Nationalism and Nationalism and Economic ExpansionEconomic Expansion

Chapter 8Chapter 8

Expanding WestwardExpanding Westward

► In 1820: one out of every four white In 1820: one out of every four white Americans lived west of the Appalachian Americans lived west of the Appalachian MountainMountain

► In 1810: one out of every seven...In 1810: one out of every seven...► SignificanceSignificance

economy: new regions into the emerging economy: new regions into the emerging capitalist systemcapitalist system

politics: policy towards new territories/states lead politics: policy towards new territories/states lead to Civil Warto Civil War

social: people of different cultures forced social: people of different cultures forced together together

► ReasonsReasons Population pressuresPopulation pressures

► 1800 population 5.3 million1800 population 5.3 million► 1820 population 9.6 million1820 population 9.6 million

Economic pressuresEconomic pressures Availability of new landsAvailability of new lands Decline of Indian resistanceDecline of Indian resistance

► AreasAreas Textile Mills in the NorthTextile Mills in the North Cotton in the SouthCotton in the South Fur Trapping in the WestFur Trapping in the West

► TransportationTransportation CanalsCanals RoadsRoads

Political and Social ShiftsPolitical and Social Shifts► Era of Good Feelings Era of Good Feelings

The 3 P’s (Peace, Prosperity and The 3 P’s (Peace, Prosperity and Pride)Pride)

Post War of 1812 Post War of 1812 Nationalism growthNationalism growth

► expansion of economyexpansion of economy► growth of white settlement and trade growth of white settlement and trade

in the Westin the West► creation of new statescreation of new states

► Little party disagreementLittle party disagreement► James Monroe - Presidency for two James Monroe - Presidency for two

terms in 1817terms in 1817 ExperienceExperience

► Revolution soldierRevolution soldier► DiplomatDiplomat► Secretary of State Secretary of State

TactTact► went out of his way to include North went out of his way to include North

and Southand South► goodwill tour goodwill tour ► re-electionre-election

► Foreign affairs Foreign affairs Part I: FloridaPart I: Florida

Secretary of State: Secretary of State: John Quincy AdamsJohn Quincy Adams► experienceexperience

son of former son of former presidentpresident

spent time as a US spent time as a US diplomat in four diplomat in four different countriesdifferent countries

Treaty of GhentTreaty of Ghent► goal: expansion (i.e. goal: expansion (i.e.

Florida)Florida) US had already US had already

annexed W. Floridaannexed W. Florida negotiations with negotiations with

Spanish Prime Spanish Prime Minister in 1817Minister in 1817

► Florida (continued)Florida (continued) Andrew JacksonAndrew Jackson

► Secretary of War John Secretary of War John Calhoun “adopt Calhoun “adopt necessary measures” necessary measures” to stop Seminole to stop Seminole IndiansIndians

► invades Florida in 1818invades Florida in 1818► seizes Spanish Fortsseizes Spanish Forts

Washington’s Washington’s ResponseResponse► JQA urged gov. to JQA urged gov. to

assume complete assume complete responsibilityresponsibility

► US accuses Spain US accuses Spain unwilling to curb threat unwilling to curb threat

Adams-Onis Treaty Adams-Onis Treaty 18191819► United States gives up United States gives up

TexasTexas► Spain gives up all of Spain gives up all of

Florida and claims in Florida and claims in the Pacific Northwestthe Pacific Northwest

► Panic of 1819 Panic of 1819 Napoleon againNapoleon again

► disruption in European agriculturedisruption in European agriculture► high demand for US farm goodshigh demand for US farm goods

Land prices go up in the WestLand prices go up in the West► gov’t established price of $2 an acregov’t established price of $2 an acre► some land in Mississippi $100 an acresome land in Mississippi $100 an acre

Buy now, pay laterBuy now, pay later► easy credit made available to settlerseasy credit made available to settlers► land boomland boom

► PaybackPayback► 1819 new management at the 1819 new management at the

national bank began tightening creditnational bank began tightening credit► loans called in / mortgages foreclosedloans called in / mortgages foreclosed► many banks could not meet the many banks could not meet the

demand and closeddemand and closed► financial panicfinancial panic

► ResultsResults DepressionDepression

► six years six years ► manufactured and agriculture goods manufactured and agriculture goods

fall in pricefall in price DebateDebate

► Land expansionLand expansion► The Bank of the United StatesThe Bank of the United States

The Marshall CourtThe Marshall Court► Key SC Cases increase the power of the Key SC Cases increase the power of the

Federal govt.Federal govt.► Fletcher v. PeckFletcher v. Peck (1810) = Contract clause of (1810) = Contract clause of

Constitution (supremacy clause)Constitution (supremacy clause)►Dartmouth College v. WoodwardDartmouth College v. Woodward (1816) = (1816) =

protected sanctity of contracts, and thus protected sanctity of contracts, and thus corporations. (pro-market economy)corporations. (pro-market economy)

►McCullough v. MarylandMcCullough v. Maryland (1819) = implied (1819) = implied powers or the elastic clause protected the powers or the elastic clause protected the BUS! BUS! JM = “The power to tax, involves the power to JM = “The power to tax, involves the power to

destroy.”destroy.”►Gibbons v. OgdenGibbons v. Ogden (1824) = supremacy (1824) = supremacy

clause of Federal power – states can’t take clause of Federal power – states can’t take over rights like commerce.over rights like commerce.

► Missouri CompromiseMissouri Compromise Missouri applies for statehood in 1819Missouri applies for statehood in 1819 HistoryHistory

► French and Spanish inhabitants own slavesFrench and Spanish inhabitants own slaves► US promises in Louisiana purchase to protect the human propertyUS promises in Louisiana purchase to protect the human property► by 1819 approximately 60,000 people 10,000 were slavesby 1819 approximately 60,000 people 10,000 were slaves

Tallmadge AmendmentTallmadge Amendment► importation of slaves not to be allowed into Missouri (already 16%)importation of slaves not to be allowed into Missouri (already 16%)► gradual emancipation of slaves already there (when they reach 25)gradual emancipation of slaves already there (when they reach 25)► sparked a two year controversy in Congresssparked a two year controversy in Congress

► Missouri Compromise cont’dMissouri Compromise cont’d Separation (Debate is really over political Separation (Debate is really over political

power)!power)!► At the time there is a balanced number of At the time there is a balanced number of

slave and free statesslave and free states► Anti-Slavery supportersAnti-Slavery supporters

Manumission SocietyManumission Society QuakersQuakers De Witt Clinton RepublicansDe Witt Clinton Republicans FederalistsFederalists free labor systemfree labor system

► ““Southern Rule” and “Virginia Influence” Southern Rule” and “Virginia Influence” (slave supporters)(slave supporters) plantation systemplantation system

Weak solutionWeak solution►state entry in even pairs (one non slavery state entry in even pairs (one non slavery

state / one state with slavery)state / one state with slavery)►Thomas Amendment (or proviso): slavery Thomas Amendment (or proviso): slavery

prohibited in the rest of the Louisiana prohibited in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase territory North of the southern Purchase territory North of the southern boundary of Missouri. (36’30 dividing line) boundary of Missouri. (36’30 dividing line) means that Ark. and Ok. Open to slavery in means that Ark. and Ok. Open to slavery in future, but the other territory (to be 9 states future, but the other territory (to be 9 states would not allow the expansion of slavery)would not allow the expansion of slavery)

►Maine-Missouri Bill guided through the house Maine-Missouri Bill guided through the house by Henry Clayby Henry Clay

Presidential reactionsPresidential reactions

► T. Jefferson – “A geographical line, coinciding T. Jefferson – “A geographical line, coinciding with a marked principle moral and political, with a marked principle moral and political, once conceived and held up to the angry once conceived and held up to the angry passions of men, will never be obliterated; passions of men, will never be obliterated; every new irritation will mark it deeper and every new irritation will mark it deeper and deeper…. This momentous question, like a deeper…. This momentous question, like a fire-bell in the night, awakened and filled me fire-bell in the night, awakened and filled me with terror. I considered it at once the knell with terror. I considered it at once the knell of the Union. It is hushed indeed, for the of the Union. It is hushed indeed, for the moment. But this is a reprieve only, not a moment. But this is a reprieve only, not a final sentence.”final sentence.”

► Foreign Affairs Part II: Monroe DoctrineForeign Affairs Part II: Monroe Doctrine An entire continent of Spanish Empire An entire continent of Spanish Empire

strugglingstruggling Many believed that success of anti-Many believed that success of anti-

Spanish revolutions would strengthen US Spanish revolutions would strengthen US standing in regionstanding in region

1815 claimed neutrality, but sold 1815 claimed neutrality, but sold revolutionaries suppliesrevolutionaries supplies

1822 Recognition of five new countries:1822 Recognition of five new countries:► La Plata (Argentina)La Plata (Argentina)► ChileChile► PeruPeru► ColumbiaColumbia► MexicoMexico

► 1823 Monroe Doctrine States:1823 Monroe Doctrine States: ““The American continents... are henceforth not to The American continents... are henceforth not to

be considered as subjects for future colonization be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.”by any European powers.”

-and--and-

““Our policy in regard to Europe... is not to interfere Our policy in regard to Europe... is not to interfere in the internal concerns of any of its powers.”in the internal concerns of any of its powers.”

► Significance Significance Becomes the foundation of American Foreign Becomes the foundation of American Foreign

PolicyPolicy► Why?Why?

foreign reasonsforeign reasons► European “concert” puts royalty back in SpainEuropean “concert” puts royalty back in Spain► feared Euro allies might try to regain territory in Americafeared Euro allies might try to regain territory in America

domestic reasonsdomestic reasons► use national pride to heal depressionuse national pride to heal depression► divert nation from sectional politicsdivert nation from sectional politics► increase popular interest in an lack-luster administration increase popular interest in an lack-luster administration

► Election of 1824: End of the Virginia dynastyElection of 1824: End of the Virginia dynasty Candidates (All of them are Democratic-Candidates (All of them are Democratic-

Republicans)Republicans)► William H. Crawford, Georgia (41)William H. Crawford, Georgia (41)

secretary of the treasurysecretary of the treasury states rightsstates rights suffering from a paralyzing diseasesuffering from a paralyzing disease Old-line Republican (small government)Old-line Republican (small government)

► Henry Clay, Kentucky (37)Henry Clay, Kentucky (37) Speaker of the HouseSpeaker of the House Part of the War Hawks from the War of 1812 (Westerner)Part of the War Hawks from the War of 1812 (Westerner) Very closed aligned with AdamsVery closed aligned with Adams

► John Quincy Adams, Massachusetts (84)John Quincy Adams, Massachusetts (84) Secretary of StateSecretary of State Son of a Federalist president (John Adams – 2Son of a Federalist president (John Adams – 2ndnd president) president) Represented the northeast (high protective tariff)Represented the northeast (high protective tariff) Leading contenderLeading contender

► Andrew Jackson, Tennessee (99)Andrew Jackson, Tennessee (99) 1812 War Hero1812 War Hero US Senator, but no serious political recordUS Senator, but no serious political record

► John Calhoun, South Carolina ???John Calhoun, South Carolina ??? Had aspirations, but dropped out before the electionHad aspirations, but dropped out before the election Hope of winning the Vice Presidency!Hope of winning the Vice Presidency!

Henry Clay John Quincy Adams

Andrew JacksonWilliam CrawfordJohn Calhoun

Election of 1824Election of 1824

► CandidateCandidate Electoral Vote Electoral Vote Popular Vote Popular Vote

► PresidentialPresidential► John Quincy Adams (MA)John Quincy Adams (MA) 8484 115,696115,696► Henry Clay (KY)Henry Clay (KY) 3737 47,13647,136► Andrew Jackson (TN)Andrew Jackson (TN) 9999 152,933152,933► William H. Crawford (GA)William H. Crawford (GA) 4141 46,97946,979

► Vice PresidentialVice Presidential► John C. Calhoun (SC)John C. Calhoun (SC) 182182► Nathan Sanford (NY)Nathan Sanford (NY) 3030► Nathaniel Macon (NC)Nathaniel Macon (NC) 2424► Andrew Jackson (TN)Andrew Jackson (TN) 1313► Martin Van Buren (NY)Martin Van Buren (NY) 99► Henry Clay (KY)Henry Clay (KY) 22► Votes not castVotes not cast 11

►The The Twelfth AmendmentTwelfth Amendment (adopted in (adopted in 1804 following the disputed 1804 following the disputed Election of 1800Election of 1800) provided that ) provided that elections in which no candidate elections in which no candidate received a majority should be decided received a majority should be decided by the House of Representatives from by the House of Representatives from among the top three candidates. Clay among the top three candidates. Clay was out of contention and Crawford was out of contention and Crawford was an unlikely prospect because of a was an unlikely prospect because of a serious illness.serious illness.

► Jackson clearly expected to win, figuring Jackson clearly expected to win, figuring that the House would act to confirm his that the House would act to confirm his strong showing. However, Clay, as Speaker strong showing. However, Clay, as Speaker of the House, used his influence to sway the of the House, used his influence to sway the vote to Adams. Although they were not vote to Adams. Although they were not close, Clay knew that he and Adams shared close, Clay knew that he and Adams shared a common political philosophy; Clay also a common political philosophy; Clay also knew that Jackson was an avowed opponent knew that Jackson was an avowed opponent of the of the Bank of the United StatesBank of the United States, a vital , a vital component of the component of the American SystemAmerican System. Clay . Clay also was not interested in doing anything to also was not interested in doing anything to further the career of the hero of further the career of the hero of New OrleansNew Orleans, his main rival in the West., his main rival in the West.

► Adams prevailed on the first ballot in the Adams prevailed on the first ballot in the House of Representatives and became the House of Representatives and became the nation's sixth president. His subsequent nation's sixth president. His subsequent appointment of Henry Clay as Secretary of appointment of Henry Clay as Secretary of State led to angry charges of a "State led to angry charges of a "corrupt bargaincorrupt bargain."."

Jackson received a plurality, but not a Jackson received a plurality, but not a majority, thus a run off (in the H of R)majority, thus a run off (in the H of R)

Clay and Adams make a dealClay and Adams make a deal Clay tells his supporters to vote for AdamsClay tells his supporters to vote for Adams Adams winsAdams wins Deal became known as the “Corrupt Deal became known as the “Corrupt

Bargain” and would haunt the political Bargain” and would haunt the political careers of both Adams and Claycareers of both Adams and Clay

► John Quincy Adams PresidencyJohn Quincy Adams Presidency Creative ideas for agriculture, commerce + Creative ideas for agriculture, commerce +

arts blocked by Jackson supportersarts blocked by Jackson supporters Panama Conference 1826Panama Conference 1826 Cherokee Indians vs. The State of GeorgiaCherokee Indians vs. The State of Georgia ““tariff of abominations”tariff of abominations”

► Jackson’s Revenge: Election of 1828Jackson’s Revenge: Election of 1828 Ugly electionUgly election Jackson accuses Adams of:Jackson accuses Adams of:

►supporting the “economic aristocracy”supporting the “economic aristocracy”►gross waste and extravagancegross waste and extravagance►using American women as bribes to foreign using American women as bribes to foreign

leadersleaders

Adams accuses Jackson of:Adams accuses Jackson of:►killing American soldiers in cold bloodkilling American soldiers in cold blood►being and adulterer (Jackson’s wife fainted and being and adulterer (Jackson’s wife fainted and

died shortly after the election upon reading the died shortly after the election upon reading the propaganda)propaganda)

Jackson wins decisivelyJackson wins decisively ““Era of The Common Man”Era of The Common Man”