Water andSanitationProgram

An internationalpartnership to helpthe poor gain sustainedaccess to improvedwater supply andsanitation services

Proceedings

National Workshop on

Microfinance forInfrastructure: RecentExperiencesAugust 31, 2000

South Asia Region

Gujarat MahilaHousing SEWA Trust

Organized byWater and SanitationProgram-South Asia

&Gujarat Mahila

Housing SEWA Trust

In association withHousing DevelopmentFinance Corporation

LimitedLimitedLimitedLimitedLimited

Department forI n t e r n a t i o n a lD e v e l o p m e n tDFID

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The World Bank does not accept responsibilityfor the views expressed herein, which are those ofthe authors, and should not be attributed to the Worldbank or its affiliated organisations. The designationsemployed and the presentation of the material aresolely for the convenience of the reader and do notimply the expression of any legal opinion what soever on the part of the World Bank or its affiliatesconcerning the legal status of any country, territory,city, area, or its authorities, or concerning thedelimitations of its boundaries or national affliations.

Information from Water and Sanitation Programpublications may be freely reproduced. Properacknowledgement will be appreciated.

Introduction

The growing number of slumsin Indian cities are characterizedby low levels of access to safe

drinking water and inadequate orcomplete absence of sani tat ionservices. State-mandated service pro-vision for community infrastructure hasby and large failed � the sector isplagued by problems such as inad-equate coverage, investments ininappropriate facilities and poor main-tenance of the available services. Thesuccessful provision of communityinfrastructure, including water andsanitation services to the urban poor,is a growing challenge.

The active participation of consum-ers in financing infrastructure is widelyrecognized as a key component of long-term sustainability of services. For thepoor, an increased financial stake canguarantee improved delivery andoperation of services. To facilitate suchfinancial participation, poor communi-ties often use small-scale credit services.There is enough evidence on the groundabout the enormous potential ofmicrocredit in improving service deliv-ery at the lowest income levels.

Considerable interventions in ser-vice delivery have been made in a num-ber of cities using these principles at theindividual settlement level. However,scaling up these efforts to bring them tocity levels has proved to be difficult. Ittherefore becomes important to identifythe constraints in unleashing the fullpotential of this intervention and toexplore the best modalities of partner-ships in order to effect improvements inurban infrastructure.

In response to these trends, theWater and Sanitation Program-SouthAsia (WSP-SA) and Gujarat MahilaHousing SEWA Trust (MHT) jointly orga-nized a workshop on Microfinance for Microfinance for Microfinance for Microfinance for Microfinance forInfrastructure: Recent Experiences,Infrastructure: Recent Experiences,Infrastructure: Recent Experiences,Infrastructure: Recent Experiences,Infrastructure: Recent Experiences, onAugust 31 2000, in New Delhi, India.Over 90 delegates from India, Pakistan

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and Bangladesh, including representa-tives of the international aid agencies,housing finance institutions, micro-finance institutions, government andNGOs participated in this workshop.

The workshop is part of a joint on-going effort by WSP-SA and MHT,Ahmedabad, to highlight the role ofmicrofinance institutions in providinginfrastructure credit and services to theinformal sector. It builds on the nationallevel study titled �Credit Connections:Meeting the Infrastructure Needs of theInformal Sector through Microfinance inUrban India� conducted by WSP-SA andMHT in 1999 and is a follow-up to theworkshop on �Housing Finance forWomen in the Informal Sector� held inMarch 1999.1

The workshop was divided into fivesessions. Sessions two and five werebrainstorming sessions during which theparticipants, who were divided into vari-ous groups, discussed exciting develop-ments and identified sector gaps ininfrastructure investments. Presentationson the recent/proposed initiatives onmicrocredit and community infrastruc-ture were made during sessions oneand three. The Microfinance Training

1 Mahila Housing SEWA Trust, Ahmedabad in partnership with the Housing and Urban Development Corporation and WSP-SA organized the workshop in New Delhiin March 1999. The objective of the workshop was to highlight the housing and infrastructural needs of women in the informal sector and to chart out strategies todeliver affordable housing to them.

OBJECTIVES

The main objectives of the work-shop were:

w To share current experiencesthat highlight the growingsector of microfinance ininfrastructure.

w To identify sector gaps andchallenges to effective commu-nity infrastructure investments.

w To explore appropriate stepsfor capacity building, includingthe imparting of training tomicrofinance institutions/NGOs for facilitating access toinfrastructure credit.

Module prepared by MHT and WSP-SAwas presented during session four.

This document records the proceed-ings of the workshop. It is divided intotwo parts. Section I summarizes thepresentations made during sessionsone, three and four. (See Annexure 1for the Agenda.) Section II documentsthe Action Plan and other issues high-lighted during group sessions.

WelcomeAddressRenana Jhabvala,Executive Trustee, MahilaHousing SEWA Trust

Renanaben s tated that th isworkshop would take up theissues highlighted in the last work-

shop on �Housing Finance for PoorWomen in the Informal Sector� held in1999. Follow-up action to the previ-ous workshop included the setting upof a National Task Force on HousingFinance, and an internal workinggroup within the Housing and UrbanDevelopment Corporation to stream-line guidelines and procedures forproviding housing finance to NGOs/microfinance institutions, as also thecompilation of a national microfinanceinstitutions� database with details ofover 100 microfinance institutionsproviding housing microfinance tothe poor.

Self-employed women needeconomic security, social protection, anda voice to organize them, in order tocombat poverty. Crucially, these womenneed housing and infrastructure includ-ing a pucca dwelling, and associatedfacilities such as water, drainage, elec-tricity and sewage connections, toiletsand street lighting. There is a directcorrelation between better housing andinfrastructure facilities, on the one hand,and increased income levels, improvedhealth and decrease in poverty, on the

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other. Microfinance is one of the keytools for effecting these improvementsin the status of the poor.

In the current environment,infrastructural investments should focuson community infrastructure, resourceflow and institution building at thegrassroots level, and the promotion ofeconomic organizations in the �people�ssector�, which work on the basis ofmutual co-operation.

WelcomeAddressJunaid Kamal Ahmad,Regional Manager,WSP-SA

Three fundamental changeshave taken place globally whichaffect how we think about invest-

ments in infrastructure. Firstly, the eraof large-scale public provision of infra-structure is on its way out: both theprivate sector and the community nowhave an increasing role to play. Sec-ondly, the institutional revolution ush-ered in by these changes has highlightedthe importance of two crucial actors,the community and women. Theexamples of Self Employed Women�sAssociation (SEWA), Society For Promo-tion Of Area Resource Centre (SPARC)and Baroda Citizen�s Council (BCC)show that service provision can nolonger be confined to the private sectorbut that the communities too can beorganized to deliver equally well. Gen-der constitutes another important part

�In todayIn todayIn todayIn todayIn today�s globalized world,�s globalized world,�s globalized world,�s globalized world,�s globalized world,where decisions taken in Wwhere decisions taken in Wwhere decisions taken in Wwhere decisions taken in Wwhere decisions taken in Wash-ash-ash-ash-ash-ington affect the furthest villageington affect the furthest villageington affect the furthest villageington affect the furthest villageington affect the furthest villagein Kin Kin Kin Kin Kutch, we would like it to be autch, we would like it to be autch, we would like it to be autch, we would like it to be autch, we would like it to be atwotwotwotwotwo-way process, where what-way process, where what-way process, where what-way process, where what-way process, where whathappens in Ahmedabad, Khappens in Ahmedabad, Khappens in Ahmedabad, Khappens in Ahmedabad, Khappens in Ahmedabad, Kanpuranpuranpuranpuranpurand Chennai [would also] affectand Chennai [would also] affectand Chennai [would also] affectand Chennai [would also] affectand Chennai [would also] affectglobal decisions.�global decisions.�global decisions.�global decisions.�global decisions.�

of this process of change � it matters ifthe person managing the service is aman or a woman. The third importantdevelopment is the �revolution of decen-tralization�, which is aiding the transi-tion from large infrastructure projects tocommunity-driven investment programs.

The workshop should addressimportant issues such as the institution-alization of the community delivery

�����The challenge today is to main-The challenge today is to main-The challenge today is to main-The challenge today is to main-The challenge today is to main-stream the �islands of revolutionstream the �islands of revolutionstream the �islands of revolutionstream the �islands of revolutionstream the �islands of revolution������ to institutionalize theseto institutionalize theseto institutionalize theseto institutionalize theseto institutionalize thesemodes of delivery�.Our role asmodes of delivery�.Our role asmodes of delivery�.Our role asmodes of delivery�.Our role asmodes of delivery�.Our role asa development organization isa development organization isa development organization isa development organization isa development organization isto support the local actors toto support the local actors toto support the local actors toto support the local actors toto support the local actors tobring [about] this change.�bring [about] this change.�bring [about] this change.�bring [about] this change.�bring [about] this change.�

building highways, bridges, dams,power and solid waste managementplants, among others; but it is only atthe community level that infrastructuralprograms such as sanitation, street light-ing, or rural electrification can be takenup successfully. Back-up support is thusessential to ensure the community�s col-lective action and value-addition to aparticular project, which in turn willstrengthen the infrastructure sector.

Ms Bhatt emphasized the need forcontinuous monitoring of investments ininfrastructure to ensure the latter�s opti-mal utilization, and for capacity build-ing at various levels including thecommunity, public sector municipalities,government agencies, and microfinanceand technical institutions, to maximizethe scope and achievement potential ofinfrastructural projects.

systems; linkages between the financialworld and microfinance institutions in amutually supportive partnership; institu-tionalization of risk insurance; andavoidance of institutional monopolies.Solutions should reflect the local envi-ronment rather than being �global�.Policy reforms are needed in the sectorbut formalization of the informal sectorcarries its own risks and should betreated cautiously. Mr Ahmad welcomedthe participants and said that he lookedforward to the recommendations ofthis workshop.

KeynoteAddressEla Bhatt, Founder, SelfEmployed Women�sAssociation, Ahmedabad

Elaben highlighted the need forcapital ownership or asset creationat both the household and commu-

nity levels, which alone can facilitate thedevelopment of an efficient infrastruc-ture in a user-friendly and demand-responsive manner. For the government,infrastructure implies large projects for

� � � � �A healthy microfinance sectorA healthy microfinance sectorA healthy microfinance sectorA healthy microfinance sectorA healthy microfinance sectorleads to a healthy finance sec-leads to a healthy finance sec-leads to a healthy finance sec-leads to a healthy finance sec-leads to a healthy finance sec-tor in general. This mutual linktor in general. This mutual linktor in general. This mutual linktor in general. This mutual linktor in general. This mutual linkhas to be established by thehas to be established by thehas to be established by thehas to be established by thehas to be established by themicrofinance institutions/NGOsmicrofinance institutions/NGOsmicrofinance institutions/NGOsmicrofinance institutions/NGOsmicrofinance institutions/NGOsand realized by the policyand realized by the policyand realized by the policyand realized by the policyand realized by the policy-----makers....There is very directmakers....There is very directmakers....There is very directmakers....There is very directmakers....There is very directinvolvement of women in theinvolvement of women in theinvolvement of women in theinvolvement of women in theinvolvement of women in theareas of infrastructure....Inareas of infrastructure....Inareas of infrastructure....Inareas of infrastructure....Inareas of infrastructure....InAhmedabad, women have borAhmedabad, women have borAhmedabad, women have borAhmedabad, women have borAhmedabad, women have bor-----rowed from SEWrowed from SEWrowed from SEWrowed from SEWrowed from SEWA Bank forA Bank forA Bank forA Bank forA Bank forbetter living conditions, takenbetter living conditions, takenbetter living conditions, takenbetter living conditions, takenbetter living conditions, takenloans for internal paved roadsloans for internal paved roadsloans for internal paved roadsloans for internal paved roadsloans for internal paved roadsto their slums, sewerage connec-to their slums, sewerage connec-to their slums, sewerage connec-to their slums, sewerage connec-to their slums, sewerage connec-tion, storm water drainage,tion, storm water drainage,tion, storm water drainage,tion, storm water drainage,tion, storm water drainage,toilets, street lightingtoilets, street lightingtoilets, street lightingtoilets, street lightingtoilets, street lighting, [and] solid, [and] solid, [and] solid, [and] solid, [and] solidwaste disposal. These womenwaste disposal. These womenwaste disposal. These womenwaste disposal. These womenwaste disposal. These women�s�s�s�s�sresident associations have negoresident associations have negoresident associations have negoresident associations have negoresident associations have nego-----tiated with the Ahmedabadtiated with the Ahmedabadtiated with the Ahmedabadtiated with the Ahmedabadtiated with the AhmedabadMunicipal Corporation for theirMunicipal Corporation for theirMunicipal Corporation for theirMunicipal Corporation for theirMunicipal Corporation for theircontribution and on land tenure.contribution and on land tenure.contribution and on land tenure.contribution and on land tenure.contribution and on land tenure.It is the microfinance services ofIt is the microfinance services ofIt is the microfinance services ofIt is the microfinance services ofIt is the microfinance services ofsavings, credit and insurancesavings, credit and insurancesavings, credit and insurancesavings, credit and insurancesavings, credit and insurancethat are bringing transformationthat are bringing transformationthat are bringing transformationthat are bringing transformationthat are bringing transformationin the city and its citizens: fromin the city and its citizens: fromin the city and its citizens: fromin the city and its citizens: fromin the city and its citizens: frombeing mute victims to active andbeing mute victims to active andbeing mute victims to active andbeing mute victims to active andbeing mute victims to active andresponsible citizens.�responsible citizens.�responsible citizens.�responsible citizens.�responsible citizens.�

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Section IRecent/Proposed

Initiatives on FinancingCommunity Infrastructure

Credit Connections:Meeting theInfrastructure Needs ofthe Informal Sectorthrough Microfinance inUrban IndiaJayashree Vyas,Managing Director,SEWA Bank

Ms Jayshree Vyas presentedCredit Connections, a study onmicrocredit provision in urban

India conducted by MHT, Ahmedabadin partnership with the WSP-SA. Theobjective of the study was to identify anddocument the activities of four urbanmicrofinance institutions providing creditfor infrastructure, including water andsanitation services, in the informal sec-tor. The study highlighted the enormouspotential of microcredit in improving ser-vice delivery at the lowest incomelevels. The microcredit institutionsselected for this study were: SEWA,Ahmedabad; Baroda Citizen�s Council,Baroda; Mahila Milan, Mumbai; and SriPadmavathy Mahila AbhyudayaSangam, Tirupati.

The methodology of the studyincluded a desk-based review of second-ary literature; field survey with a struc-tured questionnaire given to each of thefour microfinance institutions, andformal discussions with governmentofficials, bilaterals, donors, and main-stream housing finance and micro-finance institutions. An integral compo-nent of this study is the Action Research� a detailed report documenting aprototype �housing/infrastructure loan�

system for microfinance institutions.There are four broad types of

microfinance institutions operating inIndia: bankers, traditional NGOs, evolv-ing community-based financial institu-tions and mainstream community-basedfinance institutions. Each type ofmicrofinance institution responds todifferent conditions in the communityand needs to be supported in a differ-ent way. Credit Connections clearlydemonstrates the direct relationshipbetween investments in housing andinfrastructure and the incomes of thetarget families and provides documen-tary evidence to convince policy-makersthat the sector is viable.

Community Empower-ment � Microfinance forInfrastructureK. Rajeswara Rao,Managing Director, AndhraPradesh Urban Finance &Infrastructure DevelopmentCorporation Limited,Hyderabad

In Andhra Pradesh, theDepartment of Municipal Adminis-tration has taken an initiative to

enable the urban local bodies to entrustsome of their basic functions involvingcommunity contracts to women groupsformed under schemes such asthe Swarna Jayanti Shahari RozgarYojna (SJSRY)2 .

Under this scheme, women groupsare entrusted with the task of ensuringsanitation, solid waste management,and hygiene of specified areas. They arepaid an honorarium for their services,

and provided with basic support mecha-nisms in the form of subsidized loansfrom financial institutions, for executingtheir task. Women groups themselvesselect the works, prioritize their needsand then execute the projects. Adminis-trative approval for the works is grantedby Municipal Councils, with technicalapproval from the Public Health Engi-neering Department. Women groupsare imparted training in engineeringskills and financial management, amongother things. Fifteen per cent of the projectcost is given as an advance and thesavings generated by giving the work tocommunity-based organizations form thecapital of the women groups, to be usedfor microcredit interventions.

For the projects which have so farbeen undertaken as part of this scheme,the women were selected from the poorareas and slums. More often than not,they were illiterate women from thescheduled and backward classes, livingin distressed conditions, with an aver-age family size of six members.

Today, there are 26 urban localbodies in Andhra Pradesh which haveorganized 74 women groups andsuccessfully maintained public sanitationin their allocated areas. Fifty morewomen groups from different civic bod-ies are very keen to undertake commu-nity sanitation. Work worth about Rs 84crore has been earmarked to be under-taken as part of the community contractsystem, out of which work worth aboutRs 18 crore is already in progress.

There are, however, three major ob-stacles in implementing this scheme: psy-chological, political and economic. Thefirst impediment is the lack of confidenceamong the women to undertake this

2 Launched in 1997, this GOI employment program had two main components � self-employment and wage employment. For both the components, actual activitiesare identified through community groups and poor women. Besides access to credit, SJSRY also incorporates a component for training women and elected leaders.

project. The second factor pertains to thethreat and pressure of the local contrac-tor, who is often hand-in-glove with thelocal politician. And, finally, it is the fearof failure, which often deters the womenfrom executing the project. The womengroups also harbor doubts that if theywere to fail in successfully implementingthe project, they would be denied eventhe low wages that they were getting ear-lier. None of these obstacles is insur-mountable and the Municipal Commis-sioners have worked hard to counterthese pressures and instil self-confidencein the women groups.

The benefits of the scheme aremanifold. Firstly, its implementation hasresulted in clean roads and improvedsanitation. The garbage is clearedevery day, sometimes more than once aday, and there is a feeling of commu-nity ownership. In monetary terms, theschemes foster employment and assetcreation, besides helping to increasefamily savings and incomes of thecommunities. Each member of the teamgets a minimum daily wage of Rs 50,which is almost twice the wages that theywere getting earlier. In some cases, themembers have also doubled their fam-ily incomes. In one case, the municipal-ity even started a thrift society for themembers so that they could save fromtheir increased monthly incomes andtake loans. Community empowermentthus translated into better quality ofassets, optimal utilization of high qual-ity and adequate construction material,higher mutual interaction and betterunderstanding among the womengroups, as also the enhancement of boththeir social status and monthly savings.

The biggest gains of these schemes

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therefore accrue to the target communitythrough the women groups, who are involvedin the projects from conception to imple-mentation. These groups gain self-confi-dence through the process and acquirerelevant skills in construction, engineering,material and financial management. Thefact that about 26 urban local bodies havealready initiated the process to implementthe program within the first year indicatesthat the scheme is replicable.

The Asian DevelopmentBank and Microcredit forInfrastructureJames P. Lynch, UrbanDevelopment Specialist,Water Supply, and HousingDivision, AsianDevelopment Bank

The number of projects under-taken and the total amount of loansdisbursed for microfinance have

increased since Asian Development Bank�sfirst project was approved in 1988. Inrecent years, lending operations of theBank have supported a wide array ofinstitutions, going beyond credit servicesto promote voluntary savings on a limitedscale, emphasizing market-oriented inter-est rates, and according greater impor-tance to financial viability.

The goal of Asian DevelopmentBank�s microfinance strategy is toensure access to institutional financialservices for a majority of poor andlow-income households and their micro-enterprises.3 The objective is to supportthe development of sustainablemicrofinance systems that can providediverse services of high quality. The strat-

egy therefore focuses on:w Creating a policy environment con-

ducive for providing microfinance.w Developing financial infrastructure.w Building viable institutions.w Supporting pro-poor innovations

and social intermediation.

ADB�s Urban andEnvironmentalInfrastructure FacilityProject and the TechnicalAssistance Grant

This project aims at assisting theGovernment of India in developingurban and environmental infra-

structure, to meet the basic humanneeds and improve the quality of life ofurban residents. The project is structuredto meet this objective through:w Long-term funding for financingcommercially viable urban and environ-mental infrastructure projects. Fundingcan be channelled through the threeborrowing financial institutions andreform-oriented municipal bodies,private sector project sponsors, ormicrofinance institutions.w Technical Assistance to support theintegration of microfinance with urbanand environmental infrastructuredevelopment.

The Bank�s loans will be utilized forthe following types of sub-projects:water and sanitation, drainage andsewerage, solid waste management,area development including slumupgradation, industrial waste manage-ment and air pollution control;construction of streets, bridges andpublic transport systems and terminals;market development; and enhancementof the financial and managerial capac-ity of urban local bodies.

A total sum of $200 million will beallocated to the three borrowers: Hous-ing and Development Corporation Lim-ited ($90 million), ICICI Limited ($80million) and Infrastructure Development

3 For more information on Asian Development Bank�s microfinance development strategy, see Finance for the Poor: Microfinance Development Strategy, AsianDevelopment Bank, May 2000.

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Finance Company Limited ($30 million).The loan will be for a 20-year period,inclusive of a five-year grace period.

A Technical Assistance (TA) grantequivalent to $500,000 will be providedto assist in the integration of micro-finance with mainstream urban andenvironmental infrastructure develop-ment. Housing and DevelopmentCorporation Limited will act as theexecuting agency.

The major components of the TA are:w Integrating microfinance institutionsin urban and environmental infrastruc-ture development.w Capacity building for microfinanceinstitutions for urban infrastructurefinancing.w Pilot projects.w Training, workshops and equipments.

The implementation of the Techni-cal Assistance grant commenced in May2000 and is expected to be completedby April 2002.

ADB�s Housing FinanceProject - II

The project aims to improve theefficiency of the housing financesector so that it can better serve the

housing needs of low-income house-holds. The project will develop a system-atic and sustainable process wherebyfinancing is made available from for-mal housing finance institutions throughfinancial intermediaries such as commu-nity-based finance institutions andNGOs to assure effective and efficientdelivery of market-based housingfinance to low-income households.All of the beneficiaries will be low-income households.

Loans of $100 million will be givento Housing and Urban DevelopmentCorporation Limited, $80 million toHousing Development Finance Corpo-ration Limited, $80 million to ICICI Lim-ited, $40 million to National HousingBoard, totalling $300 million with aterm of 25 years, including a grace

The three major components ofICIP are:

w SubSubSubSubSub-project management and-project management and-project management and-project management and-project management andcapacity building: capacity building: capacity building: capacity building: capacity building: to cover the costsof services for managing sub-projectsthrough community participation indesigning and implementing commu-nity infrastructure plans (CIPs) and tomeet the costs of capacity buildingsupport. A Community Support Fund(CSF) is proposed to fund these sup-port activities during project imple-mentation, but it will not financeactual infrastructure investments. Itsdetailed structure, capitalization andinstitutional arrangements will bedeveloped during project preparation.

Most of the initial CIPs are expectedto be prepared during the project prepa-ration phase itself to create an adequatedevelopment of pipeline sub-projects, sothat they may be taken up for fundingby financial intermediaries (under thesecond project component) immediatelyafter project effectiveness. Costs ofdeveloping these will be met fromproject preparation expenses. However,development of new CIPs, and theirmanagement costs during project imple-mentation, will be supported through theCSF. Capacity building for community-based financial institutions, communi-ties and municipal authorities will alsobe funded through the CSF.

w Community infrastructure investCommunity infrastructure investCommunity infrastructure investCommunity infrastructure investCommunity infrastructure invest-----ments: ments: ments: ments: ments: to partially meet the financingcosts of implementing community infra-structure plans at the community or citylevel. Under this component, finance willbe provided by the financial intermedi-aries to: a) communities or to commu-nity-based finance institutions foron-lending to communities or house-holds, or b) municipal or other localgovernments for investments in facilitiesrequired to provide external connectionsto infrastructure in poor and low-incomecommunities. The remaining cost ofinfrastructure investments will be metthrough additional community shares orgovernmental contributions. While

period of five years. Period of utilizationof the loan is till 2007.

Highlights of the WorldBank�s Proposed IndiaCommunity InfrastructureProject (ICIP):

Meera Mehta,Urban Specialist,World Bank

The primary objective of theproposed project is to demonstrate,on a pilot basis, a sustainable

financing mechanism and capacity forcommunity infrastructure investmentsfor poor and low-income communities.Community infrastructure includeswater supply, sanitation, streets, solidwaste, toilets, house connection, land-scapes and external connections tolocal authority and limited shelterfinancing. The project would bedemand-driven and cover the poor andlow-income communities in both ruraland urban areas throughout India. Itwould address the critical issue of com-mercial viability and managementsustainability of infrastructure financingthrough decentralization to empowerthe concerned communities. Theseobjectives will be achieved through:w Strategic alliances of the mainfinancial intermediary, HDFC, with com-munity-based financial institutions, forproviding market-based financialservices.w Community-driven, participatoryapproach to neighborhood infrastruc-ture upgradation and a municipal levelintegrated plan to ensure external link-ages for community infrastructure.w Development of a CommunitySupport Fund (CSF) to channel WorldBank funding and other donorresources, where possible, for sub-project development and capacitybuilding for the target community-based finance institutions, municipalauthorities and communities.

financing these investments, adequatecare will be taken to ensure that neces-sary legal provisions are adhered to.Within this component, a guaranteefacility will be created which will partiallycover the non-commercial risks faced bythe commercial financial intermediaries,including HDFC, in lending for this sec-tor. Other donor funding is beingexplored for the guarantee facility.w Market development: Market development: Market development: Market development: Market development: to cover costsof expanding the lending activities toone or more commercial financialintermediaries during implementation.These will be in addition to HDFC, themain financial intermediary, whose costsare covered under the earlier compo-nents. It will involve identification ofpotential institutions and developing aproposal for their inclusion at least bymid-term review. Institutional arrange-ments for this component will bereviewed and firmed up during projectpreparation.

The total project size is expected tobe about US$60 million with an IDAcredit of US$42 million. The projectimplementation period is 2001-2005.

The main institutional actors will becommercial finance institutions, commu-nity-based finance institutions, commu-nity-based management organizationsand municipal/local authorities. Theproject will be implemented throughflexible sub-projects at the local levels,through community-based financialinstitutions and municipal authorities.

A broad benefit of the pilot projectwill be to demonstrate the viability ofsustainable market-based planningand financing of community infrastruc-ture. Specifically, low-income commu-nities will benefit from the provision ofinfrastructure; community-basedfinancial institutions/developmentagencies will strengthen their capac-ity for financing community infrastruc-ture and formal finance institutions willincrease their client base in this sec-tor. It is envisaged that about threecities will be included in the ICIP forensuring provision of external connec-

design of efficient loan systems forinfrastructure credit; linkages withpublic sector agencies; planning andproject management; and sources andprocedures of institutional funding forinfrastructure loans.

The key feature of this course isthat it has been developed and will betaught by grassroots practitioners.Training will initially take place inAhmedabad. Spread over 36 sessionsin seven days, the training is based onthe experiential learning model andwill be conducted in a participatorymanner with games, case studies, role-plays, and group discussions. Fieldvisits to Parivartan and structured semi-nars with the municipal staff will alsobe organized during the training.

Section IIExploring Innovationsand Opportunities in

Microfinance andInfrastructure

Group Work

The participants were dividedinto groups in this session andeach group was asked to brain-

storm a list of interesting develop-ments/new opportunities in the field ofeffective community infrastructureinvestment. A facilitator was assignedto each table to assist and guide thegroup work.

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tions wi thin the framework of amunicipal level ICIP. This will enablethe municipal authorities to enhancetheir capacities to increase coverageof infrastructure to low-income-com-munities in a participatory and cost-effective manner.

MicrofinanceTraining Module

Smita Ghatate, GujaratMahila Housing SEWA Trust

Ms Ghatate presented the Micro-finance Training Module preparedby MHT and WSP-SA, for micro-

finance institutions interested in expand-ing their activities to infrastructureprovision. MHT is organizing a trainingprogram later this year, in collaborationwith Friends of Women�s World Bank-ing and with the support of the WSP-SAand the Housing Development FinanceCorporation Limited. The main objec-tive of this training program is to buildthe capacity of microfinance institutionsand NGOs, to successfully undertakeinfrastructure upgradation programsand disburse infrastructure loans to theirclients. Specifically, the training aims to:w Help the microfinance institutions/NGO staff to understand the dynam-ics of providing infrastructure-relatedfinancial services.w Provide information about techni-cal, financial and managerial aspectsof infrastructure projects.w Provide an in-depth insight intoParivartan , the Ahmedabad slumupgradation program and share ex-periences of other infrastructureupgradation programs in India andabroad.w Disseminate information about thesources of institutional funding availablefor infrastructure credit.

The training wil l address keyareas such as the multiple role ofmicrofinance in facilitating access tocommunity infrastructure; communitymobilization for infrastructure; the

KKKKKey Developments in the Sectorey Developments in the Sectorey Developments in the Sectorey Developments in the Sectorey Developments in the Sectorof Microfinance for Communityof Microfinance for Communityof Microfinance for Communityof Microfinance for Communityof Microfinance for CommunityInfrastructureInfrastructureInfrastructureInfrastructureInfrastructure

w There is a growing awarenessof the potential of microfinancepotential of microfinancepotential of microfinancepotential of microfinancepotential of microfinanceto facilitate community infra-to facilitate community infra-to facilitate community infra-to facilitate community infra-to facilitate community infra-structure investments. structure investments. structure investments. structure investments. structure investments. This is evi-dent in new initiatives (by donoragencies and the private financialintermediaries) which indicate awill ingness to explore newapproaches to sector investments.w A small but increasingly sig-nificant number of creativecommunitycommunitycommunitycommunitycommunity-municipal-municipal-municipal-municipal-municipal initiativesinitiativesinitiativesinitiativesinitiativeshighlight the added value thatboth can gain through workingin partnership.w Innovative project structuringand processes enable investmentsinvestmentsinvestmentsinvestmentsinvestmentsto respond to communityto respond to communityto respond to communityto respond to communityto respond to communitydemanddemanddemanddemanddemand and result in capacitybuilding of the community andwomen�s empowerment.w There is increasing evidenceof willingness, on the part of thegovernment, to explore agovernment, to explore agovernment, to explore agovernment, to explore agovernment, to explore afacilitatorfacilitatorfacilitatorfacilitatorfacilitator�s role�s role�s role�s role�s role as opposed tothat of a provider.

Bridging the Gap andMoving Foward

The participants of the workshopidentif ied seven major sectorgaps in effective community infra-

structure investment during group workin this session. An action plan to bridgethese gaps was also proposed.

Changing Attitudes AndRaising Awareness

With the recent emphasis ondecentralization and localgovernance, there is a clear shift

from the government financing infra-structure towards the poor beginning topay for services. Similarly, there is a shiftfrom the government being the sole pro-vider of infrastructure to the privatesector, including organizations of thepoor, beginning to explore communitycontracting options and assuming theresponsibility for infrastructure mainte-nance. There is enough evidence to sug-gest that the poor do pay for theservices rendered to them and that theythus ought to be viewed as consumersrather than passive beneficiaries. Andyet, the perception that infrastructureprovision for low-income communitiesis exclusively the government�s businesspersists. Politicians are seen as benefac-tors and the services are expected to befunded by state resources.

Microcredit has emerged as anenabling tool to facilitate financial con-tribution of poor communities. However,widespread funding for infrastructurethrough microfinance is still an under-developed sector. The lack of clearunderstanding of �community infrastruc-ture� and the facil i tating role ofmicrocredit and microfinance institutionshas not helped.

The problem is exacerbated by lackof information on options, partly due tothe absence of documentation of thebest models, which can be replicatedand/or adapted further.

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KKKKKey Challenges in the Sectorey Challenges in the Sectorey Challenges in the Sectorey Challenges in the Sectorey Challenges in the SectorI. Changing Atti tudes andRaising Awareness;II. Capacity Building;III. Policy Environment;IV. Diversification, Innovations andRisks;V. Technology;VI. Maintaining Quality While Scal-ing Up; andVII. Consolidation and Regulariza-tion of the Existing Structures.

Participation in this session wasenthusiastic. The participants felt that therecent developments in the infrastruc-ture sector were encouraging and thatthere was an increasing potential forinnovative potential. The participantsunanimously agreed on the followingexciting developments in the sector.

Action Plan

1 Educate stakeholders to raiseawarenessw Develop advocacy and informationdissemination through media cam-paigns including TV, website, videodocumentation, school syllabus, expo-sure visits, training programs, etc.w Provide grants for communityeducation to microfinance institutions.w Prepare standard advocacymaterial.

2 Create incentives to develop newfinancial instruments leading to changein attitudesw Facilitate active partnerships acrossagencies where each level providescapacity building and resources, start-ing from External Support Agencies(ESAs) down to the microfinance institu-tions. (For example, ESAs could provideinternational experience, while financialinstitutions could provide expertise tomicrofinance institutions and they, inturn, could provide more information tofinancial institutions on customer base.)

3 Create incentives for top level atti-tudinal changew Link ESA funding to create incen-tives for institutional change and incor-porate this feature in the project design.(The World Bank and ADB are alreadydoing this.)

4 Create financial incentives for localgovernments to empower communities

w Restructure the central and stategovernments funds to create incentives.w Motivate ESAs to support this activ-ity and bear some of the risk.

5 Educate local bodies about theimportance and potential of communityinfrastructure

w Encourage community-based orga-nizations and microfinance institutions totake the lead; local/state institutions canprovide a forum for educational activities.

w Organize exposure visits for corpo-ration officers to cit ies such as

Ahmedabad, Hyderabad, Baroda, etc.

6 Mitigate risks to financial institutionsfor community infrastructure provision

w Create credit rating instrumentsand credit bureaux. This can beachieved by a few national levelf inancial ins t i tu t ions working toachieve guarantee funds.

w Reform the law to use subsidies forrisk coverage. This will include devel-oping a new approach to subsidies sothat they can be made available tofinancial institutions to cover the risksof lending to low-income groups.

w Motivate microfinance institutions,the private sector and financial institu-tions to create pressure points for chang-ing the political will to bring about theabove mentioned legislation.w Develop savings products atmicrofinance institutions level to promotecontributions via doorstep collection.

Capacity Building

Inadequate capacity of variousactors � community, municipality,community-based organizations,

microfinance institutions, and financialinstitutions � has been identified as amajor gap in the area of communityinfrastructure. The following stepshave to be taken to re so l vethis problem:

w The community and its leaders needto be educated in order to raise aware-ness and maximize participation of thecommunity. Ensuring exposure andimparting training in negotiation skillsto the community are crucial, particu-larly because interaction with munici-palities and other government officialsis often required.w Community-based organizationsand microfinance institutions need tospecially focus on urban communityinfrastructure provision so that they maytrain community members in technicaland maintenance functions andfacil i tate collective infrastructure

upgradation projects.

w Municipal officials also require train-ing and exposure which would sensitizethem to the potential of the poor commu-nities to finance and manage infrastruc-ture projects and to facilitate their work-ing in partnership with communities.

w Finally, building capacity ofmainstream financial institutions toidentify and assess the creditworthinessof microfinance institutions is alsoessential in order to facilitate the avail-ability of increased re-finance to themicrofinance sector. In particular, theconventional requirements of collateraland detailed documentation need tobe reviewed.

In spite of the need and the hugedemand for them, the sector lacksresources � financial, human and train-ing material � for capacity building inthe sector. There are no institutions, nocontent and no universal methodologyfor training. Low absorptive capacityand lack of uptake of the availableresources further plague the sector.

Action Plan

1 Establish a capacity building invest-ment fund for trainingw Establish a fund to take care of theresource crunch for training and capac-ity building. National level financialinstitutions, government, foreign fund-ing agencies, could do this.

2 Link up microfinance institutions withtraining institutes to develop trainingmodulesw Prepare training modules and con-duct training. Organizations such asMHT, Friends Of Women�s World Bank-ing, WSP, Housing and Urban Develop-ment Corporation Limited, HousingSettlement Management Institute andHabitat Polytechnic can prepare themodules individually or jointly andinstitutes such as BIRD (Bharati Inte-grated Rural Development Society),MHT, SPARC (Society For Promotion OfArea Resource Centre), Sa-Dhan (The

Association for Community Develop-ment Finance Institutions), and XaviersInstitute of Management can conduct thetraining. WSP-SA, in partnership with MHT,has already developed a trainingmodule for microfinance institutions inter-ested in expanding their activities to infra-structure provision.w Further enhance the capacity ofmicrofinance institutions who are giventraining through networking andconsultancy for others.

3 Evolve a commonly agreed uponmethodology for training

w Build certified cadres of trainers whocan conduct these training and large-scale exchanges/exposures betweencommunity organizations.w Encourage lateral training amongstcommunity groups, facilitated by NGOssuch as Society For Promotion Of AreaResource Centre (SPARC), MHT, etc.w Increase the pool of case studies bydocumenting initiatives, including thoseof smaller microfinance institutions, tounderstand bottlenecks faced by themin scaling up. International experienceoutside India could also be explored.

4 Build/enhance the capacity ofmunicipalities

w Build perception through trainingprograms and exposures to successfulprivate-public-people partnerships.

w Encourage inter-municipality expe-rience exchange.

w Pilot and document action researchprojects.

w Link financial incentives with capac-ity building efforts, for example, theDepartment for International Develop-ment (DFID)-supported APUSP project.

Policy Environment

A key factor determining theformation of municipal-communitypartnerships is the political back-

ground and framework. An enablingenvironment which allows user partici-

1010101010

pation to flourish through a supportivecontext for development would consti-tute the ideal policy and political con-text. People-centered decentralizeddevelopment policies and laws whichenable and facilitate community partici-pation provide a useful platform formunicipal action. And yet, despite theformal enactment of decentralization,there is a powerful, informal dimensionconstantly influencing processes. Devolv-ing power at the local levels has no mean-ing if attitudes are unchanged, skills areundeveloped, organization structures areunreformed and people�s organizationsare not promoted.

The major issue which emerged inthe discussions is the presence ofcontradictory policies in the sector,particularly with reference to subsidyand credit. Subsidized interest ratesand foreclosure laws are issues onwhich there are no clear-cut policies.Microfinance institutions feel that thereis lack of a clear and sustained com-mitment to finance community infra-structure. Ironically, the government�sNational Slum Policy (draft, 1999)does not even mention communityinfrastructure. The issues of collateral,security, land pattas and communitycontracting continue to hinder thegrowth of the sector. Efforts to makeinstitutions and systems user-friendlyfor the poor have yielded no results.This is an emerging sector and lack ofexper ience of ten t ranslates intoambiguous policies.

Action Plan

1 Review existing policies on landtenure, collateral and securityw Convene an inter-agency task forceto document �good practice� and reviewexisting policies in the country, besidescarrying out a comparative study oflegal practice in different states.w Explore community tenure optionsat the international level.

2 Address conflicts in policy by creat-

ing a dialogue between all actors

w Create a policy forum of govern-ment officials, and financial institutions,NGOs, and microfinance institutions.w Reflect consistency in policy butencourage a wide variety of approaches.The World Bank, the Asian DevelopmentBank and other ESAs should have a clearand common message.w Examine creative modifications andvariations on existing government pro-grams promoting MFI-public-private-people partnerships in infrastructureprovision scheme design. (For example,Andhra Pradesh Development ofWomen and Children in Rural Areas(DWCRA) Program, mutually aidedcooperative societies, CDS in Kerala.)w Hold state-based policy fora withthe government, NGOs and micro-finance institutions to discuss local poli-cies/conditions.

3 Change foreclosure laws to makethem favorable to the loanersw Reform the legal, regulatory andcontracting structures of the financialsector. Such reforms should be designedto fairly distribute risks between the loan-ers and the loanees. (Housing Develop-ment Finance Corporation, etc, arealready pursuing such reforms.)

4 Explore community�s role in landprocurement and community contractingw It is essential to explore the manyroles that community members can play.

Diversification,Innovations and Risks

India has a number of crediblemicrofinance institutions that areactively disbursing substantial loan

funds, including those meant for on-plotinfrastructure loans and communityinfrastructure loans. However, there islittle variety in the loan products offeredby microfinance institutions. In particu-lar, there are no disaster managementprograms and insurance products are

conspicuous by their absence.

Action Plan

1 Identify the unmet needs ofthe consumers

w Ongoing initiatives by SEWA, andother NGOs and community-basedorganizations are already in place.Market research institutes, NGOs andcommunity-based organizations cantake these initiatives further.

2 Design innovative products

w Asian Development Bank, WorldBank and domestic microfinance insti-tutions are already doing this, albeit inan ad hoc fashion. Specialized instituteswith the requisite expertise can thus takeover this role.

3 Build capacity for marketing andpackaging the productw Broaden coverage and reach of thesenew products. Microfinance institutions,schools/training institutes should beginexperimenting with these products.

4 Pilot and implement new initiativesw Design systems for upscaling loansand savings products offered bymicrofinance institutions, especially forinfrastructure purposes. Microfinanceinstitutions, community-based organiza-tions, NGOs, the private sector, and thegovernment can identify, disseminateand upscale these initiatives.

5 Develop review parameters andparticipatory evaluation methods forbenchmarking community infrastructureinterventions and products

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w Stipulate parameters and bench-marks for review and undertake partici-patory evaluation regularly.

Technology

Conventionally, engineers domi-nate the decision-making regardinginfrastructure provision and the real

needs of the users are usually ignored.The blanket application of national stan-dards hinders technical innovation,despite international experience, whichshows the potential of appropriatelower-cost solutions to provide servicespeople want and are willing to pay for.Community members can and do playmany different roles in infrastructureupgradation projects. They can be thephysical providers/contractors, providedthey have adequate technical capacityand are trained in construction tech-niques. They can be the regulators ofcost and quality control as they live atthe site of construction/infrastructureinstallation. They can also play the roleof supervisors of the physical work orsimply of consumers/beneficiaries ofservices/facilities that they have paid for.To take on these activities, the poor com-munities need technical training, accessto information regarding low costoptions, assistance in cost estimationand supervision for quality control,among other things. Engineers alsoneed to be encouraged to accept inno-vative new solutions which respond tothese community roles.

Rapporteur�s Note: This was acontentious issue and the participantscould not agree on an action plan. Whilethe group agreed that some standards

1212121212

are needed to maintain quality, noconsensus could be reached on whether�over-engineered� standards hampercommunity participation or not.

This issue was flagged for informeddebate at a later date.

Maintaining QualityWhile Scaling Up

In response to the huge demandat the grassroots level, thesector has been marked by recent

efforts towards scaling up both infra-structure provision and infrastructurefinance to poor communities. However,maintaining or achieving well-definedstandards of quality while scaling up isa common concern to the sector.Reduced quality of group formation andlack of ability to assess the creditworthi-ness of infrastructure projects and com-munities are the major risks. Commu-nity-based organizations also often findit difficult to identify and properly targetthe beneficiaries when the scale ofoperation increases.

Action Plan

1 Take concrete steps to retain per-spectives and objectives of the users,managers, grassroot workers and pro-fessionals, etcw NGOs, microfinance institutions andcommunity members can make this effort.

2 Learn lessons, strategize, evolve andproject a coherent visionw Microfinance institutions can organizethemselves, network, lobby with advocacyand support from outside professionals.

3 Continue the ongoing skil lupgradation and trainingw Community-based financial institu-tions, microfinance institutions, and�Barefoot Management Schools� cantake up this task with funding fromnational and international agenciesonce the needs are identified.w Involve mainstream in these efforts.

4 Evolve efficient systems, detailingthe roles and responsibility of differentstakeholders and match appropriateactors with thesew Make this a process of learning fromgood practice, initiated by community-based financial institutions. Funding canalso be provided for this activity.w Conditionality and agreement tolearn and improve are also essential forachieving this.

5 Correlate systems, sustainabilityand sizew Encourage growth by supportiveexternal policy environment.w Design regulations to induce andenable scaling up efforts.

Consolidation andRegularization of theExisting Structures

Microfinance institutions face avariety of problems, at theinstitutional level, for onward lend-

ing to poor communities. The main-stream finance sector is still neitheradequately sensitized nor equipped foron-lending to a poor clientele and itsparticular needs. Microfinance institu-tions continue to face procedural prob-lems in accessing timely and adequatebulk-credit from mainstream re-financeinstitutions. These include problemsrelating to the furnishing of adequatesecurity collateral, loan procedure lead-ing to indiscriminate delays, lack of flex-ibility of the loan system in spite of thenature of the clientele, and interest ratesbeing spread too low to meet the

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Action Making it Happen IdentifyingActors4

CHANGE w Educate stakeholders to raise awareness MATTITUDES w Create incentives to develop new financial instruments, G+E+F+MAND RAISE leading to change in attitudesAWARENESS w Create incentives for top-level attitudinal change E

w Create financial incentives for local governments to Eempower communities

w Educate local bodies about the importance and potential Mof community infrastructure

w Mitigate risks to financial institutions for community Ginfrastructure provision

BUILD w Establish capacity building investment fund for training G+E+F+MCAPACITY w Link-up MFIs with training institutes to develop M+E

training modulesw Evolve a commonly agreed upon methodology for training Mw Build/enhance the capacity of municipalities M+E+G

STRENGTHEN w Review existing policies on land tenure, collateral G+E+F+MPOLICY and securityENVIRONMENTS w Address conflict in policy by creating a dialogue E+M+G+F

between all actorsw Change foreclosure laws to make them more favorable G

to the loanersw Explore community�s role in land procurement and G

community contracting

DIVERSIFY, w Identify the unmet needs of consumers M+GINNOVATE w Design innovative products E+MANDTAKE w Build capacity for marketing and packaging products MRISKS w Pilot and implement new initiatives M

w Develop review parameters, and participatory G+F+Mevaluation methods for benchmarking communityinterventions and products

MAINTAIN w Take concrete steps to retain perspectives and MQUALITY objectives of the users, managers, grassroot workersWHILE and professionals, etcSCALING UP w Learn lessons, strategize, evolve and project a M

coherent knvisionw Correlate systems, sustainability and size M+Fw Continuously upgrade skills and train staff M+F+Ew Evolve efficient systems, detailing the roles and M+F

responsibility of different stakeholders and matchappropriate actors with these

w Design regulations to induce and enable scaling up efforts M+E+G+F

Microfinance for CommunityInfrastructure

Action Plan for the Government, ExternalSupport Agencies, Financial Institutions,

Microfinance Institutions, Community-basedOrganizations and NGOs

4 G: Government, E: External Support Agencies, F: Financial Institutions, M: Microfinance Institutions/Community-based Organizations/NGOs

expenses of the microfinance institutions.The lack of �start-up� funds and bulkfinancing makes it difficult for commu-nity-based organizations to extend theiractivities to infrastructure provision.

Action Plan

Rapporteur�s Note: This was identi-fied as an age-old problem of the MFIsector in India but not directly relevantto the specialist sector of microfinancefor infrastructure.

The National Task Force onmicrofinance has recently submitted itsreport to the RBI and the Ministry ofFinance to tackle many of the problemscited above. The action plan for this wasnot discussed at the workshop.

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AgendaAgendaAgendaAgendaAgenda

8.30 � 9.00 a.m. Registration

9.00 � 9.30 a.m. Welcome Renana Jhabvala, MHTJunaid Kamal Ahmad, WSP-SA

9.30 � 9.50 a.m. Keynote Address Ela Bhatt, Founder,Self Employed Women�s Association, Ahmedabad

9.50 � 10.30 a.m. Session One Chairperson: J. P. Murthy

9.50 � 10.10 a.m. Presentation Presentation of �Credit Connections� by MHTSpeaker: Jayashree Vyas, SEWA Bank

10.10 � 10.30 a.m. Plenary Discussion on the presentation

10.30 � 11.00 a.m. Coffee Break

11.00 � 12.30 p.m. Session TwoGroup Work 1 Exploration of innovations and sector gaps

in microfinance12.30 � 1.30 p.m. Lunch

1.30 � 3.00 p.m. Session Three Chairperson: V. Suresh

Presentations Presentations on microfinance investment and support programs for infrastructure1. Government of Andhra PradeshSpeaker: Rajeshwara Rao2. World BankSpeaker: Meera Mehta3. Asian Development BankSpeaker: James Lynch

3.00� 3.30 p.m. Tea Break

3.30 � 4.00 p.m. Session Four Chairperson: Vijayalakshmi Das

Presentation Microfinance Training ModuleSpeaker: Smita Ghatate, MHT

4.00 � 5.00 p.m. Session FiveGroup Work 2 Preparation of Action Plan

5.00 � 5.30 p.m. Reporting back from Group work and final comments:Barbara Evans, WSP-SA

Annexure I

National Workshop on

�Microfinance for Infrastructure:Recent Experiences�

August 31, 2000

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CENTRAL GOCENTRAL GOCENTRAL GOCENTRAL GOCENTRAL GOVTVTVTVTVT./././././MUNICIPMUNICIPMUNICIPMUNICIPMUNICIPAL MANAAL MANAAL MANAAL MANAAL MANAGERSGERSGERSGERSGERS

MrMrMrMrMr. Abhas K. Abhas K. Abhas K. Abhas K. Abhas Kumar Jhaumar Jhaumar Jhaumar Jhaumar JhaDeputy Secretary FB/AMinistry of Finance, Dept. of Economic Affairs,Lok Nayak Bhavan, Room 143 A,Parliament Street, New Delhi 110 001Tel: 011-3013355 Fax: 011-3017511

Ms. Bharti SihagMs. Bharti SihagMs. Bharti SihagMs. Bharti SihagMs. Bharti SihagDirector - Rural HousingMinistry of Rural Areas & EmploymentRoom #379, Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi 110 001Tel/Fax: 011-3381967

Ms. Babri LMs. Babri LMs. Babri LMs. Babri LMs. Babri LalalalalalJoint DirectorMinistry of Rural DevelopmentKrishi Bhawan, New Delhi 110 001Tel/Fax: 011-3381967

MrMrMrMrMr. J. J. J. J. J. P. P. P. P. P. Murty. Murty. Murty. Murty. MurtyJoint Secretary (HEPA)Ministry of Urban Development & Poverty AlleviationRoom No. 114, �C� Wing, Nirman Bhavan, New Delhi 110 011Tel: 011-3017665 Fax: 011-3017497

MrMrMrMrMr. K. K. K. K. K. Rajeswara Rao. Rajeswara Rao. Rajeswara Rao. Rajeswara Rao. Rajeswara RaoManaging DirectorAndhra Pradesh Urban Finance & InfrastructureDevelopment Corporation Ltd., Hyderabad 500 063Tel: 040-3224171/3220876Fax: 040-3220876/3227254

MrMrMrMrMr. S. S. S. S. S. Reghunathan. Reghunathan. Reghunathan. Reghunathan. ReghunathanPrincipal Secretary to Chief Minister (IT)CMO, Government of NCT DelhiRoom No. 84, Delhi Vidhan Sabha, Delhi 110 054Tel: 011-3924217 Fax: 011-3933230

MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS/NGOsMICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS/NGOsMICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS/NGOsMICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS/NGOsMICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS/NGOs

MrMrMrMrMr. Abhijit Das. Abhijit Das. Abhijit Das. Abhijit Das. Abhijit DasProject DirectorTarun SanghaVill Phakirchak, P.O. Barabari, (South), Dist. Midnapore 721430Tel: 03220-70321

Ms. Ami RavatMs. Ami RavatMs. Ami RavatMs. Ami RavatMs. Ami RavatManager (Infrastructure)Baroda Citizens Council, BarodaTel: 0265-793415/358091 Fax: 0265-794596/339298

Annexure IINational Workshop on �Microfinance for Infrastructure: Recent Experiences�

August 31, 2000SILVER OAKS, India Habitat Centre, Lodi Road, New Delhi

List of Participants

Ms. Aruna AnandMs. Aruna AnandMs. Aruna AnandMs. Aruna AnandMs. Aruna AnandAssistant Manager, Consulting UnitYUVA52/53 Narepark Municipal School, 2nd Floor,Opp. Narepark Ground, Parel, MumbaiTel: 022-4155250 Fax: 022-4135314

MrMrMrMrMr. Babu Thomas. Babu Thomas. Babu Thomas. Babu Thomas. Babu ThomasDirector (Housing & Infrastructure)Society for Integral Development Action (SIDA)Koovapally 686518, Kottayam (Dt.)Tel: 0482-851115 Fax: 0482-851447

MrMrMrMrMr. B. B. B. B. B.S.S.S.S.S. Balachandran. Balachandran. Balachandran. Balachandran. BalachandranBharat Sewak SamajSadbhvana Bhavan, Brahmin�s Colony,Kawadiar P.O. Thiruvanthapuram 695 003Tel: 0471-433845 Fax: 0471-431664

MrMrMrMrMr. Ernest P. Ernest P. Ernest P. Ernest P. Ernest PaulaulaulaulaulCredit ManagerBharati Integrated Rural Development Society (BIRDS)No.26/130 B-2 Eva Nest Ganapuram, Nandyal, Dt. KurnoolTel: 08514-43444/46112 Fax: 08514-48444

Ms. GMs. GMs. GMs. GMs. G. P. P. P. P. PadmajaadmajaadmajaadmajaadmajaDirectorSPANDANA5-54-19, 6/18 Brodipet, Guntur-2, A.P.Tel: 0863-350733 Fax: 0863-354289

MrMrMrMrMr. J. J. J. J. J. Ranga Rao. Ranga Rao. Ranga Rao. Ranga Rao. Ranga RaoDirectorASSISTG.T. Road, Chilkaluripel 522616, Guntur, A.P.Tel: 08647-53971 Fax: 08647-54815

MrMrMrMrMr. K. K. K. K. K. Narender. Narender. Narender. Narender. NarenderProgramme LeaderDHAN Foundation18, Piuayarkovil Street, S.S. Colony,Madurai 625 010, Tamil NaduTel: 0452-610794/610805 Fax: 0452-602247

MrMrMrMrMr. V. V. V. V. V.V.V.V.V.V. Suryanarayana. Suryanarayana. Suryanarayana. Suryanarayana. SuryanarayanaChief ExecutiveMahila Vikasa Mutually Aided Co-operative Thrift Society Ltd.7/87 Ravindra Nagar, Cuddapah 516 003Tel: 08562-49287 Fax: 08562-46351

MrMrMrMrMr. Mathew Titus. Mathew Titus. Mathew Titus. Mathew Titus. Mathew TitusCoordinatorSa-dhan2163, DII Vasant Kunj, New Delhi 110 070Tel/Fax: 011-6132629

1616161616

MrMrMrMrMr. Minar Pim. Minar Pim. Minar Pim. Minar Pim. Minar PimpleplepleplepleExecutive DirectorYUVA52/53 Narepark Municipal School, Opp. Narepark Ground,Parel, Mumbai 400 012Tel: 022-4155250 Fax: 022-4135314

MrMrMrMrMr. Mohammed N. Mohammed N. Mohammed N. Mohammed N. Mohammed N. Amin. Amin. Amin. Amin. AminADHIKAR192 Dharma Vihar, Khandageri, Bhubaneshwar 751 030Tel: 0674-471051 Fax: 0674-470907

MrMrMrMrMr. P. P. P. P. P. Uday Shankar. Uday Shankar. Uday Shankar. Uday Shankar. Uday ShankarCEOIndian Association for Savings & Credit3-100 G, �REHOBOTH� 2nd Floor, Crystal Street,Martandam 629 165, KanyakumariTel: 04651-72745 Fax: 04651-72738

MrMrMrMrMr. P. P. P. P. P. V. V. V. V. VedachalamedachalamedachalamedachalamedachalamProgramme DirectorCommunity Action for Rural Development Card (CARD)Samathuvapuram, Pulivalam 622 507,Pudukkottai, Dist. Tamil NaduTel: 04333-74233 Fax: 04322-66971

MrMrMrMrMr. P. P. P. P. Prafulla Krafulla Krafulla Krafulla Krafulla Kumar Sahooumar Sahooumar Sahooumar Sahooumar SahooCentre for Youth & Social DevelopmentE-1, Institutional Area, P.O. RRL, Bhubaneshwar 751 013Tel: 0674-300983/301725 Fax: 0674-301226

MrMrMrMrMr. Rajendra Joshi. Rajendra Joshi. Rajendra Joshi. Rajendra Joshi. Rajendra JoshiManaging TrusteeSAATH18 Amber Society, 2nd Floor, Opp. Kameshwar School,Satellite Road, Ahmedabad 380 015Tel: 079-6740832 Fax: 079-6730277

Ms. Reeva SoodMs. Reeva SoodMs. Reeva SoodMs. Reeva SoodMs. Reeva SoodIndcare Trust1030 Vikas Kunj, Vikaspuri, New Delhi 110 018Tel/Fax: 011-5531031

MrMrMrMrMr. S. S. S. S. S. Damodaran. Damodaran. Damodaran. Damodaran. DamodaranExecutive DirectorGRAMALAY31, A/29 Neravalar Colony, Salai Road, Worjur,Tiruchirapalli 620 003Tel/Fax: 0431-761263

MrMrMrMrMr. S. S. S. S. S. Viswanatha P. Viswanatha P. Viswanatha P. Viswanatha P. Viswanatha PrasadrasadrasadrasadrasadVice PresidentBASIX403, Nirmal Tower, Dwarkapuri Colony, Punjagutta,Hyderabad 500 082Tel: 040-3350171 Fax: 040-3358846

MrMrMrMrMr. Sukumar Singh. Sukumar Singh. Sukumar Singh. Sukumar Singh. Sukumar SinghSecretary, Mass EducationMahamayatala, Garia, Calcutta 700 084Tel: 033-4772010 Fax: 033-4359755

Ms. Sunita RajMs. Sunita RajMs. Sunita RajMs. Sunita RajMs. Sunita RajThe Activities for Social Alternatives (ASA)�Sathia Illam�, 2-A, 10th Cross, Alli Street, Annamali Nagar,Thiruhirapalli 620 018Tel: 0431-763980 Fax: 0431-763356

MrMrMrMrMr. S. S. S. S. S. Vijaya. Vijaya. Vijaya. Vijaya. Vijaya Bhaskar Bhaskar Bhaskar Bhaskar BhaskarManager-Field OperationsSHARE�SHEKINAH� 12-13-680, Nagarjuna Nagar, Tarnaka,Hyderabad 500 017Tel: 040-7174925/7153080 Fax: 040-7173558

MrMrMrMrMr. V. V. V. V. V. P. P. P. P. Paul Raja Raoaul Raja Raoaul Raja Raoaul Raja Raoaul Raja RaoExecutive DirectorBIRDS-Bharati Integrated Rural Development Society#26/130B1 Gnanpurum, Nandyal (RS) 518 502 A.P.Tel: 08514-43444 Fax: 08514-48444

INTERNAINTERNAINTERNAINTERNAINTERNATIONAL ATIONAL ATIONAL ATIONAL ATIONAL AGENCIES/GENCIES/GENCIES/GENCIES/GENCIES/OOOOOTHER ATHER ATHER ATHER ATHER AGENCIES/BILAGENCIES/BILAGENCIES/BILAGENCIES/BILAGENCIES/BILATERALS/MULTERALS/MULTERALS/MULTERALS/MULTERALS/MULTILATILATILATILATILATERALSTERALSTERALSTERALSTERALS

Ms. Alison BarrettMs. Alison BarrettMs. Alison BarrettMs. Alison BarrettMs. Alison BarrettRegional Coordinator - Cities AllianceThe World Bank, 70 Lodi Estate, New Delhi 110 003Tel: 011-4617241 Fax: 011-4619393

MrMrMrMrMr. F. F. F. F. Faisal Begaisal Begaisal Begaisal Begaisal BegDevelopment OfficerCIDA, Canadian High Commission7/8 Shantipath, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi 110 021Tel: 011-6876500 Fax: 011-6886478

Ms. Rita BhattacharjeeMs. Rita BhattacharjeeMs. Rita BhattacharjeeMs. Rita BhattacharjeeMs. Rita BhattacharjeeDeputy General ManagerNational Housing BankCore 5-A, 4th Floor, India Habitat Centre,Lodi Road, New Delhi 110 003Tel: 011-4641173 Fax: 011-4646988

MrMrMrMrMr. Graham Jackson. Graham Jackson. Graham Jackson. Graham Jackson. Graham JacksonAUSAIDAusAid House, 62 Northbourne Avenue,Canberra ACT 2601, AustraliaTel: 612-6206-4000 Fax: 612-6206-4880

MrMrMrMrMr. Harish Khare. Harish Khare. Harish Khare. Harish Khare. Harish KhareSenior Officer, Technical ServicesHDFC Ltd.4th Floor, Ramon House, 169, Backbay ReclamationChurchgate, Mumbai 400 020Tel: 022-2831920 Fax: 022-2046834

MrMrMrMrMr. James P. James P. James P. James P. James P. L. L. L. L. LynchynchynchynchynchUrban Dev. SpecialistAsian Development BankWater Supply, Urban Dev. & Housing Div.6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 0401, Metro Manila, PhillipinesTel: 0632-632-5942/6712 Fax: 0632-636-2305

MrMrMrMrMr. James Stein. James Stein. James Stein. James Stein. James SteinDirectorRegional Urban Development Office, USAIDAmerican Embassy, Shantipath, Chanakyapuri,New Delhi 110 021Tel: 011-4198000 Fax: 011-4198612

DrDrDrDrDr. Jyotsna Bapat. Jyotsna Bapat. Jyotsna Bapat. Jyotsna Bapat. Jyotsna BapatConsultantNational Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER)Parsila Bhavan, 11 IP Estate, New Delhi 110 002Tel: 011-3317860/68 Fax: 011-3327164

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Ms. KMs. KMs. KMs. KMs. K. C. Ranjani. C. Ranjani. C. Ranjani. C. Ranjani. C. RanjaniDeputy General ManagerSmall Industrial Development Bank of India (SIDBI)10/10 Madan Moham Malviya Marg, Lucknow 226 01Tel: 0522-209517-20 Fax: 0522-209513

MrMrMrMrMr. K. K. K. K. K. Mukundan. Mukundan. Mukundan. Mukundan. MukundanUrban SpecialistThe World Bank, 70 Lodi Estate, New Delhi 110 003Tel: 011-4617241 Fax: 011-4619393

Ms. KMs. KMs. KMs. KMs. Kanika Basuanika Basuanika Basuanika Basuanika BasuHUDCOHUDCO Bhawan, India Habitat Centre,Lodi Road, New Delhi 110 003Tel: 011-4367653 Fax: 011-4628894

Ms. Kiran WMs. Kiran WMs. Kiran WMs. Kiran WMs. Kiran WadhwaadhwaadhwaadhwaadhwaChief EconomistHUDCOHUDCO Bhawan, India Habitat Centre,Lodi Road, New Delhi 110 003Tel: 011-4648023 Fax: 011-4627093

MrMrMrMrMr. M. Alam. M. Alam. M. Alam. M. Alam. M. AlamProject Implementation OfficerAsian Development Bank, 37 Golf Links,New Delhi 110 003Tel: 011-4692578 Fax: 011-4636175

DrDrDrDrDr. Meera Mehta. Meera Mehta. Meera Mehta. Meera Mehta. Meera MehtaWorld BankHouse No. 12, KenIndia Gardens, Raphta Road, Nairobi, KenyaTel: 0254-2-441991 Fax: 0251-2-623536

MrMrMrMrMr. Nabaroon Bhattacharjee. Nabaroon Bhattacharjee. Nabaroon Bhattacharjee. Nabaroon Bhattacharjee. Nabaroon BhattacharjeeProgram Officer & Regional Training AdvisorRegional Urban Development Office, USAIDAmerican Embassy, Shantipath, Chanakyapuri,New Delhi 110 021Tel: 011-4198000 Fax: 011-4198612

MrMrMrMrMr. P. P. P. P. P.P.P.P.P.P. V. V. V. V. VoraoraoraoraoraCMDNational Housing BankCore 5-A, 3rd Floor, India Habitat Centre,Lodi Road, New Delhi 110 003Tel: 011-4642722 Fax: 011-4649030-35

DrDrDrDrDr. Piali Chakrabarty. Piali Chakrabarty. Piali Chakrabarty. Piali Chakrabarty. Piali ChakrabartyProject Appraisal Officer (I)HUDCOHUDCO Bhawan, India Habitat Centre,Lodi Road, New Delhi 110 003Tel: 011-4648023 Fax: 011-4627093

MrMrMrMrMr. Rahul Mane. Rahul Mane. Rahul Mane. Rahul Mane. Rahul ManeHUDCO,HUDCO Bhawan, India Habitat Centre,Lodi Road, New Delhi 110 003Tel: 011-4367653 Fax: 011-4628894

DrDrDrDrDr. Rakesh K. Rakesh K. Rakesh K. Rakesh K. Rakesh KaushikaushikaushikaushikaushikDirector � Development SupportNodal Organisation for Development Enterprise & Services ( NODES)MBCC, SCO 333-34, Sector 35 B, Chandigarh 160 022Tel: 0172-600532/533 Fax: 0172-600531

MrMrMrMrMr. Rauno Zander. Rauno Zander. Rauno Zander. Rauno Zander. Rauno ZanderConsultantKfW, C/o HDFC Ltd.4th Floor, Ramon House, 169, Backbay Reclamation,Churchgate, Mumbai 400 020Tel: 022-2831920 Fax: 022-2046834

MrMrMrMrMr. S. S. S. S. S. Ramanathan. Ramanathan. Ramanathan. Ramanathan. RamanathanProgramme OfficerSwiss Agency for Development & Cooperation (SDC)Chandragupta Marg, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi 110 021Tel: 011-6877819/20 Fax: 011-6873631

DrDrDrDrDr. Sampath Srinivas. Sampath Srinivas. Sampath Srinivas. Sampath Srinivas. Sampath SrinivasManagerPDCOR Limited# 315, Laxmi Complex, M.I. Road, Jaipur 302 001Tel: 0141-373457/373464 Fax: 0141-373614

MrMrMrMrMr. Sally Rynveld. Sally Rynveld. Sally Rynveld. Sally Rynveld. Sally RynveldSenior ConsultantCoffey MPW Pty Ltd.Suite 22 Northbourne Chambers, 54 Northbourne AvenueCanberra, ACT 2601, AustraliaTel: 0612-6248-7366 Fax: 0612-6248-7157

MrMrMrMrMr. V. V. V. V. V. Suresh. Suresh. Suresh. Suresh. SureshCMDHUDCOHUDCO Bhavan, India Habitat Centre,Lodi Road, New Delhi 110 003Tel: 011-4693022 Fax: 011-4628894

MrMrMrMrMr. V. V. V. V. V. Swarup. Swarup. Swarup. Swarup. SwarupChief (CD)HUDCO,HUDCO Bhawan, India Habitat Centre,Lodi Road, New Delhi 110 003Tel: 011-4367653 Fax: 011-4628894

Ms. VMs. VMs. VMs. VMs. Veena Peena Peena Peena Peena PadiaadiaadiaadiaadiaSmall Enterprises AdvisorDepartment for International Development (DFID)B-2, Anand Niketan, New Delhi 110 021Tel: 011-6114225 Fax: 011-6871655

MAHILA HOUSING SEWMAHILA HOUSING SEWMAHILA HOUSING SEWMAHILA HOUSING SEWMAHILA HOUSING SEWA TRUST & FWWBA TRUST & FWWBA TRUST & FWWBA TRUST & FWWBA TRUST & FWWB

Ms. Bijal BhattMs. Bijal BhattMs. Bijal BhattMs. Bijal BhattMs. Bijal BhattCo-ordinatorMahila Housing SEWA TrustRoom #404, 4th Floor, Sakhar IV Building,Ashram Road, Ahmedabad 380 003Tel: 079-6581659 Fax: 079-5506446

Ms. Ela BhattMs. Ela BhattMs. Ela BhattMs. Ela BhattMs. Ela BhattChairpersonMahila Housing SEWA TrustRoom #404, 4th Floor, Sakhar IV Building,Ashram Road, Ahmedabad 380 003Tel: 079-6581659 Fax: 079-5506446

Ms. Jayshree VMs. Jayshree VMs. Jayshree VMs. Jayshree VMs. Jayshree VyasyasyasyasyasManaging DirectorMahila Sewa Sahakari Bank109, Sakar II, 1st Floor, Opp.Town Hall,Ellisbridge, Ahmedabad 380 006Tel: 079-6581652 Fax: 079-6576074

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Ms. Nayana VMs. Nayana VMs. Nayana VMs. Nayana VMs. Nayana VejaejaejaejaejanininininiMahila Housing SEWA TrustRoom #404, 4th Floor, Sakhar IV Building,Ashram Road, Ahmedabad 380 003Tel: 079-6581659 Fax: 079-5506446

Ms. PMs. PMs. PMs. PMs. Parul Ravalarul Ravalarul Ravalarul Ravalarul RavalMahila Housing SEWA TrustRoom #404, 4th Floor, Sakhar IV Building,Ashram Road, Ahmedabad 380 003Tel: 079-6581659 Fax: 079-5506446

Ms. PMs. PMs. PMs. PMs. Pratul Ahujaratul Ahujaratul Ahujaratul Ahujaratul AhujaFriends of Women�s World BankingG-7, Sakar I Building, Opp. Gandhigram Station,Ashram Road, Ahmedabad 380 009Tel: 079-6584199/6580119 Fax: 079-6580119

Ms. Raja RajeshwariMs. Raja RajeshwariMs. Raja RajeshwariMs. Raja RajeshwariMs. Raja RajeshwariProgram OfficerFriends of Women�s World BankingG-7, Sakar I Building, Opp. Gandhigram Station,Ashram Road, Ahmedabad 380 009Tel: 079-6584199/6580119 Fax: 079-6580119

Ms. Renana JhabvalaMs. Renana JhabvalaMs. Renana JhabvalaMs. Renana JhabvalaMs. Renana JhabvalaExecutive TrusteeMahila Housing SEWA TrustRoom #404, 4th Floor, Sakhar IV Building,Ashram Road, Ahmedabad 380 003Tel: 079-6581659 Fax: 079-5506446

Ms. Sheela MenonMs. Sheela MenonMs. Sheela MenonMs. Sheela MenonMs. Sheela MenonMahila Housing SEWA TrustRoom #404, 4th Floor, Sakhar IV Building,Ashram Road, Ahmedabad 380 003Tel: 079-6581659 Fax: 079-5506446

Ms. Smita GhatateMs. Smita GhatateMs. Smita GhatateMs. Smita GhatateMs. Smita GhatateHousing Finance Co-ordinatorMahila Housing SEWA TrustRoom #404, 4th Floor, Sakhar IV Building,Ashram Road, Ahmedabad 380 003Tel: 079-6581659 Fax: 079-5506446

DrDrDrDrDr. Vjayalakshmi Das. Vjayalakshmi Das. Vjayalakshmi Das. Vjayalakshmi Das. Vjayalakshmi DasChief ExecutiveFriends of Women�s World BankingIndia, G-7, Sakar I Building, Opp. Gandhigram Station,Ashram Road, Ahmedabad 380 009Tel: 079-6584199/6580119 Fax: 079-6580119

INTERNAINTERNAINTERNAINTERNAINTERNATIONAL ( PTIONAL ( PTIONAL ( PTIONAL ( PTIONAL ( PAKISTAKISTAKISTAKISTAKISTAN)AN)AN)AN)AN)

Ms. TMs. TMs. TMs. TMs. Tahira Razaahira Razaahira Razaahira Razaahira RazaExecutive Vice PresidentFirst Women�s Bank, Head Office7th Floor, Mehdi Tower, S.M.C.H. Society, Shahar-e-Faisal, KarachiTel: 9221-4540603 Fax: 9221-4556983

DrDrDrDrDr. T. T. T. T. Tashfeen Kashfeen Kashfeen Kashfeen Kashfeen KahanahanahanahanahanDirector GeneralCommunity Infrastructure Project (CIP)Govt. of NWFP, Phase V, Hayatabad, PeshawarTel: 92-91-9217349 Fax: 92-91-9217350

MrMrMrMrMr. Zahur Hussain. Zahur Hussain. Zahur Hussain. Zahur Hussain. Zahur HussainRegional Programme ManagerDera Ghazi Khan, National Rural Support ProgrammeAl Rehman Manzil, Shah Sikander Road, DG Khan,Punjab, PakistanTel: 92-641-61227/60441 Fax: 92-641-470647

IIIIINTERNANTERNANTERNANTERNANTERNATIONAL (BANGLADESH)TIONAL (BANGLADESH)TIONAL (BANGLADESH)TIONAL (BANGLADESH)TIONAL (BANGLADESH)

DrDrDrDrDr. Dibalok Singha. Dibalok Singha. Dibalok Singha. Dibalok Singha. Dibalok SinghaExecutive DirectorDushtha Shasthya Kendra (DKS)5/8-Sir Sayed Road (Ground Floor), Block 1,Mohammadpur, Dhaka 1207Tel: 0880-2-9128520 Fax: 0880-2-8115764

MrMrMrMrMr. G. G. G. G. G.K.K.K.K.K. Roy. Roy. Roy. Roy. RoyProgramme Coordinator, MicrofinanceBRACBRAC Centre, 75-Mohakhali C/A, DhakaTel: 0880-2-4180-7 Fax: 0880-2-6448

MrMrMrMrMr. Quazi Shairul Hassan. Quazi Shairul Hassan. Quazi Shairul Hassan. Quazi Shairul Hassan. Quazi Shairul HassanGeneral ManagerGrameen BankGrameen Bank Bhaban, Mirpur 2, Dhaka, BangladeshTel: 0880-2-8011138 Fax: 0880-2-8013559

WWWWWAAAAATER AND SANITTER AND SANITTER AND SANITTER AND SANITTER AND SANITAAAAATION PROGRAM-TION PROGRAM-TION PROGRAM-TION PROGRAM-TION PROGRAM-SOUTH ASIASOUTH ASIASOUTH ASIASOUTH ASIASOUTH ASIA

55 Lodi Estate, New Delhi 110 003Tel: 011-4690488/89 Fax: 011-4628250

Ms. Barbara Evans Ms. Barbara Evans Ms. Barbara Evans Ms. Barbara Evans Ms. Barbara EvansRegional Urban Specialist

Ms. Clarissa BrocklehurstMs. Clarissa BrocklehurstMs. Clarissa BrocklehurstMs. Clarissa BrocklehurstMs. Clarissa BrocklehurstRegional Urban Specialist

DrDrDrDrDr. Junaid K. Junaid K. Junaid K. Junaid K. Junaid Kamal Ahmadamal Ahmadamal Ahmadamal Ahmadamal AhmadRegional Team Leader

Ms. Marie HeleneMs. Marie HeleneMs. Marie HeleneMs. Marie HeleneMs. Marie Helene-Zerah-Zerah-Zerah-Zerah-ZerahConsultant

Ms. PMs. PMs. PMs. PMs. Poonam Chitkaraoonam Chitkaraoonam Chitkaraoonam Chitkaraoonam ChitkaraProgram Assistant

DrDrDrDrDr. Pushpa P. Pushpa P. Pushpa P. Pushpa P. Pushpa PathakathakathakathakathakUrban Specialist

MrMrMrMrMr. Raja Rehan Arshad. Raja Rehan Arshad. Raja Rehan Arshad. Raja Rehan Arshad. Raja Rehan ArshadTeam Leader , Pakistan

Ms. Sara FMs. Sara FMs. Sara FMs. Sara FMs. Sara Fatima Azfaratima Azfaratima Azfaratima Azfaratima AzfarUrban Specialist

Ms. Shalini SinhaMs. Shalini SinhaMs. Shalini SinhaMs. Shalini SinhaMs. Shalini SinhaEditorial Consultant

Ms. Shantana BannerjiMs. Shantana BannerjiMs. Shantana BannerjiMs. Shantana BannerjiMs. Shantana BannerjiTeam Assistant

Ms. Soma Ghosh MoulikMs. Soma Ghosh MoulikMs. Soma Ghosh MoulikMs. Soma Ghosh MoulikMs. Soma Ghosh MoulikUrban Institutional Specialist

MrMrMrMrMr. T. T. T. T. Tanveer Ahsananveer Ahsananveer Ahsananveer Ahsananveer AhsanUrban Specialist

Ms. VMs. VMs. VMs. VMs. Vandana Mehraandana Mehraandana Mehraandana Mehraandana MehraRegional Communications Coordinator

Acknowledgements

This report contains a summary of the proceed-

ings of the workshop held in New Delhi in

August 2000. The workshop was jointly organized

by the Water and Sanitation Program-South Asia

(WSP-SA) and Gujarat Mahila Housing SEWA

Trust (MHT). WSP-SA would like to extend sincere

thanks to Mahila Housing SEWA Trust, in

particular to Renana Jhabvala and Smita

Ghatate for providing substantive inputs in the

preparation and design of the workshop.

The organizers would like to extend

special thanks to Department for International

Development ( DFID) and Housing Development

Finance Corporation ( HDFC) for co-hosting the

event. Harish Khare, HDFC, needs a special

mention for providing inspiration and support.

Acknowledgements are due to all the speakers

for their valuable contributions; and finally to all

the participants for invigorating interests and

interaction to make this event a success.

Our sincere gratitude goes to everyone

associated with the workshop.

WWWWWater and Sanitationater and Sanitationater and Sanitationater and Sanitationater and SanitationPPPPProgram-rogram-rogram-rogram-rogram-South AsiaSouth AsiaSouth AsiaSouth AsiaSouth Asia

55 L55 L55 L55 L55 Lodi Estateodi Estateodi Estateodi Estateodi EstateNew Delhi 110 003New Delhi 110 003New Delhi 110 003New Delhi 110 003New Delhi 110 003IndiaIndiaIndiaIndiaIndia

Phone: (91-11) 4690488, 4690489Phone: (91-11) 4690488, 4690489Phone: (91-11) 4690488, 4690489Phone: (91-11) 4690488, 4690489Phone: (91-11) 4690488, 4690489FFFFFax: (91-11) 4628250ax: (91-11) 4628250ax: (91-11) 4628250ax: (91-11) 4628250ax: (91-11) 4628250EEEEE-mail: wspsa@worldbank.org-mail: wspsa@worldbank.org-mail: wspsa@worldbank.org-mail: wspsa@worldbank.org-mail: wspsa@worldbank.orgWWWWWeb site: http://wwweb site: http://wwweb site: http://wwweb site: http://wwweb site: http://www.wsp.org.wsp.org.wsp.org.wsp.org.wsp.org

November 2000November 2000November 2000November 2000November 2000

The Water and Sanitation Program is aninternational partnership to help the poor gainsustained access to improved water supply andsanitation services. The Program�s mainfunding partners are the Governments ofAustralia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark,Germany, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, theNetherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland,and the United Kingdom; the UnitedNations Development Programme, and TheWorld Bank.

Created by WCreated by WCreated by WCreated by WCreated by Write Mediarite Mediarite Mediarite Mediarite MediaEEEEE-mail: writemedia@vsnl.com-mail: writemedia@vsnl.com-mail: writemedia@vsnl.com-mail: writemedia@vsnl.com-mail: writemedia@vsnl.comPPPPPrinted at PS Printed at PS Printed at PS Printed at PS Printed at PS Press Services Pvt Ltdress Services Pvt Ltdress Services Pvt Ltdress Services Pvt Ltdress Services Pvt Ltd

For more information, contact :Water and Sanitation Program-South Asia55 Lodi EstateNew Delhi 110 003Tel: 91-11-4690488, 4690489Fax: 91-11-4628250Email: wspsa@worldbank.org

Gujarat Mahila Housing SEWA TrustRoom No. 404, 4th FloorSakhar IV BuildingAshram RoadAhmedabad 380 009, GujaratTelefax: 91-79-6581659Email: mahilahsg@icenet.net

PPPPPrepared by Shalini Sinharepared by Shalini Sinharepared by Shalini Sinharepared by Shalini Sinharepared by Shalini SinhaPhotographs by Ashwani ChopraPhotographs by Ashwani ChopraPhotographs by Ashwani ChopraPhotographs by Ashwani ChopraPhotographs by Ashwani Chopra

This report is produced by the Water andSanitation Program-South Asia under theBrit ish Government, Department forInternational Development (DFID)-fundedprogram, �Capacity Building for National andMunicipal Decision-Makers�.