
l dep
ths
can
be
used
to
crea
te a
mos
aic
of v
eget
atio
n, in
clud
ing
mai
ntai
ning
are
as o
f bar
e gr
ound
, and
cre
atin
g a
varie
d to
pogr
aphy
.
Habi
tat
crea
tion
– Ai
m t
o cr
eate
a h
abita
t m
osai
c, fo
r ex
ampl
e w
ith t
rees
on
eith
er s
ide,
hed
gero
ws
on m
ound
s al
ong
edge
s, th
en i
n th
e m
iddl
e m
eado
w a
nd s
catt
ered
tre
e st
umps
. Th
e ve
geta
tion
shou
ld c
onsid
er t
he
surr
ound
ing
habi
tats
and
loo
k to
ref
lect
the
se.
Any
hed
gero
ws
plan
ted
shou
ld t
ie i
nto
the
tree
s ei
ther
sid
e to
cre
ate
a fli
ght
corr
idor
for
bat
s.
Oth
er a
spec
ts a
s de
taile
d fo
r th
e N
atur
al B
ridge
can
be
cons
ider
ed.
Boul
ders
may
also
be
used
eith
er s
ide
of t
he b
ridge
to
prev
ent
vehi
cle
acce
ss.
Fenc
ing/
scr
eeni
ng –
Ear
th m
ound
s w
ith h
edge
s pl
ante
d on
top
can
be
used
alo
ng t
he b
ridge
edg
es t
o re
duce
noi
se a
nd l
ight
pol
lutio
n on
the
br
idge
. Th
ese
mou
nds
shou
ld e
xten
d al
ong
the
appr
oach
ram
ps to
tie
into
w
ildlif
e fe
ncin
g to
cre
ate
a ba
rrie
r to
ani
mal
s ac
cess
ing
the
road
/rai
lway
. Th
e m
ound
plu
s ve
geta
tion
shou
ld a
im t
o be
aro
und
2m i
n he
ight
. Al
tern
ativ
ely
woo
ded
fenc
ing
coul
d be
use
d as
scre
enin
g.
Fig
ure
2:
Exam
ple
ske
tch
of
a W
ild
life
Bri
dg
e
Furt
her i
nfor
mat
ion
can
be fo
und
in th
e fo
llow
ing
docu
men
ts:
A.Cl
even
ger a
nd M
.Hui
jser
(201
1) W
ildlif
e Cr
ossi
ng S
truc
ture
s Han
dboo
k
(htt
p://
ww
w.c
flhd.
gov/
prog
ram
s/te
chDe
velo
pmen
t/w
ildlif
e/do
cum
ents
/01_
Wild
life_
Cros
sing_
Stru
ctur
es_H
andb
ook.
pdf)
Iuel
l et a
l. (2
003)
Wild
life
and
Traf
fic: A
Eur
opea
n Ha
ndbo
ok fo
r Ide
ntify
ing
Conf
licts
an
d De
signi
ng S
olut
ions
. (h
ttp:
//w
ww
.iene
.info
/wp-
cont
ent/
uplo
ads/
COST
341_
Hand
book
)
14
Mix
ed U
se B
ridge
Th
ese
are
desig
ned
whe
re a
cces
s is t
he p
rinci
ple
aim
and
whe
re a
ny sp
ecie
s us
e is
seen
as
an a
dditi
onal
ben
efit
rath
er t
han
a co
re a
im.
To d
eter
min
e th
e w
idth
, the
min
imum
wid
th o
f th
e na
tura
l zon
e sh
ould
be
calc
ulat
ed,
base
d on
the
pro
ject
aim
s in
ter
ms
of t
arge
t sp
ecie
s.
The
requ
ired
wid
th
for
the
recr
eatio
nal z
one
shou
ld t
hen
be a
dded
to
this
to g
ive
the
tota
l w
idth
. It i
s re
com
men
ded
that
the
recr
eatio
nal z
one
is pl
aced
on
the
oute
r ed
ge t
o m
axim
ise t
he a
rea
of w
ildlif
e zo
ne (
e.g.
so
hum
an d
istur
banc
e is
limite
d to
one
sid
e of
the
wild
life
zone
). A
ltern
ativ
ely
whe
re t
he m
ain
driv
ers
are
acce
ss, w
ith w
ider
bio
dive
rsity
goa
ls, it
may
be
appr
opria
te t
o po
sitio
n th
e re
crea
tiona
l zon
e in
the
cen
tre
of t
he b
ridge
, for
exa
mpl
e as
ha
s bee
n do
ne o
n th
e Sc
otne
y Br
idge
(see
cas
e st
udie
s bel
ow).
Wid
th –
15-
20m
(e.g
. rec
reat
iona
l zon
e: 1
0m, w
ildlif
e zo
ne: 1
5m)
Soil
– W
here
pos
sible
avo
id i
mpo
rtin
g fr
om o
utsid
e th
e ar
ea.
Aim
for
de
pths
bet
wee
n 1.
5m to
2m
(may
nee
d to
be
shal
low
er in
the
cent
re).
Soi
l m
ust
be d
eep
enou
gh t
o al
low
wat
er r
eten
tion.
A v
aria
tion
in s
oil d
epth
s ca
n be
use
d to
cre
ate
a m
osai
c of
veg
etat
ion,
incl
udin
g m
aint
aini
ng a
reas
of
bare
gro
und,
and
cre
atin
g a
varie
d to
pogr
aphy
.
Habi
tat
crea
tion
– As
for
the
oth
er b
ridge
s th
e ai
m is
to
crea
te a
hab
itat
mos
aic.
Shr
ubs
and/
or
a he
dger
ow s
houl
d be
use
d to
cre
ate
a de
gree
of
sepa
ratio
n be
twee
n th
e w
ildlif
e co
rrid
or a
nd t
he p
edes
tria
n zo
ne,
if th
e w
ildlif
e us
ing
the
brid
ge is
like
ly to
be
sens
itive
to d
istur
banc
e.
Fenc
ing/
scr
eeni
ng –
Scr
eeni
ng re
quire
d be
twee
n w
ildlif
e an
d re
crea
tiona
l zo
ne w
ith a
reco
mm
ende
d m
inim
um h
eigh
t of 1
m. I
deal
ly s
cree
ning
sho
uld
be n
atur
al a
nd p
erm
eabl
e to
wild
life,
but
pro
vide
s a v
isual
scre
en.
Boul
ders
m
ay a
lso b
e us
ed e
ither
side
of t
he b
ridge
to p
reve
nt v
ehic
le a
cces
s.
Fig
ure
3:
Exam
ple
ske
tch
of
a M
ixed
Use
Bri
dg
e
15
Mod
ified
Gre
y Br
idge
A
low
er c
ost
optio
n to
pro
vide
a li
mite
d le
vel o
f m
itiga
tion
is to
ada
pt a
gr
ey b
ridge
(eith
er p
ropo
sed
or e
xist
ing)
. Th
is is
not
an a
ltern
ativ
e to
the
ot
her
gree
n br
idge
opt
ions
as
it is
unlik
ely
to p
rovi
de t
he s
ame
leve
l of
func
tion,
but
it w
ill im
prov
e th
e ge
nera
l per
mea
bilit
y of
the
infr
astr
uctu
re.
This
type
of
optio
n m
ay b
e su
itabl
e fo
r fo
rest
ry a
nd f
arm
tra
cks
acro
ss
infr
astr
uctu
re o
r in
an
urba
n se
ttin
g w
here
it m
ay b
e po
ssib
le t
o m
odify
re
dund
ant
infr
astr
uctu
re,
for
exam
ple
disu
sed
railw
ay a
nd r
oad
brid
ges
whi
ch m
ay b
e us
ed a
s w
ildlif
e co
rrid
ors
or l
inea
r pa
rks.
It
is no
t re
com
men
ded
for t
arm
acke
d ro
ads o
r roa
ds w
ith h
eavy
usa
ge.
A br
idge
can
be
mod
ified
to p
rovi
de a
gre
en st
rip o
n on
e sid
e, o
r eith
er si
de
of t
he r
oad
or t
rack
. T
he m
inim
um w
idth
of
this
strip
is
1m (
alth
ough
id
eally
thi
s sh
ould
be
wid
er t
o m
axim
ise t
he b
enef
its),
with
a s
oil l
ayer
of
0.3m
or g
reat
er.
The
strip
can
be
seed
ed w
ith a
nat
ural
see
d m
ix o
r lef
t to
colo
nise
nat
ural
ly.
Whi
lst th
e st
rip b
ecom
es e
stab
lishe
d, fe
ncin
g be
twee
n th
e st
rip a
nd t
he r
oad
shou
ld b
e co
nsid
ered
to
prev
ent
tram
plin
g an
d co
mpa
ctio
n. D
epen
ding
on
the
wid
th o
f the
str
ip c
onsid
erat
ion
shou
ld b
e gi
ven
to p
rovi
ding
oth
er h
abita
t fe
atur
es s
uch
as d
ead
woo
d, t
ree
stum
ps
and
rock
s, w
hich
may
hav
e va
lue
for i
nver
tebr
ates
and
am
phib
ians
.
This
type
of
brid
ge s
truc
ture
is le
ss li
kely
to
prov
ide
any
land
scap
e va
lue,
bu
t m
ay h
ave
wid
er b
iodi
vers
ity b
enef
its,
such
as
prov
idin
g pl
ants
for
po
llina
ting
spec
ies.
Mod
ifyin
g an
exi
stin
g st
ruct
ure
may
be
mor
e in
kee
ping
w
ith
the
wid
er
land
scap
e su
rrou
ndin
gs
than
pr
ovid
ing
a ne
w
one,
de
pend
ing
on th
e de
sign
of th
e or
igin
al st
ruct
ure.
Fig
ure
4:
Exam
ple
ske
tch
of
a M
odif
ied
Gre
y B
rid
ge
16
Case
Stu
dies
A21
Scot
ney
Cast
le
Key
fact
s:
Firs
t Gre
en B
ridge
in U
K –
Exam
ple
of a
Mix
ed U
se B
ridge
des
igne
d fo
r hist
oric
land
scap
e pu
rpos
es
Part
of a
Hig
hway
s Age
ncy
impr
ovem
ent s
chem
e fo
r a n
ew d
ual c
arria
gew
ay b
y-pa
ss a
roun
d La
mbe
rhur
st
villa
ge.
The
orig
inal
pro
posa
ls w
ould
hav
e se
vere
d th
e hi
stor
ic W
est D
rive
whi
ch w
as la
id o
ut in
184
2 an
d st
ill
used
as t
he m
ain
entr
ance
to S
cotn
ey C
astle
. Lo
cate
d w
ithin
the
High
Wea
ld A
ON
B.
To m
itiga
te a
“la
ndbr
idge
” w
as b
uilt
whi
ch e
nabl
ed th
e W
est D
rive
to b
e re
inst
ated
on
its o
rigin
al li
ne w
ith
land
scap
e an
d ha
bita
t con
nect
ivity
.
Ther
e ha
ve b
een
wid
er e
colo
gica
l ben
efits
with
evi
denc
e of
dor
mic
e us
ing
the
brid
ge.
It fo
rmed
par
t of t
he £
22 m
illio
n ov
eral
l cos
ts o
f the
sche
me
(inc
ludi
ng P
ublic
Inqu
iry),
but t
he c
ost o
f lan
dbrid
ge
has n
ot b
een
calc
ulat
ed se
para
tely
.
Desi
gn A
spec
ts
Hour
glas
s sha
pe
92m
in le
ngth
(48m
in th
e ce
ntre
and
18m
and
25m
eith
er si
de)
29m
in w
idth
at c
entr
e (5
5m a
t wid
est p
oint
on
east
side
and
43m
on
wes
t sid
e)
Soil
dept
h be
twee
n 0.
6m a
nd 1
.5m
Driv
e ac
ross
brid
ge is
3.5
m w
ide
Plan
ting
to c
reat
e a
cont
inuo
us th
icke
t bet
wee
n 3
and
10m
in w
idth
and
old
tree
stum
ps a
nd b
anks
of m
oss u
sed
to c
reat
e ha
bita
ts
Arra
ngem
ent t
o co
llect
rain
wat
er a
nd to
del
iver
into
soil
laye
rs a
nd a
ribb
ed c
entr
al re
serv
oir
Phot
ogra
phs
Top
phot
o: M
odel
of p
ropo
sed
brid
ge, M
iddl
e ph
oto:
Brid
ge d
urin
g co
nstr
uctio
n ph
ase,
Bott
om p
hoto
: Brid
ge fo
llow
ing
cons
truc
tion
Phot
os c
ourt
esy
of L
UC
17
A21
Scot
ney
Brid
ge ( P
rovi
ded
cou
rtes
y of
Fir
a La
nd
scap
e)
2
Banf
f Wild
life
Cros
sings
, Can
ada
Key
fact
s
Exam
ple
of a
Wild
life
Brid
ge
Cons
truc
ted
1996
.
Annu
al m
onito
ring
prov
ides
det
aile
d in
form
atio
n of
brid
ge u
se.
Oth
er c
ross
ings
are
also
pre
sent
(cul
vert
s and
und
erpa
sses
) alo
ng th
e Tr
ans C
anad
ian
High
way
.
The
brid
ges a
re c
lose
d to
the
publ
ic.
Built
to m
itiga
te w
ildlif
e m
orta
lity
and
frag
men
tatio
n
Long
-ter
m m
onito
ring
has f
ound
that
ther
e is
an a
dapt
atio
n pe
riod
and
lear
ning
cur
ve fo
r la
rge
mam
mal
s usin
g th
e w
ildlif
e cr
ossin
g st
ruct
ures
, and
that
ung
ulat
es a
dapt
mor
e qu
ickl
y th
an c
arni
vore
s.
Stud
ies
into
diff
eren
t mon
itorin
g m
etho
ds o
n th
e br
idge
foun
d th
at re
mot
e ca
mer
as a
re th
e m
ost c
ost -
effe
ctiv
e m
eans
of c
ondu
ctin
g cr
ossin
g st
ruct
ure
mon
itorin
g.
The
wild
life
brid
ges a
re p
art o
f a su
ite o
f miti
gatio
n m
easu
res f
or a
n 82
km
sect
ion
of th
e Tr
ans-
Cana
da H
ighw
ay in
Ban
ff N
atio
nal P
ark
whi
ch h
as b
een
upgr
aded
from
two
lane
s to
a fo
ur la
ne d
ivid
ed h
ighw
ay in
198
1. T
he m
itiga
tion
was
inst
alle
d ov
er ti
me
and
was
com
plet
ed
in Ja
nuar
y 20
14. T
here
are
now
38
wild
life
unde
rpas
ses a
nd si
x ov
erpa
sses
.
Desi
gn A
spec
ts
50m
wid
e
Ope
n sp
an b
ridge
stru
ctur
e
Cros
ses f
our l
ane
high
way
14
Ecod
uct
Wam
bach
, N
ethe
rlan
ds
Key
fact
s
Exam
ple
of a
Nat
ural
Brid
ge.
Cons
truc
ted
2011
-12.
Firs
t gre
en b
ridge
des
igne
d w
ith c
limat
e ch
ange
resil
ienc
e as
an
obje
ctiv
e.
Desig
n co
nsid
ered
clim
ate
chan
ge re
silie
nce
to m
atch
the
wat
er m
anag
emen
t on
the
gree
n br
idge
w
ith In
terg
over
nmen
tal P
anel
on
Clim
ate
Chan
ge b
ased
clim
ate
scen
ario
s of t
he R
oyal
Dut
ch
Met
eoro
logi
cal I
nstit
ute.
Conc
rete
ridg
es a
re g
lued
to th
e de
ck o
f the
gre
en b
ridge
whi
ch fo
rm b
asin
s to
reta
in w
ater
ava
ilabl
e fo
r dro
ught
per
iods
. Pol
ysty
rene
bas
es o
f em
bank
men
ts re
tain
wat
er th
roug
h ra
ised
edge
s cov
ered
w
ith fo
il. T
o av
oid
exce
ss w
ater
dur
ing
rain
fall
peak
s, a
n ov
ersiz
ed d
rain
age
syst
em h
as b
een
desig
ned
to c
hann
el w
ater
to tw
o po
nds.
The
dra
inag
e sy
stem
may
also
be
used
in a
reve
rsed
fa
shio
n, to
supp
lem
ent t
he g
reen
brid
ge w
ith w
ater
.
Desi
gn A
spec
ts
The
adja
cent
pas
ture
land
is to
be
plan
ted
with
woo
ds to
con
nect
into
surr
ound
ing
woo
dlan
d to
cr
eate
a g
reen
cor
ridor
at a
land
scap
e sc
ale.
The
brid
ge is
36m
wid
e an
d 58
m lo
ng.
Phot
ogra
phs
Top
imag
e: D
igita
l des
ign
plan
of b
ridge
, Bot
tom
pho
to: B
ridge
dur
ing
cons
truc
tion
phas
e
Phot
os c
ourt
esy
of V
icto
r Loe
hr, R
ijksw
ater
staa
t
15
Gro
ene
Wou
d, N
ethe
rlan
ds
Key
fact
s
Exam
ple
of a
Wild
life
Brid
ge
Cons
truc
ted
2003
.
Desig
n ai
med
to c
reat
e op
timal
hum
id c
ondi
tions
for a
mph
ibia
ns.
Loca
ted
with
in th
e N
atio
nal L
ands
cape
Gro
ene
Wou
ld, t
he b
ridge
con
nect
s wet
land
are
as
whi
ch a
re b
isect
ed b
y a
mot
orw
ay.
The
brid
ge is
clo
sed
to th
e pu
blic
.
Desi
gn A
spec
ts
50m
wid
e an
d 65
m lo
ng, c
ross
es th
e m
otor
way
at 7
m a
bove
gro
und
leve
l.
The
acce
ss ra
mps
lead
ing
in a
re 1
10m
and
85m
and
at a
gra
dien
t rat
io o
f 1:1
4 an
d 1:
10
resp
ectiv
ely.
0.5m
of t
opso
il on
the
brid
ge a
nd 1
m o
n th
e ac
cess
ram
ps.
The
tops
oil h
as b
een
take
n fr
om th
e ar
ea im
med
iate
ly su
rrou
ndin
g th
e br
idge
, and
is p
lace
d in
its o
rigin
al se
quen
ce to
mai
ntai
n la
yers
.
Cont
rolla
ble
grou
ndw
ater
leve
l on
the
top
of th
e br
idge
, acr
oss t
he le
ngth
of t
he st
ruct
ure
and
the
acce
ss ra
mps
, with
a w
etla
nd zo
ne c
reat
ed b
y a
chai
n of
smal
l pon
ds.
Wat
er is
pu
mpe
d up
to th
e to
p of
the
brid
ge a
nd sl
owly
rele
ased
thro
ugh
the
casc
ade
of sm
all p
ools
tow
ards
big
ger p
ools
at th
e bo
ttom
on
the
acce
ss ra
mp.
Six
amph
ibia
n sp
ecie
s rec
orde
d on
the
brid
ge, c
omm
on to
ad, c
omm
on fr
og, s
moo
th n
ewt,
grea
t cre
ated
new
t, m
arsh
frog
and
edi
ble
frog
.
Phot
ogra
phs
Top
phot
ogra
ph: S
ide
on v
iew
of b
ridge
(Pro
vide
d co
urte
sy o
f ALT
ERRA
/ E.
A. v
an d
er G
rift)
Bott
om p
hoto
grap
h: V
iew
on
top
of b
ridge
(Pro
vide
d co
urte
sy o
f ALT
ERRA
/ E.
A. v
an d
er
Grift
)
15
Aeria
l vie
w o
f Gro
ene
Wou
d (P
rovi
ded
cour
tesy
of R
ijksw
ater
staa
t)
16
Post
-con
stru
ctio
n re
com
men
datio
ns
Mon
itor
ing
A m
onito
ring
plan
sho
uld
be d
evel
oped
whi
ch w
ill h
elp
to a
sses
s th
e ef
fect
iven
ess
of t
he g
reen
brid
ge.
The
nat
ure
of t
he p
lan
will
be
dete
rmin
ed fr
om th
e or
igin
al a
ims
of th
e gr
een
brid
ge a
nd th
e m
onito
ring
shou
ld lo
ok t
o es
tabl
ish if
the
aim
s ha
ve b
een
met
. Th
e le
vel o
f su
rvey
un
dert
aken
will
be
depe
nden
t on
thos
e ai
ms.
For e
xam
ple
for a
brid
ge w
hich
has
bee
n de
velo
ped
for s
peci
es u
se, i
t may
be
app
ropr
iate
to in
stal
l cam
era
trap
s on
the
brid
ge a
s the
se h
ave
foun
d to
be
a s
ucce
ssfu
l m
etho
d of
mon
itorin
g gr
een
brid
ges.
W
here
hab
itat
crea
tion
has
been
un
dert
aken
, th
en
bota
nica
l su
rvey
s sh
ould
be
un
dert
aken
.
Spec
ific
mon
itorin
g ap
proa
ches
may
be
need
ed f
or s
ome
spec
ies
such
as
bats
. M
onito
ring
shou
ld f
ollo
w s
peci
es-s
peci
fic e
stab
lishe
d pr
otoc
ols
whe
re t
hese
are
ava
ilabl
e.
The
met
hodo
logy
for
pre
, du
ring
and
post
co
nstr
uctio
n su
rvey
sho
uld
be c
onsis
tent
to a
llow
dat
a to
be
com
pare
d an
d us
ed to
ass
ess t
he e
ffect
iven
ess o
f the
stru
ctur
e.
It is
impo
rtan
t tha
t lon
g te
rm m
onito
ring
is un
dert
aken
as
spec
ies
use
may
in
crea
se fo
llow
ing
a pe
riod
of fa
mili
arisa
tion.
W
ith t
his
in m
ind,
a t
ypic
al
mon
itorin
g pr
ogra
mm
e m
ay s
urve
y th
e br
idge
ann
ually
for y
ears
1-3
, the
n ye
ar 5
and
yea
r 10
follo
win
g co
nstr
uctio
n.
Any
misu
se o
f the
brid
ge id
entif
ied
durin
g m
onito
ring
shou
ld b
e re
port
ed
and
if re
quire
d re
com
men
datio
ns fe
d in
to th
e m
aint
enan
ce p
lan
or u
sed
to
amen
d th
e de
sign
to a
llow
the
stru
ctur
e to
del
iver
its o
rigin
al o
bjec
tives
.
The
findi
ngs
of t
his
mon
itorin
g sh
ould
be
revi
ewed
in r
elat
ion
to p
roje
ct
aim
s an
d sh
ould
be
repo
rted
to
Nat
ural
Eng
land
to
help
with
fur
ther
pl
anni
ng a
nd d
esig
n of
gre
en b
ridge
s.
Man
agem
ent
and
Mai
nte
nan
ce
A de
taile
d m
anag
emen
t an
d m
aint
enan
ce p
lan
shou
ld b
e de
velo
ped;
thi
s sh
ould
tie
into
the
mon
itorin
g, m
akin
g ch
ange
s w
here
nec
essa
ry if
issu
es
are
pick
ed
up
durin
g th
e m
onito
ring.
The
plan
sh
ould
de
tail
the
man
agem
ent
for
the
first
thr
ee y
ears
aft
er c
onst
ruct
ion.
A
fter
tha
t th
e m
anag
emen
t sh
ould
be
adap
ted
base
d on
the
fin
ding
s of
mon
itorin
g an
d sh
ould
be
inco
rpor
ated
into
the
man
agin
g ag
ency
’s lo
ng te
rm m
aint
enan
ce
prog
ram
me.
The
resp
onsib
ility
for
ong
oing
mai
nten
ance
sho
uld
be a
gree
d fr
om t
he
proj
ect o
utse
t. T
his
is es
peci
ally
impo
rtan
t whe
n th
e or
gani
satio
n ha
s no
t be
en in
volv
ed in
the
plan
ning
pro
cess
. It
is im
port
ant t
hat t
hey
are
awar
e of
the
pur
pose
of
the
brid
ge a
long
with
the
mai
nten
ance
pla
n an
d as
soci
ated
mai
nten
ance
cos
ts.
Com
mun
ity e
ngag
emen
t in
the
des
ign
of
the
brid
ge c
an le
ad t
o a
Frie
nds
Grou
p be
ing
form
ed w
hich
can
hel
p to
m
aint
ain
the
gree
n br
idge
as a
hig
h qu
ality
gre
ensp
ace.
Mai
nten
ance
sho
uld
incl
ude
insp
ectio
n of
the
brid
ge d
rain
age
to e
nsur
e it
rem
ains
func
tiona
l.
The
man
agem
ent
of t
he b
ridge
sho
uld
be t
ailo
red
to t
he h
abita
ts c
reat
ed
on th
e st
ruct
ure.
For
exa
mpl
e it
may
be
appr
opria
te fo
r an
annu
al h
ay c
ut
whe
re m
eado
ws
have
bee
n so
wn,
with
scr
ub a
nd h
edge
row
man
agem
ent
ever
y 3-
5 ye
ars
and
tree
cop
pici
ng e
very
5-1
0 ye
ars
depe
ndin
g on
the
sp
ecie
s use
d.
17
Refe
renc
es
Aher
n et
al.
(200
9). I
ssue
s an
d M
etho
ds f
or T
rans
disc
iplin
ary
Plan
ning
of
Com
bine
d W
ildlif
e an
d Pe
dest
rian
High
way
Cro
ssin
gs.
TRB
2009
Ann
ual
Mee
ting.
(h
ttp:
//w
ww
.itre
.ncs
u.ed
u/AD
C30/
09_T
RB_W
inte
r_Co
nfer
ence
/Pre
sent
ati
ons/
Aher
n_et
al_T
RB_W
ALDE
N_p
aper
) Ba
nk, F
. G.,
Irwin
, C. L
., Ev
ink,
G. L
., Gr
ay, M
. E.,
Hago
od, S
., Ki
nar.
J, R.
, Lev
y.
A., P
aulso
n, D
., Re
dige
r, B.
, Sau
vajo
t, R.
M.,
Scot
t, D.
J.,
Whi
te, P
. (20
02).
Wild
life
Habi
tat
Conn
ectiv
ity
Acro
ss
Euro
pean
Hi
ghw
ays.
(h
ttp:
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ww
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ples
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ross
ings
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es/c
ross
ings
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ture
s/d
ocum
ents
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life_
habi
tat_
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ectiv
ity_a
cros
s_eu
rope
an_h
ighw
ays.
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r, A.
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aya,
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nff
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life
Cros
sings
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ojec
t: In
tegr
atin
g Sc
ienc
e an
d Ed
ucat
ion
in
Rest
orin
g Po
pula
tion
Conn
ectiv
ity A
cros
s Tr
ansp
orta
tion
Corr
idor
s. P
repa
red
for
Park
s Ca
nada
Ag
ency
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even
ger,
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d Fo
rd,
A.T.
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010)
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apte
r 2.
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ildlif
e Cr
ossin
g St
ruct
ures
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ncin
g,
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ildlif
e Cr
ossin
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ruct
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urre
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es
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t/bi
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cum
ents
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spac
e-fo
r-na
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)
Euro
Nat
ur (
2010
). TE
WN
Man
ual.
Reco
mm
enda
tions
for
the
red
uctio
n of
ha
bita
t fr
agm
enta
tion
caus
ed b
y tr
ansp
ort
infr
astr
uctu
re d
evel
opm
ent.
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ur F
ound
atio
n, R
adol
fzel
l Iu
ell,
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uper
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3) W
ildlif
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d Tr
affic
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Euro
pean
Han
dboo
k fo
r Id
entif
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Co
nflic
ts
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Desig
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So
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ns.
(htt
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Safe
Pas
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Use
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To
Deve
lopi
ng E
ffect
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High
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Cro
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gs F
or C
arni
vore
s An
d O
ther
Wild
life.
(h
ttp:
//w
ww
.wild
lifec
onsu
lting
reso
urce
s.co
m/p
df/C
ar)
U.S
Dep
artm
ent o
f Tra
nspo
rtat
ion.
Fed
eral
Hig
hway
Adm
inist
ratio
n. (2
011)
. W
ildlif
e Cr
ossin
g St
ruct
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Hand
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esig
n an
d Ev
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tion
in N
orth
Am
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a.
Publ
icat
ion
No.
FH
WA-
CFL/
TD-1
1-00
3 (h
ttp:
//w
ww
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d.go
v/pr
ogra
ms/
tech
Deve
lopm
ent/
wild
life/
docu
men
ts/0
1_W
ildlif
e_Cr
ossin
g_St
ruct
ures
_Han
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f )
Van
der G
rift,
E, O
ttbu
rg, F
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Sne
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0) M
onito
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wild
life
over
pass
us
e by
am
phib
ians
: do
art
ifici
ally
mai
ntai
n hu
mid
con
ditio
ns e
nhan
ce
cros
sing
rate
s (In
: Ad
aptin
g to
cha
nge.
- R
alei
gh,
Nor
th C
arol
ina,
USA
:
18
ICO
ET, 2
010
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47) (
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ww
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enin
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r.nl/e
n/Pu
blic
atio
n-de
tails
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?pub
licat
ionI
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atio
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ay-3
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Van
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ttbu
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uwel
a, R
., Di
rkse
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11).
Mul
tiuse
O
verp
asse
s: D
oes
hum
an U
se Im
pact
The
Use
By
Wild
life.
Pro
ceed
ings
of
the
2011
Inte
rnat
iona
l Con
fere
nce
of E
colo
gy a
nd T
rans
port
atio
n. S
essio
n CN
T-5,
N
ew
Cons
ider
atio
ns
for
Habi
tat
Conn
ectiv
ity
(ICO
ET
2011
Pr
ocee
ding
s).
Van
der G
rift,
E., D
irkse
n, J.
, Ott
burg
, F.,
Pouw
els,
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2011
). Re
crea
tive
use
of e
codu
cts:
is th
at p
ossib
le?
Vakb
lad
Nat
uur B
os L
ansc
hap.
Vol
:8, I
ss:6
, 12-
15.
Deta
ils o
n M
ile E
nd G
reen
Brid
ge:
htt
p://
ww
w.c
zwg.
com
/wor
ks/g
reen
-br
idge
Deta
ils o
n Ko
otw
ijk G
reen
Brid
ge:
http
://w
ww
.iees
.ch/
cs/c
s_3.
htm
l
Deta
ils o
n La
arde
r Ho
ogt
Gree
n Br
idge
and
Nat
uurb
urg
Zeep
oort
Gre
en
Brid
ge: h
ttp:
//nl
.wik
iped
ia.o
rg/w
iki/E
codu
ct
19
20
Orig
inal
repo
rt b
y La
nd U
se C
onsu
ltant
s for
Nat
ural
Eng
land
Repo
rt a
ppro
ved
for p
ublic
atio
n as
a G
uida
nce
Not
e by
LI T
echn
ical
Com
mitt
ee N
ovem
ber 2
015
Publ
ished
und
er O
GL D
ec 2
015
with
the
perm
issio
n of
Nat
ural
Eng
land
Land
scap
e In
stitu
te
107
Gray
s Inn
Roa
d
Lond
on W
C1X
8TZ
ww
w.la
ndsc
apei
nstit
ute.
org
Docu
men
t his
tory
Ed
ited
vers
ion
for p
ublic
atio
n 21
Dec
201
5
21