nato asi applications of superconductivity loen, norway - june, 1997 cables for power systems p. m....

Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant

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Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity

Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997

Cables for Power Systems

Paul M. Grant

Electric Power Research Institute

Palo Alto, California USA


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Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Agenda

• Prelude

• Conventional Underground Transmission/Distribution Cables

• Review of Type II Superconductivity

• HTSC Wire Issues

• LTSC ac and dc Cables of the Past

• HTSC ac and dc Cables for the Future

• Closure


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Electricity & Quality of Life

Emerging

Developing

DevelopedFSUs

log [ per capita GDP ]

log

[ p

er c

apit

a E

lect

rici

ty G

ener

atio

n ]

Persian Gulf

• Electricity directly related to standard of living in most of the world

• Enormous increase in electricity usage seen for the 21st century


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Electricity & Energy Conservation

E/GNP (index: 1900=100) Electricity (%)

E/GNP ratio

Electricityfraction

Source: Electricity in the American Economy, Sam H. Schurr, et al., 1990

1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

50

40

30

20

10

150

130

110

90

70

50


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Electricity:A Life Necessity


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The Electricity Paradigm

• Generation/Storage– Fossil, Nuclear, Hydro, Chemical– “Green” (Solar, Wind, Biomass)

• Transmission/Distribution– Overhead & Underground– ac & dc

• End Use– Industrial (Motors, Thermal)– Residential (Lighting, Appliances)


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Conventional Underground Transmission/Distribution Cables


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Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Overhead Lines

• Fast and cheap

• Piggyback on telegraph rights-of-way

• High capacity


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Urban Transmissionca. 1910

• City streets jammed with poles, overhead lines

• Visual pollution, danger

• No more rights-of-way


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The Answer:Underground Cables


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Typical UtilityUnderground Feeds


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Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Undergrounding


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Line/Cable Performance Limits


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Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cable Conductors

• Wire is what is wound into a conductor

• A cable is made by packaging a conductor

• A line is what is hung from poles


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Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cable-in Conduit

• Cable installed in steel pipe (~ 8-12” dia)

• Very common in USA, ~50% in Japan

• Easy to retrofit


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Typical Cable Construction


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Elements of anHV cable

• Center conductor

• One circuit per cable

• Three cables in a conduit


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Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Manhole Structure


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High PressureOil Cooling


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Urban Utilities:ca. 1920


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Type II Superconductors


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Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 SC Phase Diagram

IrreversibilityLine

Meissner

Mixed

NormalHc2

Hc1

Mag

netic

Fie

ld

TcTemperature


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Abrikosov Vortex Lattice

H

J

FLorentz Defects (pin sites)

Lorentzforce


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Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Extrinsic Pinning

10 m 10 m

DECORATED VORTEX ARRAYS

with random heavy ion tracksclean

M. Leghissa, et al. Phys. Rev. B48, 1341 (1993)


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Fission-InducedSplay Defects

• L. Krusin-Elbaum, et al., Nature, TBP

• Proton-induced fission of Bi and Hg

• World record Hirr at 77 K in Hg-1212

• Potential for special purpose high-field magnets


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Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Vortex Matter

FLorentzMoving Vortex Lattice

(elastic flow)

(plastic flow)

(moving liquid)

H

T

HC2

HC1

TC

Normal State

Meissner State

Vortex Liquid

Mag

neti

c F

ield

Static Phase Diagram

Vortex Glass

Bose Glass

Polymer Glass

Vortex Lattice


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HTSC Wire Issues


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Progress in SC Wire Materials

1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 0

50

100

150

200T

emp

erat

ure

, T

C (K

)

Year

Low-TC

Hig

h-T

C

164 K


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Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Wire-to-Cable


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Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Malozemoff’s Law

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

J c (

kA/c

m2 a

t 77

K, 0

T)

1990 1992 199519941991 1993 1996

ASC Short RolledMultifilamentBSCCO-2223/Ag


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Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Wire C/P Specs

V = f ( I , T , B , , , A , l ) ,

w h e r e V = v o l t a g e d r o p p e r u n i t l e n g t h , I = c u r r e n t , T = t e m p e r a t u r e , B = m a g n e t i c f i e l d , = c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c o r i e n t a t i o n , = f r e q u e n c y , A = c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l a r e a , l = w i r e l e n g t h .

C / P = $ / I l = $ / l g ( V , T , B , , , A , l ) ,


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Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 JC(B,T), B||ab

0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.008.00 9.00

10.00

85

70

50200

1

2

3

4

5

6

Jc

(B,T

)/J

c(0

,77

)

B(T)

T(K)

ASC Bi-2223 OPIT TapeNormalized Jc, B||ab

85777064503520


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Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 JC(B,T), B||c

0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.009.00 10.00

2050

70

85

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Jc(B

,T)/

Jc(0

,77)

B(T)

T(K)

ASC Bi-2223 OPIT TapeNormalized Jc, B||c

20355064707785


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Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 “JE(77 K)”

COST/PERFORMANCE FOR COMMON WIRE METALS AT 15 MW/CCDISSIPATIONa

D Price JEV JE

W C/PMetal cm g/cm3 ¢/g A/cm2 A/cm2 $/kAm

Cu 2.510-7 8.92 0.20 4.00 245 7.21Al 2.410-7 2.70 0.15 4.17 250 1.66Ag 2.910-7 10.5 15.3 3.45 227 705

aPower dissipation defined as equivalent to an HTSC wire transporting 15,000 A/cm2 sustaining a voltage drop of 1V/cm, or 15 mW/cm3. JE

V is the volume equivalentcurrent density with respect to the HTSC wire, and JE

W

the power dissipation equivalent.


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LTSC ac and dc Cables of the Past


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Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Brookhaven

135 kV, 1000 MVA, 3 m

Nb3Sn, 7-9 K


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Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Los Alamos

100 kV, 50 kA, 5000 MW, 300 m

Nb3Sn, 10 K, 16 Atm


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HTSC ac and dc Cables for the Future


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Steel Pipe

SS Shield & Slider

Corrugated SS Tubes Insulation

Dielectric

HTSC TapesSS Former

LN2

LN2LN2

Vacuum

EPRI/Pirelli ac/SC/UG Cable


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Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cryo System


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Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cable Termination


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Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Tape Specs


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Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cable Specs


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Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 PMC ac Losses


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Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 PMC ac Losses

PMC #1: 4 Layers

PMC #2: 2 Layers/ Insulation/ 2 Layers


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Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Summary of Losses

Pirelli RTD CableEstimated Losses

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Dielectric Cryostat Eddy Pipe/Shield

Eddy

Cryogenic ac Hysteretic Total

Lo

ss

es

(W

/m c

ct)

ac

Hys


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Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cable Test Site #1

South Carolina Electric & Gas (SCEG)Upscale UrbanNeighborhood

Underground link:115 kV, 1.3 Miles

Only 5% Use

Study Complete: 4/97


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Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cable Test Site #2

Philadelphia Electric Company (PECO)Downtown Philly

Concrete Ducts:13 kV, 2 Miles

100 % Use

Study Complete: 5/97


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Superconductivityfor

Global Electrification

A Vision for the Future


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Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Pipes or Wires?


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Power Flow Scenarios


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Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 The Electricity Pipe!

I

-V

Ground

Structural Support

SuperconductingElectricityPipeline

ThermalInsulation

ElectricalInsulation

Superconductor(-V)

Superconductor(+V)

+VI

LiquidNitrogen

•Total Cryopower System

•Power Capacity:• 5 GW dc

•Cost: < Gas Pipe & HVDC,

> 500 Miles

nato asi applications of superconductivity loen, norway - june, 1997 cables for power systems p. m....

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