NATIONALISM: ITALY & GERMANY

Austrian Empire Weakens• Austrian Empire

• Brought together 9 ethnic groups• Prussia defeats Austria in Austro-

Prussian War gained control of N. German Confederation

• Austrian leader Francis Joseph pressured by Hungarians to divide him empire in half

• Austrian and Hungary became independent states

• Empire now called Austria-Hungary• Separated into several nation-states

after WWI

Russian Empire Weakens• Nationalism broke 370 year empire ruled by czars

• Ruled over Russians, Ukranians, Poles, Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, Finns, Jews, Romanians, Georgians, Armenians, and Turks.

• Each group had its own culture

• Russification• During Romanov dynasty• Russification- forcing Russian culture to all groups in

Russia• Attempt to strengthen control• Backfired by strengthening nationalist feelings/led to

disunification of Russia• Led to Russia’s breakdown after WWI & Communist Rev.

Ottoman Empire Weakens• Controlled by the Turks

• Ruled over Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians, and Armenians

• 1856- Ottomans grant equal citizenship to all people due to French/British pressure

• Angered the Turks• Armenian Genocide

• Massacred and deported thousands of Armenians

• Ottoman Empire broke apart after WWI

Italy’s Expansion• Camillo di Cavour

• Chosen as Sardinia’s (Italy) Prime Minister• Used alliances/diplomacy to gain control of N. Italy

• Realized that Austrian empire was roadblock for expansion

• Made and Alliance with Napoleon III (French Emperor)

• Provoked a war with Austria and France joined the fight

Garibaldi Brings Unity• Guiseppe Garibaldi

• Southern Italy• Bold/visionary soldier• Wore a bright red shirt into battle

• Him & followers known as “Red Shirts”

• Conquered/united all of Southern Italy

• Rome became capital of United Kingdom of Italy

• Vatican City- section of Rome controlled by the Pope

Uniting Germany

• Austrian Empire dominated Germany• Prussia wanted to Unify all German states

• Prussia was majority German population• Prussia’s army most powerful in Europe• Riots in Berlin (current Germany capital) forced writing of

constitution

• Otto von Bismark • Chosen as Prime Minister• Junker-conservative/wealthy land owner• Mastered realpolitik -politics of reality

German Unification

• Austria & Prussia form an alliance & fight Denmark• Alliance started by Bismark • Won two border provinces Schleswig & Holstein

• Seven Weeks War• Bismark (Prussia) stirred up border dispute w/ Austria• Prussia crushed Austria • More land for German Annexation

Franco Prussian War• 1867- few southern German states were not under Prussian control

• Bismark• Argued that a war with France would rally the south to unite

with Prussia• Expert at manufacturing incidents • Made up a lie that French ambassador insulted

Prussian King• France declared war on Prussia• Prussian army poured into France • Took France under siege- forced surrender 1871

Franco Prussian War Cont’d

• King Wilhelm I-Prussia• Crowned kaiser- emperor• Germany called their empire 2nd reich

Shift in Power• 1815 Congress of Vienna established 5 great powers

1. Great Britain

2. France

3. Austria

4. Prussia

5. Russia

• Mid 1800s- Prussia and German states unite to form Germany

• 1871- GB and Germany were most powerful economically, and militarily