national strategic plan for hiv and aids, stis and tb, 2012-2016 (draft) south africa

7/31/2019 National Strategic Plan for HIV and AIDS, STIs and TB, 2012-2016 (Draft) South Africa

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/national-strategic-plan-for-hiv-and-aids-stis-and-tb-2012-2016-draft-south 1/82

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Gmm s{gdianmkius bc _GCGO gck eirnck gui iconyugjik {n onc{ubey{i {n {abs C_\ er |unxbkbcj s|iobhbo hiikegod- on`ìc{- gck syjjis{bncs# [abs ogc ei sic{ {n {ai _GCGO _ioui{gubg{ xbg gc i`gbm gkkuiss {ag{ ags eiic is{gembsaik hnu {abs |yu|nsi- cgìmr CizC_\On`ìc{sLj`gbm#on`#

On`ìc{s gck bc|y{s !bcomykbcj syjjis{ik {iq{" `ys{ ei sye`b{{ik er : _i|{ièiu 5<77#

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]




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GCO Gc{icg{gm ogui

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G__G Go{ygubgm _nobi{r nh _ny{a Ghubog

GUX Gc{bui{unxbugm

G__G Go{ygubgm _nobi{r nh _ny{a Ghubog

GY Ghubogc Ycbnc

EOO Eiagxbnyugm Oagcji On``ycbog{bnc

OEN On``ycb{rEgsik Nujgcbsg{bnc

KO_ Ki|gu{ìc{ nh Onuuio{bncgm _iuxbois

KGO Kbs{ubo{ GBK_ Onycobm

KAB_ Kbs{ubo{ Aigm{a gck Bchnu`g{bnc _rs{i`

KA_ Ki`njug|abo gck Aigm{a _yuxir

KNEI Ki|gu{ìc{ nh Egsbo Ikyog{bnc

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KN[_ Kbuio{mr Nesiuxik [aiug|r _anu{ Onyusi

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ABX Ay`gc B``ycnkihbobicor Xbuys

A_UO Ay`gc _obicois Uisiguoa Onycobm

BKY Bcfio{bcj Kuyj Ysi.Ysiu

DRI Dcnz Rnyu I|bki`bo

DRU Dcnz Rnyu Uis|ncsi

DVC DzgVymyCg{gm \unxbcoi

M\ Mb`|n|n \unxbcoi

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CJN CncJnxiucìc{gm Nujgcbsg{bnc

C_\ Cg{bncgm _{ug{ijbo \mgc hnu ABX gck GBK_- _[Bs gck [E

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8

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\BO[ \unxbkiu Bcb{bg{ik Onycsimmbcj gck [is{bcj

\@[O[ \uixic{bnc nh @n{aiu {n Oabmk ABX [ugcs`bssbnc

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NXO Nu|agcs gck Xymciugemi Oabmkuic

_GOI@G _ny{a Ghubogc Oic{ui hnu I|bki`bnmnjbogm @nkimmbcj gck Gcgmrsbs

_GKO _ny{aiuc Ghubogc Kiximn|ìc{ On``ycb{r

_GAUO _ny{a Ghubogc Ay`gc Ubja{s On``bssbnc

_GCGO _ny{a Ghubog Cg{bncgm GBK_ Onycobm

_GCE_ _ny{a Ghubogc Cg{bncgm Emnnk _iuxboi

_OO _nobgm Oagcji On``ycbog{bnc

_[B _iqygmmr [ugcs`b{{ik Bchio{bnc

_Z _iq Znudiu

_ZIG[ _iq Znudius Ikyog{bnc gck Gkxnogor [gsdhnuoi

[E [yeiuoymnsbs

YCGBK_ Fnbc{ Ycb{ik Cg{bncs \unjug`ì nc ABX.GBK_

YC Ycb{ik Cg{bncs

YCH\G Ycb{ik Cg{bncs \n|ymg{bnc Hyck

YCBOIH Ycb{ik Cg{bncs Oabmkuic‑s Hyck

YCJG__ Ycb{ik Cg{bncs Jiciugm Gssièmr _|iobgm _issbnc nc ABX gck GBK_

ZO Zis{iuc Og|i \unxbcoi

ZAN Znumk Aigm{a Nujgcbvg{bnc




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2

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Uisym{s gck ixbkicoi egsik ‟ zaiuixiu |nssbemi bcb{bg{bxis sanymk ei egsik y|nc

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onèbcg{bncs nh bc{iuxic{bncs {ag{ {gdi bc{n goonyc{ {ai s|iobhbo cg{yui nh {ai i|bki bos bckbhhiuic{ |unxbcois gck zb{abc kbhhiuic{ |unxbcois gck {ansi bc{iuxic{bncs {ag{ gui cnxim#[aisi bcomyki6

_ogmbcj y| gck b`|unxbcj {ai wygmb{r nh dir |uixic{bnc gck {uig{ìc{ |unjug`ìs-bcomykbcj `gmi gck hi`gmi onckn` kbs{ubey{bnc !bcomykbcj hnu dir |n|ymg{bncs"-

@@O- |uixic{bnc nh `n{aiu {n oabmk {ugcs`bssbnc- gck GU[4 Onèbcg{bnc |uixic{bnc bc{iuxic{bncs {ag{ gui {guji{ik ki|ickbcj nc i|bki`bnmnjr4

Bc{unkyobcj ciz |uixic{bnc bc{iuxic{bncs ug|bkmr gs bchnuìk er ixbkicoi- i#j#`bounebobkis- gck |uiiq|nsyui |un|armgqbs hnu dir |n|ymg{bncs4 gck

\un{io{bcj oabmkuic gck uikyobcj {aibu ABX gck [E xymciugebmb{r- bcomykbcj dii|bcjjbums bc soannm hnu gs mncj gs |nssbemi#

[abs s{ug{ijbo knoyìc{ bs bc{ickik hnu ysi er gmm sio{nus nh snobi{r gck gmm {auii s|aiuisnh jnxiucìc{ !gck gmm jnxiucìc{ ki|gu{ìc{s" {n kiximn| ki{gbmik s{ug{ijbob`|miìc{g{bnc |mgcs {ag{ zbmm uihmio{ {aibu s|iobhbo onc{ubey{bncs {n {ai goabixiìc{ nh {aiCg{bncgm _{ug{ijbo \mgc# \unxbcobgm s{ug{ijbo b`|miìc{g{bnc |mgcs !\_B\s" sanymk eiegsik nc {ai Cg{bncgm _{ug{ijbo \mgc gck |unxbki s{ug{ijbo kbuio{bnc g{ g |unxbcobgm mixim-zb{a s|iobhbo |unxbcobgmmixim bc{iuxic{bncs- {ag{ {gdi mnogm onckb{bncs bc{n goonyc{ gck zb{a{guji{s#

G dir bssyi {n gkkuiss bc {abs |mgc bs {ai s{uicj{aicbcj nh b`|miìc{g{bnc gck jnxiucgcois{uyo{yuis# B{ ags eiic gjuiik {ag{ _GCGO bs gc bcs{b{y{bnc bcomysbxi nh \unxbcobgm GBK_Onycobms gck Kbs{ubo{ GBK_ Onycobms- gck {ag{ ei{{iu srs{i`s hnu on``ycbog{bnc-onnukbcg{bnc gck s{gckgukbsg{bnc gui uiwybuik# Bc {abs uijguk ìgsyugemi nefio{bxis zbmm eisi{ hnu {ai kiximn|ìc{ gck s{uicj{aicbcj nh {aisi s{uyo{yuis gck {abs bs siic gs g xb{gm|gu{ nh {ai C_\- zaboa `ys{ gmsn ei `ncb{nuik#

[ai xgubnys ìèius nh _GCGO ‟ jnxiucìc{- eysbciss- mgenyu gck obxbm snobi{r ‟ gmncjzb{a n{aiu s{gdianmkius- gui on``b{{ik {n znudbcj {nji{aiu {n goabixi {ai gb`s nh {ai C_\5<755<78 nxiu {ai ciq{ hbxi rigus- gck bc sn knbcj icsyubcj {ag{ |unjuiss bs `gki{nzguks uigmbsbcj {ai 5<rigu xbsbnc si{ ny{ genxi#




77

OAG\[IU ? ‟ \UNJUI__ NH [AI C_\ 5<<:5<77

Kugh{ Viun cn{i6 \unxbcobgm gck sio{nu uixbizs gui oyuuic{mr {gdbcj |mgoi gck uisym{s zbmm ei bconu|nug{ik bc{n {ai uimixgc{ sio{bncs nh {abs oag|{iu- gs zbmm gkkb{bncgm on`ìc{s hun`

gmm uixbizius#

?#7 Nxiuxbiz nh {ai C_\ 5<<:5<77

[ai |ub`gur jngms nh {ai C_\ 5<<:5<77 ziui {n6

Uikyoi {ai cyèiu nh ciz ABX bchio{bncs er 9<)

Uikyoi {ai b`|go{ nh ABX nc bckbxbkygms- hg`bmbis- on``ycb{bis gck snobi{r eriq|gckbcj gooiss {n g||un|ubg{i {uig{ìc{- ogui gck sy||nu{ {n 1<) nh gmm |in|mikbgjcnsik zb{a ABX

Bc{iuxic{bncs ciikik {n uigoa {ai C_\ jngms ziui s{uyo{yuik yckiu {ai hnmmnzbcj hnyu |bmmgus6

\uixic{bnc

[uig{ìc{- ogui gck `b{bjg{bnc

Ay`gc gck mijgm ubja{s

@ncb{nubcj- uisiguoa gck syuxibmmgcoi

\ubnub{r bc{iuxic{bnc guigs ziui kihbcik yckiu igoa nh {ai |bmmgus- gck {aisi zbmm eikbsoyssik yckiu {aibu uimixgc{ sio{bncs#

?#5 Uixbiz nh {ai 5<<:5<77 C_\ \unjuiss

[ai uixbiz nh {ai |unjuiss {nzguks goabixbcj {ai C_\ jngms zgs onckyo{ik ysbcj g `ym{b|uncjik g||ungoa# Gmm |unxbcois oguubik ny{ iq{icsbxi- `ym{bsio{nugm uixbizs {ag{ hik bc {nen{a {ai cg{bncgm ui|nu{ gs zimm gs |unxbkbcj |unxbcois|iobhbo |unjuiss ui|nu{s#Jnxiucìc{ ki|gu{ìc{s gmsn aimk iq{icsbxi oncsym{g{bncs# [ai uisym{s nh {aisi hnugziui src{aisbvik zb{a g cg{bncgm kisd uixbiz {ag{ bcomykik hbckbcjs hun` dir knoyìc{s-|yembog{bncs- gck kg{g si{s#

\bmmgu 76 \uixic{bnc

G |ub`gur gb` nh {ai C_\ zgs {n icsyui {ag{ {ai mguji `gfnub{r nh _ny{a Ghubogcs zan ziuiABX cijg{bxi ui`gbcik ABX cijg{bxi# [ai jngm si{ ny{ zgs {n uikyoi {ai cyèiu nh cizABX bchio{bncs er 9<)- zb{a g |gu{boymgu i`|agsbs nc uikyobcj ciz bchio{bncs bc {ai 795;rigu nmk gji juny|#

Goonukbcj {n {ai ìgsyui ysik bc {ai C_\ 5<<:5<77- ABX bcobkicoi bc 5<<: zgsis{b`g{ik g{ 7#?)# [n uigoa {ai {guji{- {ai ABX bcobkicoi bc 5<77 znymk agxi {n eiuikyoik {n <#89)# Zabms{ {abs {guji{ ags cn{ eiic uigoaik {ai- i|bki`bnmnjr sio{bnc !siioag|{iu ;" sanzs {ag{ |unjuiss ags eiic `gki bc uikyobcj ciz bchgc{ gck gkym{ bchio{bncs#

Onxiugji nh ABX onycsimmbcj gck {is{bcj !AO[" bcouigsik syes{gc{bgmmr hun` 5<<95<<2#Bc 5<<1.<2- 28) nh |yembo aigm{a hgobmb{bis bc {ai onyc{ur nhhiuik xnmyc{gur ABX onycsimmbcj




75

gck {is{bcj !XO["7 gjgbcs{ g {guji{ nh 7<<)- gck 5;#:) nh gkym{s agk eiic {is{ik gckuioibxik {aibu uisym{s bc {ai |gs{ 75 `nc{as gjgbcs{ g {guji{ nh 77)#5

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mgujis{ {is{bcj og`|gbjc ixiu yckiu{gdic# Er Fyci 5<77- gc is{b`g{ik 7;#1 `bmmbnconycsimmbcj sissbncs- gck 7? `bmmbnc {is{s hnu ABX ziui onckyo{ik

?# G||unqb`g{imr :#:

`bmmbnc |in|mi ziui sr`|{n`g{bogmmr souiicik hnu [E# Bc gkkb{bnc- _ny{a Ghubog bs oyuuic{mrsogmbcjy| b{s |unxbkiu bcb{bg{ik onycsimmbcj gck {is{bcj !\BO[" `nkim {n iq{ick gooiss {nAO[ g{ aigm{a hgobmb{bis#

Gs g uisym{ nh ciz ixbkicoi sanzbcj {ag{ {ai ubsd nh ABX {ugcs`bssbnc bc obuoyòbsik ìcbs sbjcbhbogc{mr uikyoik- bc 5<7<- _ny{a Ghubog bcs{b{y{ik gc gjjuissbxi unmmny{ nh g cg{bncgmìkbogm `gmi obuoyòbsbnc !@@O" |unjug` i# [ai jngm zgs {n uigoa 1<) nh ìcgjik 79;2 !g||unqb`g{imr ;#? `bmmbnc ìc" er 5<79# Gs nh Fyci 5<77- 5?: 175 ìkbogm`gmi obuoyòbsbncs agk eiic onckyo{ik#

[aiui ziui g cyèiu nh mgujisogmi- cg{bncgm `gss ìkbg og`|gbjcs# Iq|nsyui {n _ny{a Ghubog‑s ABX |uixic{bnc on` ycbog{bnc {aunyja ìkbg og`|gbjcs bs abja- zb{a 1<) nh {ansi syuxirik dcnzbcj g{ migs{ nci nh {ai bcb{bg{bxis

;- bc |gu{boymgu g`ncj {ai 795; rigu

nmk gji juny|#

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[ai kbs{ubey{bnc nh `gmi onckn`s bcouigsik hun` ?<1#9 `bmmbnc bc 5<<:- {n ;29 `bmmbnc bc5<7< !g 8<) bcouigsi"# Anzixiu- zag{ {abs {ugcsmg{is {n gc bckbxbkygm mixim bs s{bmm xiurmnz6 7;#9 |iu gkym{ `gmi |iu rigu !79;2" bc 5<7< gjgbcs{ 75#: |iu gkym{ `gmi bc 5<<1#8 [ai cyèiu nh h i`gmi onckn`s kbs{ubey{ik huii ags bcouigsik hun` ?#8 `bmmbnc bc 5<<: {n9 `bmmbnc bc 5<7< !g ?2) bcouigsi"#

Onckn` ysi bc _ny{a Ghubog ags onc{bcyik {n bcouigsi# [ai |iuoic{gji nh |in|mi zanui|nu{ik ysbcj g onckn` bc {ai `ns{ uioic{ siqygm iconyc{iu bcouigsik hun` ?9) !5<<9"{n 85) !5<<1" zb{a {ai abjais{ ug{is g`ncjs{ rnycjiu gji juny|s#

:

Hbus{mbci `gcgjiìc{ nh siqygmmr {ugcs`b{{ik bchio{bncs !_[B" bs oyuuic{mr onckyo{ik g{19) nh |yembo aigm{a hgobmb{bis# Zabmi _[B |gu{ciu cn{bhbog{bnc bs ui|nu{ik g{ 7<<)- {ai|gu{ciu {ugobcj ug{i zgs is{b`g{ik g{ ncmr 57#2) bc 5<7< gck ags ui`gbcik g{ {abs mnz ug{isbcoi 5<<1# [ai |uixgmicoi nh sr|abmbs g`ncjs{ |uijcgc{ znìc ags kiombcik hun`

7[ai |uixbnys |ub`gur `nkim hnu ABX onycsimmbcj gck {is{bcj

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;mnxiMbhi !5<<2"# G jgyji nh ABX |uixic{bnc bc _ny{a Ghubog- 5<<2#

9

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_bcoi 5<<1- _ny{a Ghubog ags ug|bkmr sogmik y| b{s |uixic{bnc nh `n{aiu {n oabmk ABX{ugcs`bssbnc !\@[O[" |unjug`ìs# Er 5<7<- \@[O[ zgs nhhiuik g{ 21) nh aigm{ahgobmb{bis zb{a xbu{ygm ycbxiusgm onxiugji nh `n{aius enndbcj gck kimbxiubcj bc aigm{a

hgobmb{bis# _ny{a Ghubog ags goabixik jmnegm syooiss bc b{s \@[O[ |unjug`ì gck gjgbcs{{ai C_\ {guji{ si{ nh miss {agc 9) {ugcs bssbnc ug{i# Bc 5<7<- igumr {ugcs`bssbnc hun``n{aiu {n oabmk zgs hnyck {n ei ?#9 |iuoic{ bc _ny{a Ghubog- gck ncmr 7#7 |iuoic{ nh ; {n1ziidnmk bchgc{s bc {ai onyc{ur ziui bchio{ik zb{a ABX#2

Emnnk gck emnnk |unkyo{ sghi{r onc{bcyis {n goabixi 7<<) {guji{s hnu emnnk eibcj

souiicik bc g wygmb{r gssyuik `gcciu# ABX {ugcs`bssbnc {aunyja emnnk ags eiic xbu{ygmmrimb`bcg{ik gck {ai sghi{r nh emnnk |unkyo{s bc _ny{a Ghubog bs nc |gu zb{a bc{iucg{bncgms{gckguks !YCJG__ ui|nu{- 5<7<"#

\bmmgu 56 [uig{ìc{- Ogui gck @b{bjg{bnc

[ai sionck gb` nh C_\ 5<<:5<77 zgs {n uikyoi {ai b`|go{ nh ABX nc bckbxbkygms-hg`bmbis- on``ycb{bis gck snobi{r er iq|gckbcj gooiss {n g||un|ubg{i {uig{ìc{- ogui gcksy||nu{ {n 1<) nh gmm ABX|nsb{bxi |in|mi gck {aibu hg`bmbis er 5<77#

[ai goabixiìc{s nh {ai ABX onycsimmbcj gck {is{bcj uis|ncsi agxi eiic ki{gbmik bc {ai|uixic{bnc sio{bnc#

Unmmny{ nh gc{bui{unxbugm {aiug|r onc{bcyis {n ei syooisshym- zb{a 7#; `bmmbnc |iusncss{gu{ik nc gc{bui{unxbugm {aiug|r gs g{ {ai ick nh Fyci 5<77# [uig{ìc{ bcb{bg{bnc ug{isagxi uigoaik ?<-<<< |iu `nc{a#

7<G uixbsbnc nh {ai {uig{ìc{ jybkimbcis bc 5<<2 ags

bcouigsik {ai {auisanmk hnu GU[ {uig{ìc{ bc |uijcgc{ znìc gck |g{bic{s onbchio{ikzb{a [E gck ABX nu zb{a GBK_ kihbcbcj bmmcissis- {n OK; onyc{ ?9<- gck {n bcb{bg{i gmm ABX|nsb{bxi bchgc{s uijgukmiss nh OK; mixim#

Iq|gckik gooiss {n {uig{ìc{ {aunyja |ub`gur aigm{a ogui gck cyusibcb{bg{ikgc{bui{unxbugm {aiug|r ags eiic iq|gckik {aunyjany{ {ai onyc{ur# ’[gsdsabh{bcj‘ hun`kno{nu {n cyusi gck hun` |agu`gobs{ {n |agu`gorgssbs{gc{ nu {ioacbobgc ags eiicb`|miìc{ik# [abs bs is|iobgmmr b`|nu{gc{ bc {ai hgoi nh g |yembo sio{nu sanu{gji nh sdbmmikgck {ugbcik aigm{a znudius- zaboa b`|go{s nc {ai gebmb{r {n iq|gck gooiss {n |uixic{bnc-ogui gck {uig{ìc{ siuxbois#

Nxiugmm `nu{gmb{r ug{is hun` ABX agxi ki`ncs{ug{ik g jugkygm uikyo{bnc- uihmio{bcj {aibcouigsi bc {uig{ìc{ gooiss ![gemi ;"# Eiogysi GBK_ bs cn{ g cn{bhbgemi kbsigsi- {ai{gemi eimnz uihmio{s |unfio{bncs hun` {zn snyuois6 _|io{uy`- g YCGBK_ `nkim- gck G__G-{ai Go{ygubgm _nobi{r nh _ny{a Ghubog#

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[ai 5<<:5<77 C_\ agk gc yczbimkr cyèiu nh bckbog{nus {ag{ ziui yckbhhiuic{bg{ikei{ziic {ansi {ag{ uimg{i {n ny{onì hun` {ansi uimg{ik {n |unoiss# [ai C_\ {guji{sziui cn{ omigumr kihbcik gck `ncb{nubcj gck ixgmyg{bnc srs{i`s ziui cn{ zimm onnukbcg{ik#[aunyjany{ {ai srs{i`- `ncb{nubcj ixgmyg{bnc !@(I" gck gcgmrsbs og|gob{r bs mgodbcj-

uikyobcj {ai uimbgebmb{r nh kg{g ysik hnu eykji{ gck |mgccbcj |unoissis#

[aiui onc{bcyi {n ei oagmmicjis zb{a GU[ @(I gck bc 5<7<.77 g uixbsik |nmbor gckb`|miìc{g{bnc s{ug{ijr {n sb`|mbhr- s{gckgukbsi gck ug{bncgmbsi {ai ui|nu{bcj nh |g{bic{suioibxbcj GU[ zgs gkn|{ik# [abs ciz srs{i` !zb{a ? {bius" bs oyuuic{mr eibcj unmmik ny{#

Bc {ai |gs{ hbxi rigus- _ny{a Ghubog ags eiic ans{ {n g cyèiu nh |uixic{bnc {ubgms# [aisibcomyki6

G ugckn`bsik onc{unmmik {ubgm gssissbcj {ai ihhio{bxiciss nh `gmi obuoyòbsbnc bc|uixic{bcj ABX bchio{bnc# [ai uisym{ sanzik gc ihhio{bxiciss nh geny{ 8<)#

[ai b\uIq _{ykr agk g sb{i bc Og|i [nzc gck hnyck nugm |uiiq|nsyui |un|armgqbs!\uI\" uikyoik ABX bchio{bnc ubsd er ;;) bc ìc agxbcj siq zb{a ìc !@_@"#

[ai OG\UB_G75 <<; s{ykr onckyo{ik bc DzgVymyCg{gm hnyck {n|bogm g GUXonc{gbcbcj xgjbcgm `bounebobkis uikyoik ABX bchio{bnc ubsd er ?2) bc znìc# [aiHGO[_7? <<7 {ubgm uioic{mr mgycoaik g{ cbci sb{is bc _ny{a Ghubog gb`s {n onchbu` {aiuisym{s nh OG\UB_G <<;#

[ai A\[C7;

<95 s{ykr agk {zn sb{is bc _ny{a Ghubog gck ki`ncs{ug{ik {ag{ igumr{uig{ìc{ g{ OK; onyc{s nh ei{ziic ?9<9<< uikyoik `nuebkb{r gck `nu{gmb{r bc {aibchio{ik bckbxbkygm gck uikyoik {ugcs`bssbnc {n {ai ycbchio{ik |gu{ciu er 28)#

\bmmgu ;6 Ay`gc gck Mijgm Ubja{s

_ny{a Ghubog ags g xiur |unjuissbxi oncs{b{y{bncgs zimm gs mgzs gck n{aiu uijymg{bncs {ag{|unxbki hnu {ai sioyub{r nh ay`gc ubja{s gck |un{io{s bckbxbkygms gjgbcs{ kbsoub`bcg{bnc#[aisi s|iobhbogmmr bcomyki |unxbsbncs hnu xymciugemi |n|ymg{bncs syoa gs znìc- rnycj|in|mi- @_@- |ubsnc bc`g{is gck bjugc{ |n|ymg{bncs# Anzixiu- b`|miìc{g{bnc nh snình {aisi |nmbobis ags eiic |nnu- gck |nmbobis kn ui`gbc {ag{ |un`n{i s{bj`g{bvg{bnc gck

77Cg{bncgm GCO _ic{bcim ABX gck _r|abmbs \uixgmicoi Ui|nu{# Cg{bncgm Ki|gu{ìc{ nh Aigm{a- 5<7<- |98

75

Oic{ui hnu {ai GBK_ \unjug`ì nh Uisiguoa bc _ny{a Ghubog7?Hnmmnznc Ghubog Oncsnu{by` hnu [icnhnxbu _{ykbis

7;ABX \uixic{bnc [ubgms Ci{znud




79

kbsoub`bcg{bnc- syoa gs {ai onc{bcyik oub`bcgmbsg{bnc nh siq znud zaboa ouig{is eguubius hnu ABX |uixic{bnc gck {uig{ìc{#

[ai C_\ iq|mbob{mr |unxbkik hnu {ai |un`n{bnc gck |un{io{bnc nh ay`gc ubja{s gck g{{i`|{s{n ouig{i eicoa`guds hnu on`|mbgcoi zb{a ay`gc ubja{s s{gckguks gck {ai uikyo{bnc nh s{bj`g# Anzixiu- {aiui zgs cn omigu b`|miìc{g{bnc |mgc hnu {abs on`|ncic{ gck gc

gesicoi nh kikbog{ik hyckbcj hnu {abs guig ìgc{ b`|miìc{g{bnc gck `ncb{nubcj zgson`|un`bsik#

?#? Abjambja{ik Oagmmicjis nh {ai C_\ 5<<:5<77

Kis|b{i {ai `gcr syooissis- {aiui agxi eiic snì dir oagmmicjis zaboa ciiks g{{ic{bncbc {ai ciz C_\6

Kis|b{i {ai uicizik |nmb{bogm on``b{ìc{- {aiui ags eiic mb{{mi |unjuiss bcuis{uyo{yubcj _GCGO gck is{gembsaìc{ nh _GCGO gs g mijgm ic{b{r sn {ag{ b{ onymkgooiss gck kbs{ubey{i hyckbcj {n sio{nus4

GBK_ onycobms g{ |unxbcobgm gck kbs{ubo{ mixims gui cn{ gmm hyco{bncbcj n|{b`gmmr- gckonnukbcg{bnc ei{ziic {ai |yembo sio{nu- |ubxg{i sio{nu gck cncjnxiucìc{ sio{nusciiks {n ei s{uicj{aicik4

Onnukbcg{bnc ei{ziic {ai cg{bncgm s{ug{ijr gck b`|miìc{g{bnc g{ |unxbcobgm-kbs{ubo{- zguk gck hgobmb{r mixim ciiks {n ei s{uicj{aicik4

[ai gesicoi nh cg{bncgm nu |unxbcobgm b`|miìc{g{bnc |mgcs mbcdik {n {ai C_\zigdicik {ai gebmb{r {n `ncb{nu gck ixgmyg{i b`|miìc{g{bnc4

[E gck _[B bc{ijug{bnc ziui cn{ zimm kihbcik bc {ai 5<<:5<77 C_\ gck bcsyhhbobic{|unjuiss ags eiic `gki bc [E bc{ijug{bnc4

@ns{ ui|nu{bcj gjgbcs{ {ai C_\ {guji{s zgs kn`bcg{ik er {ai aigm{a sio{nu- gck

{abs `gsdik {ai {uiìcknys g`nyc{ nh go{bxb{r er n{aiu jnxiucìc{ ki|gu{ìc{sgck sio{nus nh _GCGO4

Cn omigu s{ug{ijr nc ui`nxbcj |ycb{bxi mijbsmg{bnc gck ay`gc ubja{s eguubius!is|iobgmmr bc uimg{bnc {n siq znud"4

[aiui zgs cn omigumr kihbcik @(I hugìznud nu ons{bcj nh {ai uisiguoa- `ncb{nubcjgck ixgmyg{bnc on`|ncic{ bc {ai 5<<:5<77 C_\#

[ai C_\ 5<755<78 eybmks nc {ai syooissis nh {ai |uixbnys C_\- ey{ gmsn gb`s {ngkkuiss snì nh {ai oagmmicjis#




78

OAG\[IU ; ‟ [AI _NY[A GHUBOGC ABX GCK [E I\BKI@BO_ ‟ ZAG[KN ZI DCNZ>

Bc nukiu {n y|kg{i gck oncsnmbkg{i {ai ixbkicoi egsi hnu _ny{a Ghubog‑s uis|ncsi {n {ai

ABX gck [E i|bki`bos nxiu {ai ciq{ hbxi rigus- g uixbiz nh iqbs{bcj kg{g nc {aii|bki`bnmnjr nh ABX- _[Bs gck [E gs zimm gs {aibu uimg{ik snobgm ki{iu`bcgc{s bs oub{bogm#[ai ’Dcnz rnyu ABX I|bki`bo !DRI"‘ gck ’Dcnz rnyu ABX Uis|ncsi !DRU"‘ ui|nu{s ziuion``bssbncik er _GCGO bc 5<7< gck |unxbki g on`|uiaicsbxi uixbiz nh _ny{a Ghubog‑suis|ncsi# [abs oag|{iu sy` gubsis {ai i|bki`bnmnjr nh ABX egsik nc {ai 5<77 DRIui|nu{- ycmiss n{aiuzbsi uihiuicoik#

[ai |ub`gur nefio{bxis nh {ai DRI uixbiz ziui {n6

- Kisoubei {ai mixim nh ai{iunjicib{r nh {ai _ny{a Ghubogc i|bki`bo gck |unxbkibchnu`g{bnc nc gcr syei|bki`bos zaboa ogc ei bkic{bhbik zb{abc {ai cg{bncgmi|bki`bo4

- Bkic{bhr |n|ymg{bncs g{ juig{is{ ubsd nh ABX bchio{bnc egsik nc gc gcgmrsbs nh {aikbs{ubey{bnc nh ciz bchio{bncs4

- Is{gembsa {ai hgo{nus kubxbcj {ai i|bki`bo {aunyja gc gcgmrsbs nh |unxbcobgmeiagxbnyugm- snobnioncn`bo- ebnmnjbogm gck ki`njug|abo kg{g4 gck

- \unxbki gc i|bki`bnmnjbogm ixbkicoi egsi hnu {ai hnu`ymg{bnc nh ixbkicoibchnuìk-ei{{iu{guji{ik gck `nui ihhio{bxi |uixic{bnc s{ug{ijbis#

[ai gssissìc{ zgs onckyo{ik {aunyja g kisd uixbiz nh iqbs{bcj |yembsaik gckyc|yembsaik mb{iug{yui# Bc |gu{boymgu kg{g ziui kugzc hun` {ai |n|ymg{bncegsik ABX

siqygm eiagxbnyu kg{g hun` 5<<5- 5<<9 gck 5<<1 onckyo{ik er {ai Ay`gc _obicoisUisiguoa Onycobm !A_UO"

79- gck cg{bncgm on``ycbog{bnc syuxirs onckyo{ik er Aigm{a

gck Kiximn|ìc{ Ghubog78#

;#7 Mixims gck [uicks bc ABX \uixgmicoi

_ny{a Ghubog ags g |n|ymg{bnc nh g||unqb`g{imr 9<#8 `bmmbnc |in|mi !<#:) nh {ai znumk‑s|n|ymg{bnc"7:# Nh {aisi- _[G[__G is{b`g{is {ag{ 9#?1 bmmbnc |in|mi mbxi zb{a ABX !7:) nh jmnegm eyukic" bc 5<77# ABX |uixgmicoi hnu {ai gkym{ |n|ymg{bnc !7952 rigus" bs is{b`g{ikg{ 78#8)- gck {ai nxiugmm |n|ymg{bnc |uixgmicoi ug{i bs 7<#8)#

[ai kbsigsi ags b`|go{ik sbjcbhbogc{mr nc mbhi iq|io{gcor ‟ zaboa bs oyuuic{mr 9;#2 rigushnu ìc gck 92#7 rigus hnu znìc goonukbcj {n {ai 5<77 _[G[__G is{b`g{is# [anyjas{bmm mnz- {abs bs gc bcouigsi nxiu {ai 5<<: ug{is g{ {ai s{gu{ nh {ai |uixbnys C_\ !9<#2 rigushnu ìc- gck 9;#2 rigus hnu znìc"# [abs bcouigsi bc mbhi iq|io{gcor bs `gbcmr kyi {n {aib`|go{ nh gc{bui{unxbugm {aiug|r#71

79 _ny{a Ghubogc Cg{bncgm ABX \uixgmicoi- Bcobkicoi- Eiagxbnyu gck On``ycbog{bnc _yuxir- 5<<5- 5<<9

gck 5<<178

_ionck Cg{bncgm ABX On``ycbog{bnc _yuxir !CO_ 5<<2"7:@bkrigu |n|ymg{bnc is{b`g{is- 5<77# _{g{s_G- Fymr 5<77

71@bkrigu |n|ymg{bnc is{b`g{is- 5<77# _{g{s_G- Fymr 5<77




7:

_b`bmgumr- _[G[__G ui|nu{ik b`|unxiìc{s bc bchgc{ `nu{gmb{r gck yckiu 9 `nu{gmb{r ug{is#[ai bchgc{ `nu{gmb{r ug{i ags b`|unxik hun` ;9#7.7<<< mbxi ebu{as bc 5<<: {n ?:#2.7<<< bc5<77# _b`bmgumr- yckiu 9 nu{gmb{r ags kiouigsik hun` 8:#1.7<<< {n 9;#?.7<<<

72#

_ny{a Ghubog ags srs{i`g{bogmmr `ncb{nuik {ai ABX i|bki`bo hnu 71 rigus {aunyja {aigccygm gc{icg{gm ABX gck _r|abmbs _yuxir onckyo{ik er {ai Cg{bncgm Ki|gu{ìc{ nh

Aigm{a# [aisi syuxirs ìgsyui ABX |uixgmicoi kg{g hnu g ui|uisic{g{bxi sg |mi nh |uijcgc{ znìc g{{ickbcj |yembo sio{nu gc{icg{gm ombcbos# _bjcbhbogc{ b`|unxi ic{s bc {aiì{anknmnjr agxi eiic `gki nxiu {bì gck hun` 5<<8 {ai cyèiu nh sic{bcim sb{is zgsbcouigsik hun` ;<< {n 7-;<< zb{a g knyembcj nh {ai sg`|mi sbvi nh {abs syuxir hun` 78-9<<{n ??-<<<# [abs oagcji igcs {ag{ {ai `nui uioic{ is{b`g{is gui mbdimr {n ei `nuiuimbgemi#

Egsik nc oyuuic{ bcobkicoi ug{i is{b`g{is- {ai ABX i|bki`bo bs onc{bcybcj# Kg{g hun` {aigc{icg{gm syuxir syjjis{ {ag{ ABX |uixgmicoi ags |mg{igyik- gmeib{ g{ g abja mixim nh cigumr ?<)# [abs cg{bncgm hbjyui `gsds |unxbcobgm gck kbs{ubo{ mixim kbhhiuicois zb{a sn ikbs{ubo{s g{ genxi ;<) bc DzgVymyCg{gm !Y{aydimg- i[aidzbcb- Bmièi gck

y@jycjyckmnxy" {n sixiugm kbs{ubo{s eimnz 7<) bc {ai Cnu{aiuc Og|i !i#j# Cg`gwyg" gckZis{iuc Og|i !i#j# Zis{ Ongs{"# B{ sanymk ei cn{ik {ag{ abja |uixgmicoi bc {ai onc{iq{ nh sbjcbhbogc{ gooiss {n GUXs ui|uisic{s mncjiu mbhi iq|io{gcor gck cn{ cioissgubmrbcouigsik bcobkicoi#

Jug|a 76 Gc{icg{gm siun|uixgmicoi ug{is- 722<5<<2

72 @bkrigu |n|ymg{bnc is{b`g{is- 5<77# _{g{s_G- Fymr 5<77

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71

Jug|a 56 5<<2 Gc{icg{gm _iun|uixgmicoi Ug{is bc 79 Kbs{ubo{s zb{a Abjais{ Ug{is

[ai A_UO onckyo{ik cg{bncgm anysianmkegsik |n|ymg{bnc syuxirs bc 5<<5- 5<<9- gck5<<1

5<# [aisi syuxirs syjjis{ {ag{6

Bc gkym{s gjik 79;2 rigus- {ai {auii cg{bncgm syuxirs bc 5<<5- 5<<9- 5<<1is{b`g{ik ABX |uixgmicoi g{ 79#8)- 78#5) gck 78#2) uis|io{bximr4 gck

[ai cg{bncgm |uixgmicoi !gmm syuxir uis|nckic{s gjik 5 rigus gck nmkiu" bc 5<<5-5<<9- gck 5<<1 zgs 77#;)- 7<#1) gck 7<#2) uis|io{bximr#

;#5 [uicks bc ABX [ugcs`bssbnc

[ai Dcnz Rnyu I|bki`bo !DRI" ui|nu{ abjambja{s {ai guigs zaiui {ai i|bki`bo sii`s {nei oncoic{ug{ik- gck snì nh {ai `gfnu ubsd hgo{nus hnu ABX bchio{bnc# G`ncjs{ n{aius-{aisi gui6

ABX |uixgmicoi bs sbjcbhbogc{mr abjaiu bc {ai Ghubogc emgod |n|ymg{bnc {agc bc {ain{aiu ugoi juny|s4

Gkym{ znìc gjik 79 rigus gck genxi gui sbjcbhbogc{mr `nui mbdimr {n ei ABX|nsb{bxi {agc ìc nh {ai sgì gji4

Rnycj znìc ei{ziic {ai gjis nh 5< gck 5; gui hnyu {bìs `nui mbdimr {agc `gmisnh sgì gji {n agxi ABX# [ai kbhhiuicoi bs ixic abjaiu bc {iicgji jbums4

5< _ny{a Ghubogc Cg{bncgm ABX \uixgmicoi- Bcobkicoi- Eiagxbnyu gck On``ycbog{bnc _yuxir- 5<<5- 5<<9 gck5<<1

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72

Nc gxiugji rnycj hi`gmis gui bchio{ik geny{ 9 rigus igumbiu {agc `gmis4

[ai is{b`g{ik cyèiu nh |in|mi mbxbcj zb{a ABX sanzs oncsbkiugemi omys{iubcj bc{ai igs{iuc |gu{s nh {ai onyc{ur- zb{a {ai `gfnub{r nh gkym{ |in|mi mbxbcj zb{a ABX!9;)" mnog{ik bc Jgy{icj gck DzgVymyCg{gm !DVC"4

Abja mixims nh mnogmbsik ABX {ugcs`bssbnc bs hnyck bc guigs omnsi {n cg{bncgm ungksgck abjazgrs4

Mixims nh ABX bc bchnu`gm si{{miìc{s bc yuegc guigs gui abja- gck abjais{ zaiui{aisi bchnu`gm- abjakicsb{r si{{miìc{s gui mnog{ik cigu cg{bncgm ungks#Oncxiusimr- `nui bcgooissbemi uyugm guigs agk {ai mnzis{ |uixgmicoi- {anyja {abs bsbcouigsbcj4

[ai {r|i nh uisbkic{bgm guig bs gmsn gssnobg{ik zb{a {ai mbdimbannk nh eibcj ABXbchio{ikzb{a yuegc bchnu`gm guigs mbcdik {n abjais{ ABX |uixgmicoi on`|guik {nyuegc hnu`gm- gck uyugm bchnu`gm guigs# [uicks bckbog{i g smbja{ kiombci nh ?) bcyuegc hnu`gm guigs bc onc{ugs{ {n gc bcouigsi nh nxiu 9) bc uyugm guigs4

@ic gck znìc zb{a {iu{bgur ikyog{bnc gui sbjcbhbogc{mr miss mbdimr {n ei ABX|nsb{bxi {agc {ansi zb{a cn soannm ikyog{bnc4

Mnz snobnioncn bo s{g{ys bs gssnobg{ik zb{a ABX bchio{bnc# @nui b`|nu{gc{mr {ansizan znud bc {ai bchnu`gm sio{nu agxi nxiugmm {ai abjais{ ABX |uixgmicoi zb{a gm`ns{g {abuk nh {ai Ghubogc bchnu`gm znudius eibcj ABX |nsb{bxi# G`ncj znìc- {ansizb{a miss kbs|nsgemi bconì agxi g abjaiu ubsd nh eibcj ABX |nsb{bxi4

@ic zan ui|nu{ik agxbcj eiic obuoyòbsik eihnui {aibu hbus{ siqygm iconyc{iu ziuisbjcbhbogc{mr miss mbdimr {n ei ABX |nsb{bxi# [ugkb{bncgm obuoyòbsbnc- zaic |iuhnuìkgh{iu siqygm kiey{- bs miss |un{io{bxi#

57

Cg{bncgm gck |unxbcobgm s{ug{ijbo b`|miìc{g{bnc |mgcs ciik {n {gdi {aisi bssyis bc{ngoonyc{ zaic |mgccbcj bc{iuxic{bncs#

Gm{anyja syuxirs sanz {ag{ ABX |uixgmicoi ags |mg{igyik- zag{ bs nh{ic cn{ oncsbkiuik bs{ag{ {ai cg{bncgm GU[ |unjug`ì- er bcouigsbcj mbhi iq|io{gcor- gmsn b`|go{s nc ABX|uixgmicoi mixims- gkkbcj omnsi {n 5) {n ABX |uixgmicoi {aunyja |in|mi mbxbcj mncjiu#Anzixiu- {ai ug{i nh ciz bchio{bncs onc{bcyis {n ny{s{ub| oyuuic{ |uixic{bnc ihhnu{s{auiihnmk- gck {ai gesnmy{i cyèiu nh |in|mi mbxbcj zb{a ABX bcouigsis g{ g ug{i nh g||unqb`g{imr 7<<-<<< ciz bchio{bncs |iu rigu#

55

G syooisshym bc{iuxic{bnc b`|go{bcj nc ABX g`ncj oabmkuic bs {ai cg{bncgm |uixic{bnc nh `n{aiu{noabmk ABX {ugcs`bssbnc !\@[O[" |unjug` i# Kyi {n {ai b`|unxik onxiugji nh \@[O[- {ai cyèiu nh bchgc{s enuc ABX |nsb{bxi ags kiouigsik er 9<) ei{ziic 5<<;gck 5<7< goonukbcj {n g uioic{ @ikbogm Uisiguoa Onycobm !@UO"5? s{ykr#

;#? Is{b`g{bnc nh ABX Bcobkicoi

_ny{a Ghubog ags oncsbkiugemi iq|iubicoi bc {ai ysi nh g xgubi{r nh ì{anks {n is{b`g{iABX bcobkicoi- {ai ug{i g{ zaboa ciz bchio{bncs nooyu# ABX bcobkicoi bs g dir |uixic{bncb`|go{ bckbog{nu# Anzixiu- {aiui gui ì{anknmnjbogm oagmmicjis zb{a ABX bcobkicoiìgsyuiìc{ gck ihhnu{s gui eibcj `gki {n s{uicj{aic nyu gebmb{r {n gooyug{imr ìgsyuibcobkicoi#

57

Dcnz Rnyu I|bki`bo ui|nu{- 5<7755 @bkrigu |n|ymg{bnc is{b`g{is- 5<77# _{g{s_G- Fymr 5<77 5?

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Bc sy``gur- {ai kbhhiuic{ ì{anks {n is{b`g{i ABX bcobkicoi syjjis{ gccygm bcobkicoi nh 5#<5#;) bc {ai hbus{ agmh nh {ai kiogki s{gu{bcj bc 5<<< gck geny{ 7#57#:) bc {ai sionckagmh nh {ai mgs{ kiogki# YCGBK_ is{b`g{ik bcobkicoi bc _ny{a Ghubog g{ 7#;2) bc 5<<2-zb{a {ai 5<77 _{g{s_G is{b`g{i eibcj 7#?1)# [ai DRI ui|nu{ bckbog{is {ag{ nci bcobkicoiis{b`g{bnc ì{ank syjjis{ik {ag{ ABX bcobkicoi `gr agxi kiombcik er 8<) bc rnycjznìc gjik 795; ei{ziic {ai bc{iusyuxir |iubnks 5<<5.<9 gck 5<<9.1#

[aiui bs ixbkicoi {ag{ ABX bcobkicoi ags eiic kiombcbcj nxiu {ai mgs{ kiogki- |gu{boymgumrbc {ai rnycjiu gji juny|s- zaboa agk gc is{b`g{ik bcobkicoi ug{i nh 5#51 bc 5<<9- gck7#82 bc 5<7< !G__G 5<<1- Hbjyui 7"# B{ ags eiic ui|nu{ik {ag{ ei{ziic {ai 5<<55<<9gck 5<<95<<1 |iubnk {aiui zgs g kiombci bc ABX bcobkicoi- ey{ {abs zgs ncmr s{g{bs{bogmmrsbjcbhbogc{ hnu znìc gjik 79 {n 5; rigus- g`ncj zan` g 8<) uikyo{bnc bc bcobkicoihun` 9#9 {n 5#5.7<< \R5; zgs is{b`g{ik#59 Bc 5<77 {aiui zgs gjuiiìc{ nc g s{i|zbsiì{anknmnjr {n ysi {n |unfio{ bcobkicoi ysbcj {ai G__G `nkim#

Hbjyui 76 ABX bcobkicoi g`ncj ìc gck znìc gjik 5<8; gck 795; rigus !G__G5<<1"

Is{b`g{is nh ABX bcobkicoi bc rnycj |in|mi gjik 795< syjjis{ {ag{ gm{anyja {ansi bc{aibu {iics |uixic{ik bchio{bncs `nui ihhio{bximr bc 5<<1 {agc bc 5<<5- {air s{bmm gowybuiciz ABX bchio{bncs ug|bkmr gs {air ic{iu bc{n {aibu {zic{bis#

Hun` s{ykbis onckyo{ik bc DVC er {ai Ghubog Oic{ui- {ai mbhi{bì ubsd hnu ABX bchio{bnc g{gji 99 bs is{b`g{ik g{ :1) hnu `gmis- gck :9) hnu hi`gmis# [ays- {anyja znìc `gr eibchio{ik g{ g rnycjiu gji- mbhi{bì ubsd bs cn{ xiur kbhhiuic{#

On`|guik {n n{aiu onyc{ubis bc _ye _gagugc Ghubog- ABX bcobkicoi bc _ny{a Ghubog bsiqoi|{bncgmmr abja !sii eimnz"- {anyja mnziu {agc bc {auii cibjaenyubcj onyc{ubis!En{szgcg- _zgvbmgck gck Misn{an"#

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57

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55

Gc bssyi {ag{ ags cn{ eiic hymmr yckius{nnk eihnui bs {ai mbcd ei{ziic ìc{gm aigm{a gckABX# G uioic{ ui|nu{ hun` {ai Ycbxiusb{r nh Og|i [nzc sanzs {ag{ {ai |uixgmicoi nh ìc{gm bmmciss !is|iobgmmr ki|uissbnc gck gcqbi{r" g`ncj |in|mi mbxbcj zb{a ABX bc _ny{a Ghubog bs ;?#:)# [abs bs sbjcbhbogc{mr abjaiu {agc {ai ug{i nh 78#9) bc {ai jiciugm|n|ymg{bnc# [abs abjambja{s {ai ciik hnu juig{iu |sroansnobgm gck n{aiu on``ycb{r sy||nu{|unjug`ìs# [ai mbcd ei{ziic ic{gm aigm{a gck ABX bs is|iobgmmr abja g`ncjs{

|uijcgc{ ABXbchio{ik znìc !hun` s{ykbis bc {zn |unxbcois ug{is nh ki|uissbnc kyubcj|uijcgcor ziui ei{ziic ?2 gck ;7)"#51

[aiui gui gc is{b`g{ik 7<-<<<9<-<<< bcfio{bcj kuyj ysius bc _ny{a Ghubog# Bc {ai 5<<1anysianmk syuxir- {aiui zgs g 77) ABX |uixgmicoi g`ncj |in|mi zan bchio{ kuyjs#Uisiguoa hun` {ai @ikbogm Uisiguoa Onycobm !\guur 5<<1" sanz {ag{ 18) nh _ny{a Ghubogcs zan bcfio{ kuyjs sagui bcfio{bnc iwyb|ìc{- cn{ ncmr srubcjis ey{ gmsn n{aiu kuyj|gug|aiucgmbg ciikik hnu |ui|gubcj {ai kuyj hnu bcfio{bncgck 89) |ugo{boi ycsghi siq#[aiui bs g mguji gck junzbcj |unemi` zb{a ougod onogbci- is|iobgmmr g`ncj {ai rny{a gcksiq znudius- {ays abjambja{bcj {ai ciik {n oncsbkiu sogmbcj y| syes{gcoi geysi uikyo{bnc|unjug`ìs gck ciikmi iqoagcji |unjug`ìs#

Gcn{aiu `gfnu ubsd hgo{nu bs syes{gcoi geysi- is|iobgmmr gmonanm# G uioic{ ui|nu{ er {aiYC Kiximn|ìc{ \unjug` !YCK\" gck {ai _iq Znudius Ikyog{bnc gck Gkxnogor[gsdhnuoi !_ZIG[" sanzik {ai s{uncj mbcd ei{ziic gmonanm gck yc|un{io{ik siq ‟ `gbcmrgs g uisym{ nh {ai kbsbcabeb{bnc gs g uisym{ nh gmonanm gck kuyj geysi# G 5<77 ui|nu{ hun`{ai @UO bckbog{is {ag{- egsik nc 5< s{ykbis bc Ghubog- |in|mi zan kubcd gmonanm gui 9:)`nui mbdimr {n ei ABX bchio{ikzb{a {abs mbdimbannk bcouigsbcj {n 7<;) g`ncj {ansi zangeysi gmonanm# Gmonanm geysi bs gmsn gssnobg{ik zb{a kiouigsik onckn` ysi- gck gcbcouigsi bc `ym{b|mi !gck oncoyuuic{" siqygm |gu{cius#

Kg{g nc {ai unmi nh ìkbogm bcfio{bncs gck bchio{bnc onc{unm bc aigm{a ogui si{{bcjs guimb`b{ik# Bc g s{ykr onckyo{ik er {ai A_UO bchgc{s zan agk uioibxik gc bcfio{bnc bc {aimgs{ rigu |ubnu {n {ai syuxir ziui smbja{mr `nui mbdimr {n ei ABX |nsb{bxi#

ABX {ugcs`bssbnc {aunyja emnnk {ugcshysbnc bs |ugo{bogmmr viun kyi {n {ai wygmb{r nh nyu emnnk siuxbois gck knis cn{ uiwybui ciz go{bnc- ey{ ki`ncs{ug{is {ai b`|nu{gcoi nh `gbc{gbcbcj {ai abja s{gckguks nh souiicbcj oyuuic{mr bc |mgoi#

Gc b`|nu{gc{ hgo{nu bc {ugcs`bssbnc bs igumr siqygm kiey{ g`ncj rnycj |in|mi- |gu{boymgumrg`ncj jbums hun` |nnu anysianmks- gck gjikbs|gug{i siqygm uimg{bncsab|s g`ncj rnycjjbums gck nmkiu ìc#52 On``ycb{r |nxiu{r ug{is ziui gssnobg{ik zb{a igumr siqygm kiey{

gck abjaiu mixims nh yc|un{io{ik siq# _oannm g{{ickgcoi gs zimm gs on`|mi{bcj soannmbcjbs g sbjcbhbogc{ hgo{nu |un{io{bcj jbums hun` igumr siqygm kiey{ eihnui 7:- hun` ABX bchio{bncgs zimm gs {iicgji |uijcgcor# Kg{g hun` {ai Oic{ui hnu {ai GBK_ \unjug`ì nh Uisiguoa bc _ny{a Ghubog !OG\UB_G" sanzs {ag{ g`ncj soannm oabmkuic bc jugkis 2 gck7< bc Xymbckmimg- DzgVymyCg{gm |uixgmicoi ug{is g`ncj jbums gjik 7:71 bs :#2)-on`|guik {n 7#5) g`ncj enrs nh {ai sgì gji juny|# [ai sgì ug{i hnu enrs g{ gji 7978 bs 7#;)- on`|guik {n jbums g{ ?#8)#

Gkkb{bncgm hgo{nus {ag{ bcouigsi {ai ubsd nh ABX gowybsb{bnc bcomyki6

51

Oic{ui hnu \yembo @ic{gm Aigm{a \iubcg{gm @ic{gm Aigm{a \unfio{- Ycbxiusb{r nh Og|i [nzc- 5<7752 \i{{bhnu- Uiis i{# gm# 5<<9# Rnycj |in|mi‑s siqygm aigm{a bc _ny{a Ghubog6 ABX |uixgmicoi gck siqygm

eiagxbnus hun` g cg{bncgmmr ui|uisic{g{bxi anysianmk syuxir




5?

@ym{b|mi siqygm |gu{cius ‟ bc {ai |gs{ oncxic{bncgm zbskn` s{g{ik {ag{ ABX{ugcs`bssbnc zgs kubxic er `ym{b|mi oncoyuuic{ |gu{ciusab|s# Egsik nc kg{g|uisic{ik bc 5<77 er {ai Ghubog Oic{ui hun` uisiguoa onckyo{ik nxiu 9 rigus bcuyugm DzgVymyCg{gm- {ai ebjjis{ onc{ubey{nu {n {ai ubsd nh ABX g||igus cn{ {n eioncoyuuicor- ey{ {ai gesnmy{i cyèiu nh siqygm |gu{cius bc g mbhi{bì?<4

Yc|un{io{ik uioi|{bxi gcgm siq bc @_@s ‟ {abs oguubis 5< {bìs {ai ABX ubsd

on`|guik {n yc|un{io{ik xgjbcgm siq4 [ugcsgo{bncgm siq ‟ {abs bs bcouigsbcjmr eibcj xbizik gs g on``nc |ugo{boi bc

_ny{a Ghubog# G s{ykr bc _nzi{n hnyck {ag{ 5<) nh znìc ui|nu{ik agxbcjicjgjik bc {ugcsgo{bncgm siq4

Jickiuegsik xbnmicoi ‟ {ai mbcd ei{ziic jickiuegsik xbnmicoi gck ABX bchio{bncbs zimm knoyìc{ik# [abs bs is|iobgmmr {uyi hnu rnycj znìc# Bc _ny{a Ghubog-goonukbcj {n g 5<77 ui|nu{ er {ai Kis`nck [y{y ABX Hnyckg{bnc

?7- gc is{b`g{ik

nci {abuk nh rnycj jbums bckbog{i {ag{ {aibu hbus{ siqygm iq|iubicoi zgs hnuoik- gckcigumr :9) agxi agk g{ migs{ nci cnconcsicsygm siqygm iconyc{iu4

@nebmb{r gck `bjug{bnc ‟ {aiui gui abja mixims nh `bjugcor bc _ny{aiuc Ghubog !5#5`bmmbnc bc 5<7<"- zb{a _ny{a Ghubog eibcj {ai |ub`gur kis{bcg{bnc hnu bjugc{s# Zb{abc{ai onyc{ur {aiui bs gmsn sbjcbhbogc{ `nebmb{r gck `bjug{bncbcomykbcj `bci znudius-gck sigsncgm hgu` znudius4 gck

[ai `bjugc{ mgenyu srs{i`- mnz `guubgji ug{is gounss gmm |n|ymg{bncs- gck ycs{gemimncj{iu` uimg{bncsab|s#

;#9 _iqygmmr [ugcs`b{{ik Bchio{bncs

Gc nh{icnxiumnndik on`|ncic{ nh {ai C_\ bs {ag{ nh siqygmmr {ugcs b{{ik bchio{bncs!_[Bs"# Bc _ny{a Ghubog- nui {agc 7#9 bmmbnc |g{bic{s zb{a sr`|{n`g{bo _[Bs ziuiui|nu{ik {n agxi eiic {uig{ik g{ \AO hgobmb{bis bc 5<<2# N{aiu aigm{a siuxboi |unxbkius-

`gbcmr bc {ai |ubxg{i sio{nu- gui is{b`g{ik {n agxi {uig{ik gcn{aiu 7#9 `bmmbnc |g{bic{s zb{asr`|{n`g{bo _[Bs bc {ag{ rigu# Hyu{aiu s{ykbis bckbog{i {ag{ y| {n 9<) nh gmm _[Bs ogc eigsr`|{n`g{bo#

Bc gkkb{bnc {n {abs kbuio{ eyukic- {ai |uisicoi nh _[Bs bcouigsi {ai ubsd nh ABX {ugcs`bssbncbc siunkbsonukgc{ ony|mis# \uixic{bnc gck igumr {uig{ìc{ nh _[Bs bs {aiuihnui g abja|yembo aigm{a |ubnub{r bc _ny{a Ghubog- gck sanymk onc{bcyi {n ei bc {ai C_\ 5<755<78#

;#8 \uixgmicoi gck Bcobkicoi nh [yeiuoymnsbs bc _ny{a Ghubog

Kugh{ Viun Cn{i6 _bjcbhbogc{ gkkb{bncgm bchnu`g{bnc bs ciikik bc {abs sio{bnc gunyck [E i|bki`bnmnjr- ubsd hgo{nus i{o#

_ny{a Ghubog bs hgobcj nci nh {ai znus{ kygm i|bki`bos nh ABX gck [E bc {ai znumk# [aiABX eyukic bs mbcdik {n {ai znumk‑s sionck abjais{ |iu og|b{g bcobkicoi nh {yeiuoymnsbs!2:7 |iu 7<<-<<< |n|ymg{bnc"?5# [E bs {ai `ns{ on``nc n||nu{ycbs{bo bchio{bnc bc |in|mimbxbcj zb{a ABX gck {ai gfnu ogysi nh nu{gmb{r# Gkkb{bncgmmr- [E uisym{s bc `nui ug|bk|unjuissbnc nh ABX kbsigsi#

Bc |in|mi zb{a cnu`gm b``yci srs{i`s {ai mbhi{bì ubsd nh |unjuissbcj hun` mg{ic{ [E

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bchio{bnc {n go{bxi [E kbsigsi bs 7<)# ABX- er zigdicbcj {ai b``yci srs{i - bcouigsis g|iusnc‑s ubsd nh |unjuissbcj hun` mg{ic{ [E bchio{bnc {n go{bxi [E kbsigsi {n 7<) |iu rigu#Bc {ai 721<s {ai [E bcobkicoi zgs uimg{bximr s{gemi# Ei{ziic 7212 gck 5<<2- {aigc{icg{gm ABX |uixgmicoi bcouigsik hun` miss {agc 7) {n ?<) gck {ai [E bcobkicoibcouigsik `nui {agc hnyuhnmk hun` 71:.7<<-<<< {n 2:7.7<<-<<<# Ubsbcj ABX |uixgmicoiags gmsn uisym{ik bc g junzbcj |iuoic{gji nh [E ogsis nooyuubcj bc znìc# Hun` 7229 {n

5<<;- {ai ABX gc{icg{gm |uixgmicoi unsi hun` 7<) {n ?<) gck {ai |un|nu{bnc nh ciz [Eogsis zan ziui znìc bcouigsik hun` ?9) {n ;;)#

[ai Znumk Aigm{a Nujgcbsg{bnc !ZAN" is{b`g{ik {ag{ {aiui ziui ;2<-<<< [E ogsis bc_ny{a Ghubog- 8<) nh zan` ziui onbchio{ik zb{a ABX# B`|nu{gc{mr- {abs ìgcs {ag{ ;<)nh [E |g{bic{s gui cn{ ABXbchio{ik- gck {ays icsyubcj |uixic{bnc siuxbois hnu [E |g{bic{sbs oub{bogm {n `gbc{gbc {ag{ ABX cijg{bxi s{g{ys# Nh gmm ciz ogsis nh [E bc 5<<2- 79) ziuioabmkuic yckiu {ai gji nh 79#??

[E souiicbcj g`ncj ABX bchio{ik |iusncs zgs g||unqb`g{imr 9:) bc 5<7<- ui|uisic{bcj gsbjcbhbogc{ bcouigsi hun` 5<<2 gck {ai ogsi ki{io{bnc ug{i ui`gbcs s{gemi g{ gc is{b`g{ik#

8#1) !KAB_"# [aiui zgs g xiur mnz ug{i !gunyck ;)" nh bsncbgvbk |uixic{bxi {aiug|r !B\["ey{ {abs ags s{gu{ik zb{a bcouigsi kyubcj 5<7<.77# G`ncj dcnzc ABX|nsb{bxi [E |g{bic{s-:9) uioibxik on{ub`nqgvnmi |uixic{bxi {aiug|r gck ?7) uioibxik gc{bui{unxbugm {uig{ìc{!GU[" bc 5<7<#?;

[aiui bs mg{i bcb{bg{bnc nh GU[ bc [E |g{bic{s- onc{ubey{bcj {n `nu{gmb{r# GU[ siuxbois agxieiic oic{ugmbvik on`|guik {n [E siuxbois {ag{ gui g{ |ub`gur aigm{a ogui mixim- `gdbcj {ai{uig{ìc{ nh [E |g{bic{s onbchio{ik zb{a ABX gck bc ciik nh GU[ kbhhboym{# Anzixiu- bc5<7< gc gjjuissbxi ihhnu{ zgs mgycoaik er {ai Ki|gu{ìc{ nh Aigm{a {n kioic{ugmbsi GU[bcb{bg{bnc {n |ub`gur aigm{a ogui mixim# Ixic zaiui GU[ ags eiic kioic{ugmbsik- siuxboiss{bmm ui`gbc mgujimr bcgkiwyg{imr bc{ijug{ik#

[gemi ;6 [E bcobkicoi gck |uixgmicoi kg{g- zb{a gck zb{any{ ABX- 5<<2 ?9

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\uixgmicoi !bcomykbcj ABX" ;<< !71<89<" 1<1 !?857511"

Bcobkicoi !bcomykbcj ABX" ;2< !;<<92<" 2:7 !:277782"Bcobkicoi !ABX |nsb{bxi" 51< !5?<?;<" 98? !;878:9"

Ogsi ki{io{bnc- gmm hnu`s !)" :; !8727"

Cn{i {ag{ ugcjis bckbog{i ycoiu{gbc{r bc{iuxgms

Cg{bncgm {guji{s hnu [E onc{unm bcomyki g 19) oyui ug{i# Gm{anyja [E oyui ug{is guibcouigsbcj bc _ny{a Ghubog- {air ui`gbc hgu eimnz {guji{# Goonukbcj {n {ai Cg{bncgm [E\unjug`ì 5<7< kg{g- g`ncj 7?2-;91 ciz sìgu|nsb{bxi |g{bic{s uijbs{iuik hnu [E{uig{ìc{ bc 5<<2- :<#?) ziui oyuik- 8#7) on`|mi{ik {uig{ìc{- 7#:) hgbmik- :#7) kbik-:#<) kihgym{ik- ;#1) ziui {ugcshiuuik ny{ gck 5#8) ziui cn{ ixgmyg{ik

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59

ui{uig{ìc{ syooisshym {uig{ìc{ ug{i zgs 8;) !5<<1 kg{g"?:#

[ai _{gu{bcj GU[ g{ ? \nbc{s bc [E !_G\B[" {ubgm bc DzgVymyCg{gm sanzik {ag{ igumrbcb{bg{bnc nh GU[ bc [E |g{bic{s uisym{s bc g 98) kiouigsi bc `nu{gmb{r# On{ub`nqgvnmi|uixic{bxi {aiug|r ags eiic sanzc {n kiouigsi ans|b{gmbsg{bncs gck `nu{gmb{r bc ABXbchio{ik [E |g{bic{s er 9<)#

B{ bs is{b`g{ik {ag{ 7#1) nh ciz [E ogsis gck 8#:) nh ui{uig{ìc{ [E ogsis gui `ym{bkuyj uisbs{gc{ !@KU" zaboa ìgcs {ag{ {ai ogsis gui uisbs{gc{ {n bsncbgvbk gck ubhg`|bobc#_ny{a Ghubog ags {ai hnyu{a abjais{ cyèiu nh @KU[E ogsis !2-8<< ogsis bc 5<<2" bc {aiznumk zb{a gc iìujbcj |unemi` nh iq{icsbximrkuyj uisbs{gc{ [E !QKU[E"# @gcrkbgjcnsik |g{bic{s kn cn{ s{gu{ nc @KU {uig{ìc{ eiogysi {air kbi nu `nxi eihnui {airgui bchnuìk nh {aibu kbgjcnsbs !bc 5<<2 ncmr ;8) nh @KU[E ogsis s{gu{ik {uig{ìc{"#@KU[E siuxbois ui`gbc oic{ugmbsik bc `ns{ nh _ny{a Ghubog# Egsik nc |un`bsbcj uisym{shun` |bmn{s bc Dagrimb{sag gck [yjimg Hiuur {ag{ agxi kioic{ugmbsik @KU[E {uig{ìc{ {n{ai ombcbo gck on``ycb{r mixims g cg{bncgm |mgc {n en{a kibcs{b{y{bncgmbsi gck kioic{ugmbsi@KU[E ags eiic kiximn|ik#

;#: Oncomysbnc

_ny{a Ghubog ags nxiu 9#? `bmmbnc |in|mi mbxbcj zb{a ABX- zaboa ìgcs {ag{ nci bc sbq _ny{a Ghubogcs bs ABX |nsb{bxi# [E bcobkicoi bs 2:7.7<<-<<<- igcbcj {ag{ gm`ns{ 7) nh {ai_ny{a Ghubog |n|ymg{bnc kiximn|s [E kbsigsi igoa rigu# [ai ug{i nh ciz bchio{bncs nh ABXgck [E gui cn{ kiombcbcj sbjcbhbogc{mr# [aiui gui {ays `gfnu oagmmicjis {ag{ ciik {n eigkkuissik onmmio{bximr er _ny{a Ghubogcs {n b`|unxi |uixic{bnc ihhnu{s {n s{i` {ai {bki nh ciz bchio{bncs- gck {n icsyui g||un|ubg{i ogui gck {uig{ìc{ hnu {ansi gmuigkr bchio{ik#

?:Znumk [E ui|nu{- 5<7<




58

OAG\[IU 9 ‟ BC[IUCG[BNCGM GCK UIJBNCGM NEMBJG[BNC_

[ai C_\ 5<755<78 `ys{ ei gmbjcik gck oncsbs{ic{ zb{a cg{bncgm- bc{iucg{bncgm gckuijbncgm nembjg{bncs gck on` b{ìc{s# Aicoi {aisi nembjg{bncs gui bcomykik bc {ai C_\

hnu igsr uihiuicoi# [aisi bc{iucg{bncgm gck uijbncgm nembjg{bncs bcomyki {ai hnmmnzbcj6

[ai Oncs{b{y{bnc

Ycbxiusgm Gooiss {guji{s4

@bmmiccby` Kiximn|ìc{ Jngms4

YCJG__ \nmb{bogm Kiomgug{bnc- Fyci 5<774

YCGBK_ 5<775<79 s{ug{ijr4

ZAN Aigm{a _{ug{ijr hnu ABX gck GBK_ 5<775<79

[ai _{n| [E _{ug{ijr gck {ai _{n| [E \gu{ciusab|‑s Jmnegm \mgc {n _{n| [E 5<<85<79

Gjickg hnu Gooimiug{ik Onyc{ur Go{bnc hnu Znìc- Jbums- Jickiu Iwygmb{r gck ABX5<7<7;

Ghubogc Ycbnc on``b{ìc{s4 gck

_ny{aiuc Ghubogc Kiximn|ìc{ On``ycb{r on``b{ìc{s#

Bc{iucg{bncgm ay`gc ubja{s gjuiiìc{s {ag{ _ny{a Ghubog ags ug{bhbik4

Bc{iucg{bncgm {ugki gjuiiìc{s

9#7 Ycbxiusgm Gooiss gck @bmmiccby` Kiximn|ìc{ Jngms

[ai Ycb{ik Cg{bncs icknusik {ai oncoi|{ nh ycbxiusgm gooiss !YG" {n ABX |uixic{bnc-{uig{ìc{ gck ogui gck sy||nu{ bc 5<<9# [ai |yu|nsi nh ycbxiusgm gooiss bs {n onc{ubey{i{n {ai goabixiìc{ nh cg{bncgm {guji{s bc guigs syoa gs gc{bui{unxbugm {aiug|r- |uixic{bnc nh `n{aiu {n oabmk {ugcs`bssbnc- |uixic{bnc |unjug`ìs hnu dir |n|ymg{bncs gck ABXonycsimmbcj gck {is{bcj# [ai YG eybmks nc {ai 5<<7 Ycb{ik Cg{bncs Jiciugm Gssièmr_|iobgm _issbnc nc ABX gck GBK_ !YCJG__" Kiomgug{bnc nh On``b{ìc{# Bc 5<<8- g{ {aisionck Ycb{ik Cg{bncs Jiciugm Gssièmr Abja Mixim @ii{bcj nc ABX gck GBK_- onyc{ubisgjuiik {n znud {nzguks {ai jngm nh %YG {n on`|uiaicsbxi |uixic{bnc |unjug`s- {uig{ìc{-ogui gck sy||nu{% er 5<7<# [aisi jmnegm on``b{ìc{s on`|miìc{ {ai Ycb{ik Cg{bncs@bmmiccby` Kiximn|ìc{ Jngms- zaboa is{gembsaik {guji{s {n uikyoi oabmk `nu{gmb{r-b`|unxi `g{iucgm aigm{a gck onèg{ ABX- `gmgubg gck n{aiu `gfnu kbsigsis er 5<79#

Bc 5<<8 jnxiucìc{s `gki g abs{nubo on``b{ìc{ g{ {ai Ycb{ik Cg{bncs {n kug`g{bogmmrsogmi y| {ai GBK_ uis|ncsi# YCGBK_ ogmmik hnu g uixbiz nh ycbxiusgm gooiss bc 5<7<-eybmkbcj nc {ai kg{g uioibxik hun` onyc{ubis {aunyja {ai YCJG__ ui|nu{bcj hugìznud# Gcyèiu nh eguubius {n iq|gckbcj ABX |unjug` bcj ziui bkic{bhbik bcomykbcj |nnu sy||mrsrs{i`s gck hbcgcobgm ìoagcbs`s- zigd aigm{a srs{i`s- mnz mixims nh ay`gc uisnyuois-abja mixims nh s{bj`g gck kbsoub`bcg{bnc- jickiu bciwygmb{r gck `gujbcgmbvg{bnc nh dir|n|ymg{bncs g{ abjaiu ubsd# Onyc{ubis on` b{{ik {n {godmbcj {aisi nes{gomis gck si{cg{bncgm {guji{s hnu ycbxiusgm gooiss# [ai goabixiìc{ nh Ycbxiusgm Gooiss gck @KJsonc{bcyi {n jybki gck bcs|bui jmnegm ihhnu{s- {n nxiuonì nes{gomis {n iwyb{gemi siuxbois-{n kubxi {ai |uixic{bnc uixnmy{bncgck {n ogmm hnu g||un|ubg{i bcxis{ìc{s bc GBK_uis|ncsis#




5:

9#5 \nmb{bogm Kiomgug{bnc nc ABX.GBK_6 Bc{icsbhrbcj nyu Ihhnu{s {nImb`bcg{i ABX

[ai jmnegm on``b{ìc{s {n `b{bjg{i {ai b`|go{ nh ABX {n kg{i ziui uixbizik bc Fyci 5<77g{ {ai Ycb{ik Cg{bncs Jiciugm Gssièmr# [ai YCJG__ \nmb{bogm Kiomgug{bnc nh Fyci 5<77ogmms nc gmm YC @ièiu _{g{is {n uiknyemi {aibu ihhnu{s {n goabixi ycbxiusgm gooiss {n ABX

|uixic{bnc- {uig{ìc{- ogui gck sy||nu{ er 5<79 gs g oub{bogm s{i| {nzguks ickbcj {aijmnegm GBK_ i|bki`bo#

[ai Kiomgug{bnc gmsn cn{ik {ai ciik {n iq|gck ihhnu{s {n onèg{ [E er b`|unxbcj [Esouiicbcj- |uixic{bnc- gooiss {n kbgjcnsbs gck {n {uig{ìc{ nh en{a kuyj sysoi|{bemi gckkuyj uisbs{gc{ [E gck gooiss {n gc{bui{unxbugm {aiug|r# [ai Kiomgug{bnc gmsn ogmms ncìèiu s{g{is {n b`|miìc{ bc{ijug{ik [E gck ABX siuxbois bc mbci zb{a {ai Jmnegm \mgc {n_{n| [E- 5<775<79#

G |mikji {n imb`bcg{i jickiu bciwygmb{r- jickiuegsik geysi gck xbnmicoi- gck {nbcouigsi {ai og|gob{r nh znìc gck gknmisoic{ jbums {n |un{io{ {ai`simxis hun` ABXbchio{bnc zgs gmsn `gki# [ai Kiomgug{bnc uionjcbvis {ag{ gooiss {n siqygm gckui|unkyo{bxi aigm{a ags eiic gck onc{bcyis {n ei issic{bgm {n {ai GBK_ uis|ncsi gck {ag{jnxiucìc{s agxi {ai uis|ncsbebmb{r nh |unxbkbcj |yembo aigm{a siuxbois hnoysik nc {aiciiks nh hg`bmbis- |gu{boymgumr znìc gck oabmkuic# @ièiu s{g{is gmsn gjuiik {n uixbizmgzs gck |nmbobis {ag{ gkxiusimr b`|go{ nc {ai syooisshym- ihhio{bxi gck iwyb{gemi kimbxiurnh ABX |uixic{bnc- {uig{ìc{- ogui gck sy||nu{ |unjug`ìs {n |in|mi mbxbcj zb{a gckghhio{ik er ABX#

Zb{a cigumr :-<<< ciz ABX bchio{bncs igoa kgr jmnegmmr !`nui {agc 7-<<< nh {ansi bc _ny{a Ghubog gmnci"- {ai \nmb{bogm Kiomgug{bnc uighhbu`s {ag{ |uixic{bcj ABX `ys{ ei {ai

onucius{nci nh cg{bncgm- uijbncgm gck bc{iucg{bncgm uis|ncsis {n {ai GBK_ i|bki`bo# B{ogmms hnu iq|gckbcj gooiss {n issic{bgm ABX |uixic{bnc on``nkb{bis- |gu{boymgumr `gmi gckhi`gmi onckn`s gck s{iubmi bcfio{bcj iwyb|ìc{- bc{icsbhrbcj cg{bncgm ABX {is{bcjog`|gbjcs4 b{ yujis onyc{ubis {n ki|mnr ciz ebnìkbogm bc{iuxic{bncs gs snnc gs {air guixgmbkg{ik bcomykbcj igumbiu gooiss {n {uig{ìc{ gs |uixic{bnc# [ai kiomgug{bnc ogmms hnu6Migkiusab| {n ycb{bcj {n ick {ai ABX i|bki`bo4 _{uicj{aicbcj |uixic{bnc er iq|gckbcjonxiugji- kbxiusbhr g||ungoais gck bc{icsbhr ihhnu{s {n ick ciz ABX bchio{bncs4 [uig{ìc{-ogui gck sy||nu{6 Imb`bcg{bcj GBK_uimg{ik bmmciss gck kig{a4 Gkxgcobcj ay`gc ubja{s {nuikyoi s{bj`g- kbsoub`bcg{bnc gck xbnmicoi uimg{ik {n ABX4 Uisnyuoi `nebmbsg{bnc hnu {ai GBK_ uis|ncsi4 _{uicj{aicbcj aigm{a srs{i`s gck bc{ijug{bcj ABX bc{n eungkiu aigm{a gckkiximn|ìc{4 gck \nsb{bncbcj uisiguoa gck kiximn|ìc{ gs {ai dir {n |uixic{bcj gck

{uig{bcj ABX#

YCJG__ \nmb{bogm Kiomgug{bnc [guji{s hnu 5<79 Uikyoi er 9<) {ai siqygm {ugcs`bssbnc nh ABX‛bcomykbcj g`ncj

dir |n|ymg{bncs- syoa gs rnycj |in|mi- ìc zan agxi siq zb{a ìc-bc {ai onc{iq{ nh siq znud4 gck |uixic{ gmm ciz ABX bchio{bncs gs guisym{ nh bcfio{bcj kuyj ysi4

Imb`bcg{i ABX {ugcs`bssbnc hun` `n{aiu {n oabmk4 Uikyoi er 9<) {yeiuoymnsbs kig{as bc |in|mi mbxbcj zb{a ABX4 Icsyui ABX {uig{ìc{ hnu 7? `bmmbnc |in|mi4 Uikyoi er 9<) {ai cyèiu nh onyc{ubis zb{a ABXuimg{ik uis{ubo{bncs

nc ic{ur- s{gr gck uisbkicoi4 gck Icsyui iwygm gooiss {n ikyog{bnc hnu oabmkuic nu|agcik gck gki

xymciugemi er GBK_#




51

Jbxic {ai b`|nu{gcoi nh {aisi on``b{ìc{s- YCGBK_ ags ogmmik nc {ai Jiciugm Gssièmr {n uib{iug{i gck iq{ick {ai on``b{ìc{ {n ycbxiusgm gooiss gck {n ui|nu{ egodnc |unjuiss bc Fyci 5<78 nc {ai {guji{s#

9#? YCGBK_ 5<775<79 _{ug{ijr

[ai YCGBK_ 5<775<79 s{ug{ijr bs `nui ’hnoysik- s{ug{ijbo- hmiqbemi- uis|ncsbxi- ihhbobic{gck goonyc{gemi‘ {n goabixi {ai nxiugmm jmnegm on``b{ìc{ nh Ycbxiusgm Gooiss {n ABX{uig{ìc{- |uixic{bnc- ogui gck sy||nu{# [ai s{ug{ijr gkxnog{is g `nui onmmgenug{bxi gckoncs{uyo{bxi g||ungoa {n eybmk g `nui `ym{bsio{nugm GBK_ uis|ncsi- gck {n ysi sogmik y| GBK_ siuxbois gs gc ic{ur |nbc{ {n goabixbcj ei{{iu aigm{a ny{on is gounss {ai @KJs#[abs _{ug{ijr |gxis {ai zgr {n {ugcshnu` {ai jmnegm uis|ncsi gck ny{mbcis {ai unmi nh YCGBK_6

B{ sicks ny{ g ciz gck gèb{bnys ugmmrbcj our {n goabixi {ai YCGBK_ mncj{iu`xbsbnc nh {ai [auii Viuns ‟ Viun kbsoub`bcg{bnc# Viun ciz ABX bchio{bncs# Viun GBK_uimg{ik kig{as#

B{ hnoysis {ai GBK_ gjickg nc {auii s{ug{ijbo kbuio{bncs# [aisi gui uixnmy{bncbsbcjABX |uixic{bnc4 og{gmrsbcj {ai ciq{ jiciug{bnc nh {uig{ìc{- ogui gck sy||nu{4 gckgkxgcobcj ay`gc ubja{s gck jickiu iwygmb{r hnu {ai ABX uis|ncsi#

B{ si{s g enmk gck {ugcshnu`g{bxi gjickg {n `gqb`bvi ihhbobicobis gck hnoys {nkimbxiu uisym{s#

_y||nu{s kiximn|ìc{ nh ciz {nnms gck icgemis {aibu {bìmr gck ihhio{bxi ysi#

[ai s{ug{ijr mbcds zb{a gck kugzs hun` xgubnys hugìznuds gck ìoagcbs`s {ag{ agxi

eiic kiximn|ik {n s{uicj{aic cg{bncgm GBK_ uis|ncsis gck n{aius kisbjcik {n onnukbcg{igck hnoys {ai sy||nu{ nh {ai YC {n {ansi uis|ncsis# [ai YCGBK_ Ny{onì Hugìznudgck {ai og`|gbjc {n ‚Dcnz Rnyu I|bki`bo- Dcnz Rnyu Uis|ncsi-‑ gkxnog{is g `nui|ubnub{bvik uis|ncsi egsik nc ei{{iu ixbkicoi# [ai [auii Ncis gck {ai Kbxbsbnc nh Mgenyu g`ncj {ai xgubnys YC gjicobis gui {nnms {n aim| onyc{ubis gkxgcoi |ubcob|mis nh onyc{ur nzciusab| gck gbk ihhio{bxiciss# [ai Ycb{ik Cg{bncs Nhhboi nc Kuyjs gck Oubì!YCNKO" bs `gckg{ik {n gssbs{ ìèiu s{g{is {n |unxbki |in|mi zan ysi kuyjs-|ubsncius gck |in|mi xymciugemi {n ay`gc {ughhbodbcj zb{a ixbkicoibchnuìkon`|uiaicsbxi ABX |uixic{bnc- {uig{ìc{ gck ogui siuxbois#

9#; ZAN Aigm{a _{ug{ijr nc ABX gck GBK_ 5<775<79

[ai s{ug{ijr zgs mgycoaik bc 5<7< gck jybkis {ai aigm{a sio{nu ‑s uis|ncsi {n ABX# [ai_{ug{ijr bs hymmr gmbjcik {n {ai jngms nh {ai YCGBK_ s{ug{ijr gck |un|nsis hnyu s{ug{ijbokbuio{bncs6

N|{b`bsi ABX |uixic{bnc- {uig{ìc{ gck ogui ny{onìs6 Uixnmy{bncbvi ABX|uixic{bnc4 Imb`bcg{i ciz ABX bchio{bncs bc oabmkuic4 Og{gmrsi {ai ciq{ |agsi nh {uig{ìc{- ogui gck sy||nu{4 \unxbki on`|uiaicsbxi gck bc{ijug{ik siuxbois hnu dir |n|ymg{bncs#

Mixiugji eungkiu aigm{a ny{onìs {aunyja ABX uis|ncsis6 _{uicj{aic mbcds

ei{ziic ABX |unjug`ìs gck n{aiu aigm{a |unjug`ìs Eybmk s{uncjiu gck sys{gbcgemi srs{i`s6 _{uicj{aic {ai sbq eybmkbcj emnods nh {ai

aigm{a srs{i`




52

Uikyoi xymciugebmb{bis gck ui`nxi s{uyo{yugm eguubius {n gooissbcj siuxbois6\un`n{i jickiu iwygmb{r gck ui`nxi agu`hym jickiu cnu`s4 Gkxgcoi ay`gc ubja{sgck |un`n{i aigm{a iwyb{r4 Icsyui aigm{a bc gmm |nmbobis- mgzs gck uijymg{bncs#

[ai s{ug{ijr |un`n{is iq|gckik bc{ijug{bnc ei{ziic ABX gck {yeiuoymnsbs siuxbois# Dirgo{bncs bcomyki |unkyobcj ombcbogm jybkimbcis gck sy||nu{bcj b`|miìc{g{bnc nh n|iug{bncgm

{nnms hnu {yeiuoymnsbs |uixic{bnc gck {uig{ìc{ zb{abc ABX aigm{a siuxbois- bcomykbcjg||mbog{bnc nh ’{ai [auii B‑s !Bc{icsbxi ogsi hbckbcj4 bsncbgvbk {aiug|r gck bchio{bnconc{unm"4‘ \un`n{bcj on|godgjbcj- onhnu`ymg{bnc gck ysi nh bsncbgvbk.on{ub`nqgvnmionèbcg{bncs4 \uixic{bnc nh {yeiuoymnsbs bc |in|mi mbxbcj zb{a ABX4 gck Migkbcj {aikiximn|ìc{ nh g uneys{ uisiguoa gjickg nc ABX[E onbchio{bncbcomykbcj b`|unxiksyuxibmmgcoi nh ABX gck {yeiuoymnsbs gck sy||nu{bcj fnbc{ uixbizs nh ABX.{yeiuoymnsbs|mgccbcj gck |unjug`ìs#

9#9 Jmnegm \mgc {n _{n| [E _{ug{ijr

[ai mncj{iu` [E _{ug{ijr zgs mgycoaik bc 5<<8 {n icsyui iwyb{gemi gooiss {n wygmb{rogui hnu gmm [E |g{bic{s ‟ bchio{bnys gck cncbchio{bnys- gkym{s gck oabmkuic- zb{a gckzb{any{ ABX- zb{a gck zb{any{ kuyjuisbs{gc{ [E gck {aunyja |yembo nu |ubxg{i aigm{a ogui|unxbkius# [ai _{n| [E gjickg zgs uion`ìckik hnu bc{ijug{bnc bc{n cg{bncgm s{ug{ijbis{n uikyoi |nxiu{r gck gkxgcoi kiximn|ìc{# [ai sbq on`|ncic{s nh {ai s{ug{ijr gui6 b"[n |yusyi abjawygmb{r KN[_ iq|gcsbnc gck icagcoiìc{4 bb" Gkkuiss [E.ABX gck @KU[E gck n{aiu s|iobgm oagmmicjis4 bbb" Onc{ubey{i {n aigm{a srs{i` s{uicj{aicbcj4 bx" Icjgjigmm ogui |unxbkius4 x" I`|nziu |in|mi zb{a [E- gck on``ycb{bis4 gck xb" Icgemi gck|un`n{i uisiguoa#

ZAN ags |yembsaik gc bc{iub` |nmbor nc onmmgenug{bxi go{bxb{bis ei{ziic [E gck ABXonc{unm |unjug`ìs zb{a uion`ìckg{bncs bc {auii eungk og{ijnubis6 is{gembsabcj {aiìoagcbs`s hnu onmmgenug{bnc- uikyobcj {ai eyukic nh [E bc |in|mi mbxbcj zb{a ABX !\MABX"-gck uikyobcj {ai eyukic nh ABX bc |g{bic{s zb{a [E# [aisi go{bxb{bis sanymk ei bcomykik bccg{bncgm [E onc{unm |mgcs# [ai hnyu go{bxb{bis bcxnmxik bc ìoagcbs`s hnu onmmgenug{bnc gui6

Ouig{bnc nh g fnbc{ cg{bncgm [E gck ABX onnukbcg{bcj enkr {ag{ bcomykis [E gck ABX|g{bic{ sy||nu{ juny|s4

Kiximn|ìc{ gck b`|miìc{g{bnc nh g fnbc{ cg{bncgm |mgc4

ABX syuxibmmgcoi g`ncj [E |g{bic{s- buuis|io{bxi nh ABX |uixgmicoi ug{is4 gck

G srs{i` nh `ncb{nubcj gck ixgmyg{bnc# Hnu `ncb{nubcj gck ixgmyg{bnc- g onui si{ nh bckbog{nus sanymk ei gjuiik y|nc- egsik nc ZAN jybkimbcis hnu `ncb{nubcj gckixgmyg{bnc nh onmmgenug{bxi [E.ABX go{bxb{bis#

ZAN Aigm{a _{ug{ijr nc ABX6 5<79 [guji{s Uikyoi ciz bchio{bncs6 uikyoi er 9<) {ai |iuoic{gji nh rnycj

|in|mi gjik 79 ‟5; rigus zan gui bchio{ik !on`|guik zb{a g 5<<2

egsimbci" Imb`bcg{i ciz ABX bchio{bncs bc oabmkuic6 uikyoi ciz ABX bchio{bncs

bc oabmkuic er 2<) !on`|guik zb{a g 5<<2 egsimbci" Uikyoi ABXuimg{ik nu{gmb{r6 uikyoi ABXuimg{ik kig{as er 59)

!on`|guik zb{a g 5<<2 egsimbci" Uikyoi {yeiuoymnsbsuimg{ik nu{gmb{r6 uikyoi {yeiuoymnsbs kig{as er

9<) !on`|guik zb{a g 5<<; egsimbci"#




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[ai {auii go{bxb{bis {n uikyoi {ai eyukic nh [E bc \MABX gui6 b" bc{icsbhbik [E ogsihbckbcjbc gmm ABX.GBK_ |unjug`ì ny{mi{s gck g`ncj abjaubsd |n|ymg{bncs- zb{a g uihiuugm srs{ièi{ziic ABX gck [E siuxbois4 bb" |unxbsbnc nh bsncbgvbk |uixic{bxi {aiug|r gs |gu{ nh {ai|godgji nh ogui hnu \MZAG zaic go{bxi [E bs iqomykik4 gck bbb" icsyubcj {ag{ bchio{bnconc{unm bs bc |mgoi bc aigm{a ogui gck oncjuijg{i si{{bcjs#

[ai hbxi go{bxb{bis {n uikyoi {ai eyukic nh ABX bc [E |g{bic{s gui6 b" ABX {is{bcj gckonycsimmbcj hnu gmm [E |g{bic{s zaic ABX |uixgmicoi g`ncj [E |g{bic{s iqoiiks 9)4 bb"|unxbsbnc nh ABX |uixic{bnc siuxbois !bcomykbcj agu` uikyo{bnc ìgsyuis zaic bcfio{bcjkuyj ysi bs g |unemi`"4 bbb" |unxbsbnc nh on{ub`nqgvnmi |uixic{bxi {aiug|r {n [E |g{bic{szb{a ABX bchio{bnc4 bx" |unxbsbnc nh gc{bui{unxbugm {aiug|r {n [E |g{bic{s zb{a ABX bchio{bnc4gck x" |unxbsbnc nh ogui gck sy||nu{ siuxbois {n [E |g{bic{s zb{a ABX bchio{bnc#

9#8 Gjickg hnu Gooimiug{ik Onyc{ur Go{bnc hnu Znìc- Jbums- JickiuIwygmb{r gck ABX 5<7<5<7;

[abs gjickg zgs mgycoaik g{ {ai 9; {a YC ìi{bcj nc {ai On``bssbnc nc {ai _{g{ys nh

Znìc- aimk bc Ciz Rnud bc @guoa 5<7<- zaboa zgs kiximn|ik {n gkkuiss jickiu bciwygmb{bis gck ay`gc ubja{s xbnmg{bncs {ag{ onc{bcyi {n |y{ znìc gck jbums g{ ubsd nh ABXbchio{bnc# [ai Jmnegm [gsd Hnuoi nc Znìc- Jbums- Jickiu Iwygmb{r gck ABX mgycoaik {aigjickg hnmmnzbcj zbki oncsym{g{bnc# [ai hbxirigu go{bnc |mgc zgs mgycoaik g{ g abjamixim |gcim kyubcj {ai On``bssbnc gck ogmms nc {ai YC srs{i` {n sy||nu{ jnxiucìc{s-obxbm snobi{r gck kiximn|ìc{ |gu{cius bc uibchnuobcj onyc{ur go{bncs {n |y{ znìc gckjbums g{ {ai oic{ui nh {ai GBK_ uis|ncsi- icsyubcj {ag{ {aibu ubja{s gui |un{io{ik#

[ai gjickg sy||nu{s {ai b`|miìc{g{bnc nh {ai YCGBK_ go{bnc hugìznud gck hnoysisnc6 yckius{gckbcj gck uis|nckbcj {n |gu{boymgu ihhio{s nh ABX nc znìc gck jbums4{ugcsmg{bcj |nmb{bogm on``b{ìc{s bc{n sogmiky| go{bnc {n gkkuiss {ai ciiks nh znìc gck

jbums bc {ai onc{iq{ nh ABX4 gck ouig{bcj gc icgembcj icxbuncìc{ hnu {ai hymhbmìc{ nh {aiay`gc ubja{s nh znìc gck jbums gck {aibu i`|nziuìc{ bc {ai onc{iq{ nh ABX# B{ uihmio{sg ay`gc ubja{segsik g||ungoa {ag{ bcomykis {ai |gu{bob|g{bnc nh ìc gck enrs-|gu{ciusab|s- migkiusab|- `ym{bsio{nugmb{r gck goonyc{gebmb{r# [ai s{ug{ijbis bc {ai Gjickggui uion`ìckik hnu bconu|nug{bnc bc{n C_\s {n hgobmb{g{i bc{ijug{ik b`|miìc{g{bnc gck`ncb{nubcj#

ZAN‒s _{n| [E _{ug{ijr- 5<<85<79- [guji{s Er 5<796 uikyoi er 9<) {ai cyèiu nh |in|mi.7<< <<< zan agxi [E

uimg{bxi {n 722< Er 5<796 uikyoi cyèiu nh ciz [E ogsis |iu 7<< <<<

Er 5<796 uikyoi er 9<) cyèiu nh kig{as hun` [E |iu 7<< <<<uimg{bxi {n 722<#

Er 5<9<6 Imb`bcg{i [E gs g |yembo aigm{a |unemi` {n miss {agc 7 ogsi|iu `bmmbnc |n|ymg{bnc




?7

9#: Ghubogc Ycbnc !GY"

[ic rigus gjn Ghubogc Aigks nh _{g{i gck Jnxiucìc{ gkn|{ik {ai Ciz \gu{ciusab| hnu Ghubog*s Kiximn|ìc{ !CI\GK"- gc Ghubogc Ycbnc s{ug{ijbo hugìznud hnu |gcGhubogcsnobnioncn`bo kiximn| ic{- g xbsbnc gck g |nmbor hugìznud hnu Ghubog bc {ai {zic{rhbus{oic{yur# CI\GK zgs g ugkbogmmr ciz bc{iuxic{bnc- s|iguaigkik er Ghubogc migkius- {ngkkuiss oub{bogm oagmmicjis hgobcj {ai onc{bcic{6 |nxiu{r- kiximn|ìc{ gck Ghubog*s`gujbcgmbsg{bnc bc{iucg{bncgmmr# [abs hnoysis nc sgxbcj mbxis gck i`|nziubcj znìc g{{ai onc{bcic{gm mixim gck {n iugkbog{i |nxiu{r hnu sys{gbcgemi snobnioncn bo junz{a gckkiximn|ìc{#

[ai Ghubogc Ycbnc Geyfg Kiomgug{bnc nc ABX.GBK_- [E gck n{aiu uimg{ik bchio{bncskiomguik {aisi kbsigsis gs s{g{i nh iìujicor bc {ai Ghubogc Onc{bcic{ gck ogmmik nc {ais{g{i |gu{bis {n s{uicj{aic ncjnbcj syooisshym bc{iuxic{bncs gck {n kiximn| ciz gck `nuig||un|ubg{i |nmbobis- |ugo{bogm s{ug{ijbis gck ihhio{bxi b`|miìc{g{bnc ìoagcbs`s gckoncoui{i `ncb{nubcj s{uyo{yuis g{ {ai uijbncgm- cg{bncgm gck onc{bcic{gm mixims4 GhubogcYcbnc Ghubogc Aigm{a _{ug{ijr !5<<:5<79"# [ai Ghubogc Ycbnc @bcbs{ius nh Aigm{ag||unxik {abs _{ug{ijbo Hugìznud kyubcj {ai [abuk !?uk" Nukbcgur _issbnc nh {ai GhubogcYcbnc Onchiuicoi nh @bcbs{ius nh Aigm{a !OG@A?" bc G|ubm 5<<:# [ai jngm nh {ai s{ug{ijrbs {n onc{ubey{i {n Ghubog‑s snobnioncn`bo kiximn|ìc{ er b`|unxbcj {ai aigm{a nh b{s|in|mi gck er icsyubcj gooiss {n issic{bgm aigm{a ogui hnu gmm Ghubogcs- is|iobgmmr {ai |nnu gck {ai `gujbcgmbsik- er 5<79# B{ hyu{aiu |grs s|iobgm g{{ic{bnc {n |ns{onchmbo{ onyc{ubis

gck {ansi ogubcj hnu {ai uihyjiis gck bc{iucgmmr kbs|mgoik |iusncs#

9#1 _ny{aiuc Ghubogc Kiximn|ìc{ On``ycb{r !_GKO"

_GKO gkn|{ik g aigm{a |un{nonm bc 7222# [ai |un{nonm kiomguis {ag{ bc nukiu {n kigmihhio{bximr zb{a {ai ABX- GBK_ gck _[B i|bki`bo bc {ai uijbnc gck {ai bc{iugo{bnc nh {aisizb{a n{aiu kbsigsis- ìèiu onyc{ubis sagmm agu`ncbsi |nmbobis gbìk g{ kbsigsi|uixic{bnc gck onc{unm- bcomykbcj onn|iug{bnc gck bkic{bhbog{bnc nh ìoagcbs`s {n uikyoi{ai {ugcs`bssbnc nh _[Bs gck ABX bchio{bnc4 Kiximn| g||ungoais hnu {ai |uixic{bnc gck`gcgjiìc{ nh ABX- GBK_ gck _[Bs {n ei b`|miìc{ik bc g onaiuic{- on`|gugemi-agu`ncbsik gck s{gckgukbsik `gcciu4 Kiximn| uijbncgm |nmbobis gck |mgcs {ag{ uionjcbsi

{ai bc{iusio{nugm b`|go{ nh ABX- GBK_ gck _[Bs- gck {ai ciik hnu gc bc{iusio{nugm g||ungoa{n {aisi kbsigsis4 Onn|iug{i bc agu`ncbsbcj |un{nonms nh ABX gck _[B4 _yuxibmmgcoisrs{i`s bc nukiu {n hgobmb{g{i onmmg{bnc nh bchnu`g{bnc zaboa ags g uijbncgm b`|go{4 Uijbncgm

Go{bncs hnu Gooimiug{ik Gjickg hnu Znìc- Jbums gck ABX B`|unxbcj kg{g onmmio{bnc gck gcgmrsbs {n ei{{iu yckius{gck anz {ai

i|bki`bo ghhio{s znìc gck jbums# Uibchnuoi {ai Ick Xbnmicoi gjgbcs{ Znìc og`|gbjc {aunyja {ai

GBK_ uis|ncsi# Icsyui {ag{ xbnmicoi gjgbcs{ znìc bs bc{ijug{ik bc{n ABX |uixic{bnc-

{uig{ìc{- ogui gck sy||nu{ |unjug`ìs# Gcgmrsi {ai b`|go{ nh snobnoym{yugm gck ioncn`bo hgo{nus {ag{

|uixic{ znìc gck jbums hun` |un{io{bcj {ai`simxis gjgbcs{ ABX# _y||nu{ znìc‑s juny|s gck ci{znuds nh znìc mbxbcj zb{a ABX {n

`g| on``b{ìc{s `gki er jnxiucìc{s nc znìc gck ABX# _ogmi y| icjgjiìc{ nh ìc‑s gck enrs‑ nujgcbvg{bncs {n sy||nu{

{ai ubja{s nh znìc gck jbums#




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gkxnogor ihhnu{s {n bcouigsi on``b{ìc{ {n {ai iq|gckik uis|ncsi {n ABX gck _[Bs gcksagubcj nh bchnu`g{bnc4 gck \unxbki abjaubsd gck {ugcsenukiu |n|ymg{bncs zb{a|uixic{g{bxi gck egsbo oyug{bxi siuxbois hnu ABX gck _[Bs#

Zb{a uis|io{ {n [E onc{unm {ai |un{nonm yujis ìèiu s{g{is {n kiximn| s{ug{ijbis {nonc{unm {ai s|uigk nh [E bc {ai uijbnc- {n agu`ncbsi [E onc{unm go{bxb{bis gck ABX gck

GBK_ |unjug`ìs gck {n icsyui {ai ihhbobic{ sy||mr gck kimbxiur nh kuyjs#

_GKO |nmbor hugìznuds- kiomgug{bncs gck mijbsmg{bxi hugìznuds {n jybki g onaiuic{uijbncgm uis|ncsi bcomyki6

[ai _GKO Kiomgug{bnc nc ABX.GBK_- 5<<? !uihiuuik {n gs @gsiuy Kiomgug{bnc"# [abss{g{is {ag{ agm{bcj gck unmmbcj egod ABX bchio{bnc oncs{b{y{is g {n| |ubnub{r nc {ai_GKO gjickg# Gu{bomi ?o nh {ai Kiomgug{bnc `gdis uihiuicoi {n {ai ciiks nh |in|mimbxbcj omnsi {n cg{bncgm enukius4

_GKO @bcbs{ius nh Aigm{a g||unxik {ai _yuxibmmgcoi Hugìznud hnu ABX ( GBK_-[E gck @gmgubg bc Cnxièiu 5<<2# [ai nefio{bxis nh {ai Hugìznud gui {n on

nukbcg{i uijbncgm ihhnu{s nc i|bki`bo |ui|guikciss- `g||bcj- |uixic{bnconc{unmgck zaiui |nssbemi- {ai iugkbog{bnc nh on``ycbogemi gck cncon``ycbogemikbsigsis4

_GKO @bcbs{ius nh Aigm{a g||unxik {ai _GKO [E _{ug{ijbo Hugìznud !5<<:5<79" bc 5<<:# [ai |mgc godcnzmikjis {ag{ `nebmi |n|ymg{bncs |uisic{ |gu{boymgu oagmmicjis bc agu`ncbsbcj {uig{ìc{ uijbìs- `ncb{nubcj {uig{ìc{ gck ounssenukiu `gcgjiìc{ nh [E |g{bic{s# [ai |mgc bcomykis g s{uncj |ubnub{r ncagu`ncbsg{bnc nh ounssenukiu aigm{a |nmbobis- jybkimbcis gck s{ug{ijbis- bcomykbcjounss enukiu kbgjcnsbs gck {uig{ìc{ nh gmm hnu`s nh [E {n icsyui agu`ncbsik`gcgjiìc{ nh [E |g{bic{s bc {ai uijbnc4

_GKO ags hyu{aiu kiximn|ik g agu`ncbsik _yuxibmmgcoi Hugìznud hnu [E gck b{zgs g||unxik er _GKO @bcbs{ius nh Aigm{a bc Cnxièiu 5<<24

_GKO Ay`gc Uisnyuoi hnu Aigm{a _{ug{ijbo Hugìznud !5<<85<72"# [abss{ug{ijbo hugìznud zgs g||unxik er _GKO @bcbs{ius nh Aigm{a bc G|ubm 5<<8 gck_GKO on``bssbncik g |nmbor knoyìc{ bc Fyci 5<<8 {ag{ gkkuissis ay`gcuisnyuois hnu aigm{a oagmmicjis bc _GKO# Nci nh {ai bssyis {ag{ ziui abjambja{ikzgs {ag{ _GKO uijbnc ags {n kiximn| ìoagcbs`s {n gkkuiss {ai `bjug{bnc nh b{saigm{a |unhissbncgms {n kigm zb{a b{s sanu{gjis# B{ hyu{aiu s{g{is {ag{ {ai @bcbs{ubis nh Aigm{a sanymk bc{iugo{ zb{a n{aiu onyc{ubis {aunyja xgubnys jnxiucìc{{njnxiucìc{ gjuiiìc{s- gck `ym{bmg{iugm nujgcbsg{bncs|ncsnuik |un{nonms mbdi {aiOn``nczigm{a I{abogm Uiouyb{ìc{ \un{nonm4

_GKO \nmbor Hugìznud nc \n|ymg{bnc @nebmb{r gck On``ycbogemi Kbsigsis #[abss{ug{ijbo hugìznud zgs g||unxik er _GKO @bcbs{ius nh Aigm{a bc Cnxièiu 5<<2gck |unxbkis jybkgcoi nc {ai |un{io{bnc nh {ai aigm{a nh ounssenukiu `nebmi|n|ymg{bnc zb{a uijguks {n on``ycbogemi kbsigsis gs |in|mi `nxi gounss {aienukius# _|iobhbogmmr b{ ogmms hnu {ai hnmmnzbcj6 uijbncgm agu`ncbsg{bnc gckonnukbcg{bnc4 iwyb{gemi gooiss {n aigm{a siuxbois er ounssenukiu |n|ymg{bncs4onnukbcg{ik uijbncgm |yembo aigm{a syuxibmmgcoi gck i|bki`bo |ui|guikciss-bchnu`g{bnc- ikyog{bnc gck aigm{a |un`n{bnc hnu `nebmi |n|ymg{bncs4 n|iug{bncgmuisiguoa gck s{ug{ijbo bchnu`g{bnc4 gck mijgm- uijymg{nur gck gk`bcbs{ug{bxi uihnu`s4

_GKO _{ug{ijbo Hugìznud gck \mgc nh Go{bnc !5<<15<79"6 On`|uiaicsbxi Oguigck _y||nu{ hnu Nu|agcs gck N{aiu Xymciugemi Oabmkuic gck Rny{a !NXOR" bc

_GKO# [abs s{ug{ijbo hugìznud zgs g||unxik er _GKO @bcbs{ius nh Aigm{a bcCnxièiu 5<<2 gck icsyuis {ag{ {ai ubja{s gck egsbo ciiks nh gmm oabmkuic gckrny{a bc {ai _GKO uijbnc gui hymmr ì{# [ai hugìznud bcomykis g s{uncj |ubnub{r nc




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agu`ncbsg{bnc nh ounssenukiu aigm{a |nmbobis gck s{ug{ijbis nc NXOR gounss gmm_GKO ìèiu s{g{is {n icsyui on`|gugebmb{r gck oncsbs{icor bc gkkuissbcj {aixymciugebmb{bis nh oabmkuic gck rny{a !’zanmi oabmk kiximn|ìc{‘ g||ungoa"# [aiHugìznud hyu{aiu ogmms hnu _GKO ìèiu s{g{is {n gkn|{ gck b`|miìc{ |nmbobisgck |unjug`ìs {n |un{io{ `nebmi oabmkuic gck rny{a sn gs {n onèg{ {ughhbodbcj nh oabmkuic gck rny{a gck hnu {ai |un{io{bnc nh uihyjiis- ycgoon`|gcbik gck

ycuijbs{iuik ounss enukiu `nebmi oabmkuic#

9#2 @g|y{n \mgc nh Go{bnc 5<<8

@bcbs{ius gjuiik {n gkn|{ g |mgc- zaboa zbmm aim| Ghubogc cg{bncs uikyoi |nxiu{r mixims zb{agc ycon`|un`bsbcj ixbkicoiegsik g||ungoa {n goabixbcj {ai @bmmiccby` Kiximn|ìc{Jngms {n uikyoi `g{iucgm `nu{gmb{r- onèg{ ABX gck GBK_ gck uikyoi bchgc{ gck oabmk`nu{gmb{r# [ai |mgc‑s `gbc hnoys bs {ai bc{ijug{bnc nh siqygm gck ui|unkyo{bxi aigm{asiuxbois !_UA" bc{n |ub`gur aigm{aogui4 b{s b`|miìc{g{bnc zbmm b`|unxi ui|unkyo{bxi aigm{aonckb{bncs hnu `bmmbncs nh znìc gounss {ai onc{bcic{#

9#7< Oncomysbncs

_ny{a Ghubog bs g ìèiu s{g{i nh {ai Ycb{ik Cg{bncs- Ghubogc Ycbnc- _GKO gck n{aiu uijbncgm gck jmnegm |gu{ciusab|s {ag{ agxi on` b{{ik {n gck gui nembjik {n kimbxiu nc {ais{g{ik {guji{s# B{ bs oub{bogm {ag{ _ny{a Ghubog gmbjcs b{s cg{bncgm uis|ncsi {n {ai jmnegm ABX-[E gck _[B s{ug{ijbis gck {guji{s- jbxic {ag{ b{ ags nci hbh{a nh {ai znumk‑s |n|ymg{bnc nh |in|mi mbxbcj zb{a ABX gck g abja [EABX onbchio{bnc#




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OAG\[IU 8 ‟ KIXIMN\@IC[ \MGCCBCJ GCK ABX- GBK_- _[Bs GCK [E ‟ YCKIU_[GCKBCJ [AI ONC[IQ[

Kugh{ viun cn{i 6 [abs oag|{iu zbmm ei uixbsik kyubcj {ai oncsym{g{bnc |agsi {n bcomyki `nui

bchnu`g{bnc nc {ai cg{bncgm |mgccbcj hugìznud gck anz b{ uimg{is {n ABX gck [E !s{bmm bc kiximn|ìc{"# Gkkb{bncgm ikb{s zbmm uihmio{ nc {ai b`|go{ nh ABX gck [E nc {ai ioncn`r#

[auii kiogkis bc{n {ai uis|ncsi {n ABX- _ny{a Ghubog bs s{bmm jug||mbcj zb{a gkkuissbcj {aion`|miq oagmmicjis |nsik er {ai i|bki bo# [ai ABX i|bki`bo uixiusik snì nh {aijgbcs bc {ai [E onc{unm |unjug`ì gck g kygm i|bki`bo nh [EABX gck {ai junzbcjcyèiu nh kuyj uisbs{gc{ [E |g{bic{s# Bc gkkb{bnc- {ai snobgm ki{iu`bcgc{s gck kubxius nh {ai i|bki`bo gui uihmio{bxi nh {ai bssyis {ag{ onchunc{ {ai ciz ki`nougor# Gmm sio{nus nh snobi{r gui hgoik zb{a {ai `g``n{a {gsd nh gkkuissbcj {ai mijgor nh {ai |uixbnyskbs|icsg{bnc syoa gs |nxiu{r- bciwyb{bis- snobnioncn`bo kbs|gub{bis gck gmm {abs bc {aionc{iq{ nh g jmnegm uioissbnc gck ycs{gemi `gudi{ hnuois#

[ai ciik {n uis|nck {n ABX ags eiic g |ubnub{r hnu gm`ns{ {auii kiogkis# Nxiu {bì-xgubnys oncoi|{ygm sabh{s agxi nooyuuik gck agxi bchmyicoik {ai oagugo{iubs{bos nh {aiuis|ncsi# Bcb{bgmmr- {ai |ub`gur bc{iuxic{bncs ziui kubxic {aunyja `gss bchnu`g{bnc-on``ycbog{bnc og`|gbjcs hnmmnzik er g cguunz ebnìkbogm hnoys# [abs zgs snnchnmmnzik er g hnoys nc eiagxbnyugm gs|io{s bcomykbcj oym{yugm bssyis {ag{ ziui bkic{bhbik gsubsds hnu ABX gowybsb{bnc# Bc{iuxic{bncs sabh{ik {n eiagxbnyugm oagcji zb{a g s{uncj hnoysnc |mgobcj {ai ncys nc bckbxbkygms {n gkn|{ aigm{ar |ugo{bois sy||nu{ik er gxgbmgemiebnìkbogm bc{iuxic{bncs# Uionjcb{bnc nh {ai mb b{g{bncs nh {ai ebnìkbogm gckgc{aun|nmnjbogm.eiagxbnyugm |gugkbj`s iìujik zaic {ai oncoi|{ nh {ai snobgm

ki{iu`bcgc{s nh bmm aigm{a eiogì ei{{iu yckius{nnk- migkbcj {n {ai is{gembsaik gckgooi|{ik |gugkbj` nh oncoi|{ygmbvbcj ABX gs gmsn g kiximn| ic{ bssyi# _yoa g oncoi|{uionjcbvis {ai snobnioncn`bo onc{iq{ bc zaboa {ai i|bki`bo nooyus gck {ai bc{iuuimg{ikciss nh ABX zb{a n{aiu kiximn|ìc{ oncoiucs syoa gs |nxiu{r- bciwyb{r- mgod nh gooiss {n egsbo gìcb{bis- mgod nh snobgm onaisbnc gck `gcr n{aiu gs|io{s#

G||uiobg{bcj {ag{ ioncn bo junz{a gck s{gebmb{r- iugkbog{bnc nh |nxiu{r- {ai eybmkbcj nh gkiximn|ìc{gm s{g{i gck cg{bnc eybmkbcj uiwybui mncj{iu` |mgccbcj- ony|mik zb{a {aidcnzmikji {ag{ ABX bs g oauncbo- mbhimncj onckb{bnc uiwybubcj mbhimncj bc{iuxic{bncs- gs{ug{ijbo g||ungoa {n {ai kiximn|ìc{ nh g cg{bncgm |mgc hnu ABX- GBK_ gck [E bcxgubgemruiwybuis g eungk yckius{gckbcj nh cg{bncgm |mgccbcj hugìznuds gck |ubnub{bis# @nuinxiu-

{ai `gjcb{yki nh {ai _ny{a Ghubogc i|bki`bo gck {ai sbvi nh {ai gssnobg{ik eyukic nh kbsigsi- `gr yckiu`bci snì nh {ai nefio{bxis {ag{ gui gu{boymg{ik bc {ai cg{bncgm|mgccbcj hugìznuds# Oncxiusimr snì nh {ai cg{bncgm |mgccbcj hugìznuds |uisic{ycbwyi n||nu{ycb{bis {n gkkuiss {ai snobgm kubxius nh {ai i|bki`bo {ays missicbcj {aieyukic nc {ai nxius{ui{oaik aigm{a srs{i`s gck `gdbcj b{ |nssbemi hnu {ai s{g{i {n goabixib{s kiximn|ìc{ jngms#

[ai @ikby` [iu` _{ug{ijbo Hugìznud !@[_H"- zaboa jybkis jnxiucìc{‑s |unjug`ình go{bnc bc {ai imio{nugm `gckg{i |iubnk 5<<25<7;- eybmks nc syooissis nh {ai |gs{ 79rigus nh ki`nougor# B{ bs g s{g{iìc{ nh bc{ic{- bkic{bhrbcj kiximn|ìc{ oagmmicjis hgobcj_ny{a Ghubog gck ny{mbcbcj {ai ìkby` {iu` bc{iuxic{bncs {nzguks b`|unxbcj {ai mbxis nh

_ny{a Ghubogcs# _nì nh {ai nefio{bxis ny{mbcik bc {ai @[_H bcomyki4




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- Agmxbcj |nxiu{r gck yci`|mnrìc{ er 5<7; ‟ en{a hgo{nus gui sbjcbhbogc{ kubxiusnh {ai ABX gck [E i|bki`bos# Gc Gc{b\nxiu{r _{ug{ijr bs gmuigkr eibcjb`|miìc{ik# [ai oagmmicji bs {n s{ug{ijbogmmr bc{ijug{i {abs zb{a ihhnu{s bc {aiC_\4

- B`|unxi {ai cg{bnc‑s aigm{a |unhbmi ‟ g dir nefio{bxi nh {ai C_\ 5<755<78- B`|unxi {ai sghi{r nh ob{bvics# [ai jnxiucìc{ _nobgm Omys{iu bs oyuuic{mr

kiximn|bcj g s{ug{ijr nc _nobgm Onaisbnc gck _nobgm Og|b{gm gck {aisi ogcbchnu` {ai C_\- is|iobgmmr |bmmgus ? gck ;4

- Eybmk g cg{bnc huii nh gmm hnu`s nh ugobs`- siqbs`- {ubegmbs` gck qicn|anebg ‟ g|ubcob|mi {ag{ bs icsaubcik bc {ai Oncs{b{y{bnc nh {ai onyc{ur#

_{uicj{aicbcj Goonyc{gebmb{r

\nnu goonyc{gebmb{r ags eiic bkic{bhbik gs nci nh {ai dir gs|io{s {ag{ yckiu`bcijnxiucìc{‑s |iuhnu`gcoi gck siuxboi kimbxiur# [n gkkuiss {abs- gc ny{on isegsikg||ungoa {n kimbxiur ags eiic bcs{b{y{ik# [abs g||ungoa hbcks iq|uissbnc bc {aiCijn{bg{ik _iuxboi Kimbxiur Gjuiiìc{s sbjcik er gmm @bcbs{ubis zb{a {ai \uisbkic{# Bc

gkkb{bnc bc{iu@bcbs{iubgm _iuxboi Kimbxiur ì`nugckg nh yckius{gckbcj agxi eiic gjuiik{n b`|unxi ei{{iu |mgccbcj- onmmgenug{bnc gck `y{ygm goonyc{gebmb{r gounss ki|gu{ìc{sgck gounss gmm s|aiuis nh jnxiuc ic{# [abs ciz kiximn|ìc{ zbmm s{uicj{aic {ai ABX gck[E uis|ncsi bc g cyèiu nh sbjcbhbogc{ zgrs er icsyubcj {ag{ `bcbs{ubis gui goonyc{geminc gc gccygm egsbs {n dir si{s nh kimbxiugemis#

[ai kiximn|ìc{ nh {ai C_\ 5<755<78 `ys{ ei yckiu|bccik er gc yckius{gckbcj nh {aisi eungkiu abjamixim |mgccbcj hugìznuds {n icgemi ug{bncgm gck g||un|ubg{i ixbkicoibchnuìk s{ug{ijbis {n ei |ubnub{bvik kyubcj |mgccbcj# Bc {ai hbcgm bcs{gcoi- {ai C_\ 5<755<78 ogccn{ ei g |mgc {n oyui gmm nh {ai onyc{ur‑s bmms4 b{ `ys{- anzixiu- gu{boymg{ibc{iuxic{bncs {ag{ zbmm `nxi {ai onyc{ur omnsiu {n en{a {ai sanu{{iu` hbxi rigu xbsbnc gck{ai mncjiu {iu` 5< rigu xbsbnc4 {abs zbmm cg{yugmmr hbck iq|uissbnc bc _ny{a Ghubog‑s xbsbnc5<59 gs kihbcik bc {ai cg{bncgm |mgc yckiu kiximn|ìc{ er {ai Cg{bncgm \mgccbcjOn``bssbnc#




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OAG\[IU : ‟ _[UG[IJBO \BMMGU_ NH [AI C_\ 5<755<78

:#7 C_\ \ubcob|mis

Gs cn{ik bc {ai bc{unkyo{nur oag|{iu- g ugcji nh |ubcob|mis ags eiic gjuiik y|nc {n jybki{ai hbcgmbsg{bnc gck b`|miìc{g{bnc nh {ai C_\ gck b`|miìc{g{bnc |mgcs# [aisi |ubcob|missanymk bc |gu{boymgu jybki {ai hbcgmbsg{bnc gck b`|miìc{g{bnc nh bc{iuxic{bncs mbs{ik yckiu igoa nh {ai hnyu |bmmgus {ag{ bs kbsoyssik bc {abs oag|{iu#

:#5 Dir \n|ymg{bncs

Gs zgs siic bc {ai oag|{iu nc i|bki`bnmnjr nh ABX gck [E- ixic {anyja _ny{a Ghubog agsg jiciugmbsik ABX i|bki`bo- {aiui gui s{bmm abjaiu mixims nh bchio{bnc gck {ugcs`bssbnczb{abc oiu{gbc jinjug|abo guigs- gs zimm gs g`ncj snì dir |n|ymg{bncs# Hnu {aisi

uigsncs- kis|b{i oiu{gbc jiciugm bc{iuxic{bncs !i#j# on``ycbog{bnc"- dir |n|ymg{bncssanymk ei {guji{ik hnu |uixic{bnc- ogui gck {uig{ìc{ bc{iuxic{bncs ‟ gck {abs sanymk eibcomykik s|iobhbogmmr bc |unxbcobgm s{ug{ijbo b`|miìc{g{bnc |mgcs# [aisi dir |n|ymg{bncsbcomyki6

Rnycj jbums ‟ |uixic{bcj igumr siqygm kiey{4

Bchgc{s gck oabmkuic yckiu {ai gji nh 79 ‟ igumr {uig{ìc{4

_iq znudius !_Zs" gck {aibu ombic{s ‟ |uixic{bnc bc{iuxic{bncs !i#j# onckn`s- AO[-igumr {uig{ìc{ gck [E souiicbcj"4

@ic agxbcj _iq zb{a @ic !@_@" ‟ onckn`s- |n{ic{bgmmr |uiiq|nsyui |un|armgqbs-eiagxbnyu oagcji- igumr {uig{ìc{4

@nebmi gck `bjugc{s |n|ymg{bncs !i#j# {uyod kubxius- `bci znudius- oncs{uyo{bncznudius- sigsncgm hgu` znudius" ‟ |uixic{bnc- AO[ gck [E souiicbcj- igumr{uig{ìc{4

[ai ombic{imi nh {gxiucs gck saieiics ‟ |uixic{bncgmi onckn`s4

Bc`g{is nh onuuio{bncgm hgobmb{bis ‟ onckn`s- ABX gck [E kbgjcnsbs gck {uig{ìc{4

\in|mi mbxbcj bc ycs{gemi on``ycb{bis- hnu iqg`|mi bchnu`gm si{{miìc{s ‟ |uixic{bnc gck {uig{ìc{

@ic ei{ziic gjis 75;2 !{ai bcomysbnc nh rnycj ìc bs {n nhhiu @@O eihnui siqygmkiey{ {n nhhiu n|{b`gm |un{io{bnc" ‟ ìkbogm `gmi obuoyòbsbnc- onckn`s- |uixic{bncìssgjbcj- AO[ gck [E souiicbcj

_iunkbsonukgc{ ony|mis ‟ igumr GU[ hnu {ai ABXbchio{ik |gu{ciu ABXbchio{ik |uijcgc{ znìc ‟ \@[O[- ncjnbcj GU[

[EABX onbchio{ik |g{bic{s ‟ {uig{ìc{ hnu [E gck GU[

Zb{abc igoa |bmmgu {aisi dir |n|ymg{bncs zbmm ciik {n ei {guji{ik zb{a kbhhiuic{- ey{ s|iobhbobc{iuxic{bncs- {n goabixi `gqb`y` b`|go{#

:#? Jngms nh {ai C_\

[ai hnmmnzbcj jngms agxi eiic |un|nsik hnu C_\ 5<755<786

Uikyoi {ai ug{i nh ciz ABX bchio{bncs er 9<) er 5<78

Uikyoi ciz ABX bchio{bncs bc oabmkuic er 2<) er 5<78

Uikyoi ABX gssnobg{ik `g{iucgm `nu{gmb{r er 9<) er 5<78




?:

B`|unxi mbhi iq|io{gcor er 9 rigus hnu ìc gck znìc er 5<78

Icsyui gooiss {n g||un|ubg{i {uig{ìc{- ogui gck sy||nu{ {n 2<) nh gmm ABX|nsb{bxi|in|mi gck {aibu hg`bmbis er 5<78

Icsyui igumr kbgjcnsbs gck igumr {uig{ìc{ hnu [E- _[Bs gck ABX

Uikyoi ciz [E bchio{bncs {n 5<7< mixims er 5<78

Uikyoi ciz kuyj uisbs{gc{ [E bchio{bncs er 9<) er 5<78

Iq|gck gooiss {n [E {uig{ìc{ !bcomykbcj {uig{ìc{ hnu kuyj uisbs{gc{ [E" Uikyoi `nu{gmb{r uimg{ik {n ABX gck [E er 59) gck 9<) uis|io{bximr

Uikyoi `n{aiu {n oabmkuic {ugcs`bssbnc nh ABX {n miss {agc 5) er 5<78

Uikyoi {ai |sroansnobgm b`|go{ nh ABX gck [E nc bckbxbkygms- hg`bmbis gckon``ycb{r

Ick gmm ycmgzhym kbsoub`bcg{bnc uimg{ik {n ABX gck [E s{g{ys gck ìgsyugemr uikyois{bj`g

Bcouigsi {ai [E oyui ug{i {n 19) er 5<78

[aisi jngms zbmm ei oncsnmbkg{ik kyubcj {ai oncsym{g{bnc |agsi- bcomykbcj si{{bcj

ìgsyugemi {guji{s#

Egsik nc {ai kg{g hun` ixbkicoi- gck {ai jngms nh {ai C_\- {aiui gui sixiugm dirbc{iuxic{bncs |un|nsik bc {ai C_\ 5<755<786

ABX {is{bcj gck [E souiicbcj hnu gmm _ny{a Ghubogcs !75 gck nmkiu" nc gc gccygmegsbs hnu {ansi zb{a ycdcnzc s{g{ys- nu |uixbnysmr {is{ik ABX cijg{bxi !b`|unxikogsi hbckbcj"

Igumr kbgjcnsbs nh ABX gck [E

Igumr {uig{ìc{ hnu ABX gck [E

[gdbcj ebnìkbogm gck eiagxbnyugm |uixic{bnc bc{iuxic{bncs {n sogmi

Uikyobcj xymciugebmb{r {n ABX gck [E bchio{bnc

[aisi jngms gck dir bc{iuxic{bncs gui hyu{aiu eundic knzc bc{n g cyèiu nh nefio{bxisyckiu {ai ; |bmmgus#

:#; C_\ \bmmgus

\bmmgu 76 Ycbxiusgm ABX {is{bcj gck [E souiicbcj

[n goabixi {ai mncj{iu` jngm nh viun ciz [E gck ABX bchio{bncs- g uisag|bcj nh {ai

uis|ncsi {ag{ uionjcbsis {ai hbcgcobgm oncs{ugbc{s gck zbmm g{ {ai sgì {bì jiciug{ijuig{iu b`|go{ bs ciikik# [ai |uixic{bnc s{ug{ijr {ays ciiks gc g||ungoa {ag{6

Uihmio{s onèbcg{bncs {ag{ gui {guji{ik bc {iu`s nh {ai s|iobhbos nh {ai i|bki bos

_ogmis y| zag{ zi dcnz {ag{ znuds- gck

Hnoysis ihhnu{s nc zaiui {air gui ciikik {ai `ns{

_nì nh {ai dir s{ug{ijbo icgemius {n goabixi {ai genxi gui6

Y|{nkg{i bchnu`g{bnc nc {ai `gjcb{yki- sixiub{r gck b`|go{ nh {ai i|bki`bos-bcomykbcj an{s|n{s hnu ABX gck [E {ugcs`bssbnc4

Ouig{bcj ki`gck hnu siuxbois {aunyja on``ycb{r i`|nziuìc{4

_b`|mi- igsr {n kbjis{ bchnu`g{bnc {n zaboa bckbxbkygms ogc uimg{i gck bc{iucgmbvi {nkubxi go{bnc gck nzc {aibu uis|ncsi4




?1

Bcxis{bcj bc s{ug{ijbis gck {ioacnmnjbis {ag{ zbmm uisym{ bc juig{is{ ui{yucs ncbcxis{ìc{s !xgmyi hnu `ncir"#

\bmmgu 56 _ys{gbc aigm{a gck zimmciss

[ai |ub`gur hnoys hnu {abs |bmmgu bs {n |unxbki ABX gck [E ogui gck {uig{ìc{ siuxbois- gs

zimm gs |sroansnobgm sy||nu{ siuxbois {n icsyui zimmciss# [ai nefio{bxis nh {abs |bmmgu s|igd {n {ai mncj{iu` jngm nh viun kig{as#

_nì nh {ai dir s{ug{ijbo icgemius hnu {abs |bmmgu gui6

Bcxis{bcj bc g sb`|mbhbik {uig{ìc{- ogui gck sy||nu{ kimbxiur `nkim {ag{ zbmm gmsnsogmi y| gooiss !i#j# cyusi bcb{bg{bnc nh {uig{ìc{ hnu ABX gck [E"4

Bcxis{bcj bc bccnxg{bxi kimbxiur `nkims {ag{ zbmm uikyoi ons{ !hnu en{a |unxbkiu gck|g{bic{" i#j# bc{ijug{bnc nh anì.on``ycb{regsik siuxbois bc{n |ub`gur aigm{a ogui!\AO" siuxbois gck |un`n{bnc nh `nui |yembo|ubxg{i |gu{ciusab|s4

_{uicj{aicbcj on``ycb{r srs{i`s ‟ i`|nziubcj on``ycb{bis {n go{- ki`gcksiuxbois gck nzc {ai uisym{s4

Gkn|{bcj `nkims nh ogui egsik nc n{aiu oauncbo kbsigsi `nkims !i#j# ogcoiu snobi{r- kbgei{bo gssnobg{bnc" {n {ugcs`b{ dcnzmikji gck hns{iu juig{iu |iusncgmuis|ncsbebmb{r hnu bckbxbkygm aigm{a

\bmmgu ?6 Bcouigsi sghi{r gck uikyoi xymciugebmb{r

Gs siic bc {ai oag|{iu nc i|bki bnmnjr- {aiui gui sixiugm hgo{nus {ag{ b`|go{ nc sghi{rgck xymciugebmb{r {n ABX gck [E bchio{bnc# [aisi `gbcmr uimg{i {n s{bj`g uikyo{bnc- jickiu iwyb{r- jickiu xbnmicoi- gmonanm gck kuyj geysi- gck kbsoub`bcg{bnc#

_{ug{ijbo icgemius {n gkkuiss {aisi bcomyki6

Uixbiz nh mgzs- |nmbobis gck |unjug`ìs {ag{ |un`n{i jickiu bciwyb{r gckgkkuiss jickiu xbnmicoi4

Eybmkbcj {ai og|gob{r nh siuxboi |unxbkius {n kigm ihhio{bximr zb{a {aisi bssyis4

Iwyb||bcj siuxboi |unxbkius- mgz ichnuoiìc{ nhhboius- snobgm znudiusgck {igoaiuszb{a {ai uimixgc{ sdbmms- gck ouig{bcj {ai cioissgur icxbuncìc{ zb{abc {ai siuxboikimbxiur guig gck {ai on``ycb{r {n ichnuoi {aisi mgzs gck |nmbobis !i#j# ouig{bnc nh oubsbs ycb{ hnu ug|i xbo{b`s g{ `ycbob|gm mixim"4

Hns{iubcj kbgmnjyi g{ uijbncgm mixim {n gkkuiss ounssenukiu bssyis !i#j# uihyjii

s{g{ys- ubja{s nh `bjugc{s i{o#"

\bmmgu ;6 Oagcjbcj snobi{gm cnu`s gck xgmyis

Ym{b`g{imr {ai {ugcs`bssbnc nh en{a ABX gck [E zbmm uiwybui `gfnu oagcjis {n oym{yugm gcksnobi{gm cnu`s gck xgmyis#

_abh{bcj cnu`s gunyck `gsoymbcb{r- jickiu xbnmicoi- `ym{b|mi oncoyuuic{|gu{ciusab|s- gji `bqbcj- gmonanm- s{bj`g gck n{aiu snobgm kubxius nh ubsd eiagxbnyusgui gmsn ouyobgm {n syooisshym |ub`gur |uixic{bnc# [aisi ki{iu bci en{a {ai

`n{bxg{bnc hnu y|{gdi nh siuxbois gs zimm gs hnu eiagxbnyu oagcji uimg{ik {n {aisibc{iuxic{bncs# [aisi s{ug{ijbis zbmm on ebci `gss ìkbg- ciz {ioacnmnjbis !oimm|anci- zie4 snobgm ci{znudbcj" zb{a snobgm `nebmbsg{bnc bc on``ycb{bis- hgobmb{bis-{ai znud|mgoi- soannms gck {iu{bgur bcs{b{y{bncs#




;<

Kyi {n `gcr s{ykbis onckyo{ik gck |yembsaik bc uioic{ rigus- `gcr nh {ansi bc _ny{a Ghubog- {aiui bs g omigu ixbkicoi egsi hnu {ai ihhio{bxiciss nh |uixic{bnc bc{iuxic{bncs !siieimnz"6

Bc{iuxic{bnc Ihhbogor

Obuoyòbsbnc 9;)\uiIq|nsyui \un|armgqbs hnu @_@ ;5)_[B {uig{ìc{ !ymoiug{bxi _[Bs" ;5)@bounebobki ![icnhnxbu jim" ?2)

ABX xgoobci ?7)

Anzixiu- b{ bs gmsn omigu {ag{ {n kg{i- cnci nh {aisi ebnìkbogm bc{iuxic{bncs gmnci zbmm|uixic{ ciz ABX {ugcs`bssbncs- ey{ {ag{ bckiik g onèbcg{bnc nh sixiugm ebnìkbogm gckeiagxbnyugm bc{iuxic{bncs gui ciikik# Hnu bcs{gcoi- hnu ixiur hbxi ìkbogm `gmiobuoyòbsbncs- nci ABX bchio{bnc bs |uixic{ik bc {ai ciq{ 7< rigus#

Onèbcg{bnc |uixic{bnc bc{iuxic{bncs znud eis{ bh {air gui {guji{ik g{ {ai `ns{g||un|ubg{i dir |n|ymg{bncs# Dir iqg`|mis znymk ei6

‥ Hnu hi`gmis6 Onckn`s- |g| sìgus hnu hi`gmi siq znudius- on`|mi{i |godgji nh ui|unkyo{bxi aigm{a siuxbois- |ns{iq|nsyui |un|armgqbs- AO[# [E souiicbcj

‥ Hnu gkym{ ìc6 onckn`s- ìkbogm `gmi obuoyòbsbnc- AO[- [E souiicbcj‥ Hnu @_@6 |iiu ikyog{bnc- g||un|ubg{i ìssgjbcj- onckn`s- _[B `gcgjiìc{- |ui

iq|nsyui |un|armgqbs- AO[- [E souiicbcj‥ Hnu rnycj ìc |ubnu {n siqygm kiey{6 ìkbogm `gmi obuoyòbsbnc- |uixic{bnc

ìssgjbcj !bcomykbcj siqygm gck ui|unkyo{bxi aigm{a"-[E souiicbcj‥ Hnu cizenuc `gmis- nhhiubcj ìkbogm `gmi obuoyòbsbnc gs |gu{ nh {ai \@[O[

|godgji‥ Hnu |ubsncius6 onckn`s- _[B `gcgjiìc{- AO[- [E souiicbcj‥ Hnu `bjugc{ |n|ymg{bncs6 AO[- onckn`s- g||un|ubg{i ìssgjbcj bc uimixgc{

mgcjygjis !bcomykbcj bchnu`g{bnc geny{ siqygm gck ui|unkyo{bxi aigm{a"

Cn{i6 \@[O[- _ouiicbcj {ugcshysbncs- Agu` uikyo{bnc- Ycbxiusgm |uiogy{bncs- i{o#

agxi cn{ eiic bcomykik ‟ {abs bs hnoysik nc uikyobcj siqygm {ugcs`bssbnc

Eiagxbnyugm

Bc{iuxic{bnc- Ges{bcicoi- Ei Hgb{ahym

ABX Onycsimmbcj

gck [is{bcjOng{is [- Mgcoi{ 5<<<

@gmi Onckn`s

Hi`gmi Onckn`s

[uig{ìc{ nh

_[BsJunssdyu{a A- Mgcoi{ 5<<<

@gmi

obuoyòbsbncGyxiu{ E- \mn_ @ik 5<<9

Jugr U- Mgcoi{ 5<<:

Egbmir U- Mgcoi{ 5<<:

@bounebobkis

hnu znìcGeknnm Dgub` W- _obicoi 5<7<

[uig{ìc{ hnu

|uixic{bncKnccimm K- Mgcoi{ 5<7<

\nsb{bxi

|uixic{bncHbsaiu F- FGBK_ 5<<;

Jugc{ U- CIF@ 5<7<

\uiIq|nsyui |un|armgqbs

Nugm \uI\ hnu @_@

\ns{ Iq|nsyui

|un|armgqbs !\I\"_oaiod{iu @- 5<<5

Xgoobcis

UiudsCjgu` _- CIF@ 5<<2

ON@EBCG[BNC

ABX

\UIXIC[BNC




;7

Bc {iu`s nh xiu{bogm {ugcs`bssbnc- igumbiu oag|{ius abjambja{ik {ai syooiss nh {ai \@[O[|unjug`ì# Er gkn|{bcj b`|unxik uijbìcs- gck s{gu{bcj gc{bui{unxbugm {uig{ìc{ igumbiu hnu |uijcgc{ znìc- {ai C_\ gb`s {n goabixi miss {agc 5) {ugcs`bssbnc er 5<78#

_[B `gcgjiìc{ bs gc b`|nu{gc{ ic{ur |nbc{ hnu ABX onycsimmbcj gck {is{bcj# _ouiicbcj hnu goy{i _[Bs bc oiu{gbc sb{yg{bncs !i#j# yui{augm kbsoaguji bc ìc" gck icagcobcj y|{gdi nh

ABX {is{bcj onymk b`|unxi ogsi ki{io{bnc#

:#9#5 Icsyui Ycbxiusgm Dcnzmikji nh ABX gck [E _{g{ys

[ai |ub`gur xiabomi {n goabixi {abs jngms bs ycbxiusgm ABX {is{bcj gck [E souiicbcj# [aixiur syooisshym 5<7<5<77 AO[ og`|gbjc gck GU[ iq|gcsbnc |unjug`ì ags sanzc{ag{ b{ bs |nssbemi {n kug`g{bogmmr bcouigsi {ai cyèiu nh |in|mi souiicik gck {is{ik{aunyja g hnoysik cg{bncgm og`|gbjc zb{a g omigu {guji{ g{ cg{bncgm- |unxbcobgm- kbs{ubo{ gckhgobmb{r mixim# Bc {ai |gs{ AO[ zgs xbizik |ub`gubmr gs {ai ic{ur |nbc{ bc{n ogui gck{uig{ìc{# [aiui ags sbcoi eiic uionjcb{bnc {ag{ AO[ ags gc b`|nu{gc{ |uixic{bxion`|ncic{# B{ bs ncmr {aunyja dcnzbcj nci‑s ABX nu [E s{g{ys {ag{ g||un|ubg{i

bc{iuxic{bncs gck siuxbois ogc ei gooissik#

Ycbxiusgm ABX {is{bcj gck [E souiicbcj ìgcs {is{bcj gck souiicbcj ixiur _ny{a Ghubogc75 rigus gck nmkiu !siqygmmr go{bxi- zb{a |uixbnys ABX cijg{bxi {is{- nu nh ycdcnzc s{g{ys"nc gc gccygm egsbs# [E souiicbcj sanymk ei nhhiuik {n gmm- buuis|io{bxi nh ABX s{g{ys# [absogc ei goabixik er |unxbkbcj {ai siuxbois g{ `ym{b|mi |nbc{s bcomykbcj anìs !eron``ycb{r aigm{a znudius"- bc znud|mgois- bc soannms gck {iu{bgur bcs{b{y{bncs- g{ jugc{kbs{ubey{bnc |nbc{s- bc aigm{a siuxbois !{aunyja |unxbkiubcb{bg{ik onycsimmbcj gck {is{bcj"- g{onuuio{bncgm siuxbois gck {aunyja `nebmi siuxbois bc on``ycb{bis !i#j# s|nu{bcj ixic{s-{gqb ugcds- gck `gmms"#

ABX {is{bcj zbmm ei iconyugjik hnu gmm siqygmmr go{bxi bckbxbkygms nc g uijymgu egsbs hnu {ansi zan |uixbnysmr {is{ik cijg{bxi- gui nh ycdcnzc s{g{ys- nu icjgjik bc ubsdreiagxbnyus# [E sr`|{n`g{bo souiicbcj zbmm ei onckyo{ik uny{bcimr bc aigm{a gckon``ycb{r si{{bcjs {n b`|unxi ogsi hbckbcj- gck er icsyubcj igumbiu ogui gck {uig{ìc{-b`|unxi `nu{gmb{r gck `nuebkb{r# [ansi {ag{ agxi bckbog{bncs hnu [E kbsigsi sanymk eiuihiuuik hnu ombcbogm [E {is{bcjgck hnmmnzik y| {n icsyui kbgjcnsbs gck {uig{ìc{#

[ai hymm |godgji nh souiicbcj- {n ei gxgbmgemi bc gmm ombcbogm si{{bcjs- zbmm bcomyki ABXonycsimmbcj gck {is{bcj !bcomykbcj ubsd uikyo{bnc onycsimmbcj"- [E sr`|{n`g{bo souiicbcj-souiicbcj hnu kbgei{is- emnnk |uissyui gck gcgi bg# G ìc{gm aigm{a souiicbcj {nnm hnu

{ansi zan {is{ ABX |nsb{bxi bs gkkik bc {ai C_\ 5<755<78 {n kigm zb{a {ai ìc{gm aigm{agck ABX mbcd# Bc on``ycb{r gck znud|mgoi si{{bcjs- zaboa `gr cn{ agxi {ai cioissguriwyb|ìc{ gck sy||mbis {n |unxbki {ai hymm |godgji- g `bcb`y` |godgji zbmm ei |unxbkikoncsbs{bcj nh ABX onycsimmbcj gck {is{bcj- [E sr`|{n`g{bo souiicbcj- gck ìc{gm aigm{asouiicbcj#

_r`|{n`g{bo [E souiicbcj hnu gmm |g{bic{s gooissbcj aigm{a siuxbois gck ug|bk mbcdgji {nombcbogm [E souiicbcj bs gc b`|nu{gc{ {nnm bc ìi{bcj {ai hbus{ B nh {ai ZAN [auii B‑s6bc{icsbhbik ogsi hbckbcj#




;5

:#9#? \uixic{bnc [E bchio{bnc

[ai ZAN uion`ìcks {ai ?B‑s nh [E onc{unm6

Bc{icsbhbik ogsi hbckbcj

Bchio{bnc onc{unmgck

Bsncbgvbk |uixic{bxi {aiug|r !B\["

Bc _ny{a Ghubog- {zn `nui B‑s gui gkkik6

Bc{ijug{bnc nh ABX gck [E siuxbois

Bcb{bg{bnc nh igumr {uig{ìc{

[ai hbus{ s{ug{ijr nh ABX {is{bcj gck [E souiicbcj gkkuissis `ns{ nh {ai bc{icsbhbik ogsihbckbcj bssyis# B{ bs b`|nu{gc{ {anyja {ag{ {aiui bs ihhio{bxi uihiuugm gck hnmmnzy| hun`sr`|{n`g{bo {n ombcbogm souiicbcj# _ouiicbcj gck {is{bcj bs is|iobgmmr b`|nu{gc{ bconcjuijgc{ si{{bcjs- bcomykbcj `bcis gck |ubsncs#

Bchio{bnc onc{unm bc {ai C_\ uihius {n jiciugm bchio{bnc onc{unm ìgsyuis !i#j# agckzgsabcj- sghi kbs|nsgm nh ìkbogm zgs{i- bcfio{bnc sghi{r"- ey{ gmsn s|iobhbo ìgsyuis g{hgobmb{r gck on``ycb{r mixim {n |uixic{ {ai s|uigk nh [E# Igoa aigm{a hgobmb{r |unxbkbcj ABXgck [E ogui `ys{ ei gssissik gccygmmr gjgbcs{ g si{ nh wygmb{r s{gckguks hnu bchio{bnconc{unm# [abs gmsn uiwybuis igoa aigm{a hgobmb{r {n agxi gc bchio{bnc onc{unm |mgc- gck gcbchio{bnc onc{unm nhhboiu# [E bchio{bnc onc{unm uiwybuis gk`bcbs{ug{bxi- icxbuncìc{gm gck|iusncgm uis|bug{nur bchio{bnc bc{iuxic{bncs#

Gk`bcbs{ug{bxi onc{unms6 _ìgu |nsb{bxi [E ogsis gui {ai `ns{ bchio{bnys nh [E |g{bic{s#

Ysygmmr- {aisi |iusncs |uisic{ `gcr {bìs {n aigm{a ogui hgobmb{bis eihnui eibcj kbgjcnsikzb{a [E# Aicoi- aigm{a siuxbois `ys{ souiic gmm ombic{s ic{iubcj {ai hgobmb{r !onyjasouiicbcj"# \g{bic{s onyjabcj `ys{ ei |unxbkik zb{a `gsds nu {bssyis- gck gmsn {ubgjik {nuikyoi {aibu zgb{bcj {bì gck {ays iq|nsyui {n n{aiu |g{bic{s#

Icxbuncìc{gm onc{unms6 [abs bcomykis |unxbkbcj iq{iucgm gooiss {n oncsym{bcj unn`s-xic{bmg{bcj zgb{bcj gck oncsym{bcj unn`s er n|icbcj zbcknzs- gck |unxbkbcj iq{iucgmsaim{iuik zgb{bcj guigs zaiui |nssbemi#

\iusncgm |un{io{bnc6 icsyubcj {ag{ s{ghh gck |g{bic{s dcnz {aibu ABX s{g{ys !gs ABXbcouigsis g |iusnc‑s ubsd hnu [E bchio{bnc gck kbsigsi"- {ag{ s{ghh ysi C29 uis|bug{nus- gck

{ag{ ABXbchio{ik s{ghh zb{any{ go{bxi [E {gdi bsncbgvbk |uixic{bxi {aiug|r#

Bsncbgvbk |uixic{bxi {aiug|r bs gkkuissik `nui on`|uiaicsbximr bc \bmmgu 5- sbcoi b{ bsissic{bgmmr g {uig{ìc{ nh mg{ic{ bchio{bnc ug{aiu {agc g {uyi |uixic{bnc nh ciz bchio{bnc#

[ai mgs{ s{ug{ijr hnu |uixic{bcj [E bchio{bnc uimg{is {n oabmkuic# [E xgoobcg{bnc sanymk eiknci uny{bcimr hnu gmm bchgc{s bc _ny{a Ghubog g{ ebu{a bcomykbcj ABXiq|nsik bchgc{s# EOJxgoobcg{bnc |un{io{s oabmkuic gjgbcs{ siubnys hnu`s nh oabmkannk [E syoa gs [E ìcbcjb{bsey{ knis cn{ onchiu |un{io{bnc gjgbcs{ [E {n gkym{s#

_y``gur

[ai dir {aiì hnu {aisi nefio{bxis gck bc{iuxic{bncs bs bc{ijug{bnc# [abs ìgcs icsyubcj{ag{ souiicbcj onxius `nui {agc fys{ ABX gck [E- ey{ gmsn ìc{gm gck n{aiu cnc




;?

on``ycbogemi kbsigsis# _ouiicbcj gck {is{bcj zbmm gmsn {gdi |mgoi bc g `ym{b{yki nh si{{bcjs# Gcn{aiu dir |ubcob|mi nh \bmmgu 7 bs {n icsyui {ag{ bc{iuxic{bncs gui hnoysik gck{guji{ik ‟ bc {iu`s nh son|i- mnog{bnc gck {guji{ juny|s#

Hbcgmmr- {n goabixi {ai jngms gck nefio{bxis hnu \bmmgu 7 zbmm ei6

Gkiwyg{i sdbmms hnu |unxbkius !bcomykbcj on``ycb{r aigm{a znudius" {n souiic hnu ABX- [E- emnnk |uissyui- gcgi`bg- kbgei{is- gck ìc{gm aigm{a !gs g||un|ubg{i {n{ai si{{bcj"4

_|iobhbo {guji{s !|iu |unxbcoi- kbs{ubo{- gck ixic sio{nu" hnu souiicbcj gck {is{bcjzb{abc gmm si{{bcjs4

G omigu `ncb{nubcj gck ixgmyg{bnc hugìznud# [abs znymk bcomyki g sbcjmi cg{bncgm|g{bic{ bkic{bhbik {n gmmnz hnu b`|unxik `ncb{nubcj gck ixgmyg{bnc- sig`miss {ugcshiu nh |g{bic{ bchnu`g{bnc- b`|unxik uihiuugm gck {ugodbcj- kiouigsik ky|mbog{bnc nh mgenug{nur gck ugkbnmnjbogm bcxis{bjg{bncs- gck agu`ncbvg{bnc nh bchnu`g{bnc srs{i`s ‟ zaboa gmsn uiwybuis ug{bncgmbsg{bnc nh kbsigsis|iobhbo uijbs{ius {n {ai sbcjmiuijbs{iu4

[guji{ik- ixbkicoiegsik on``ycbog{bnc gck snobgm `nebmbsg{bnc s{ug{ijbis {nouig{i ki`gck gck ihhio{bxi ysi nh ABX siuxbois gs zimm gs {n icsyui gooyug{i ysinh |uixic{bnc s{ug{ijbis !i#j# anz {n ysi onckn`s onuuio{mr gck {ai b`|nu{gcoi nh oncsbs{ic{ ysi4 zag{ oncs{b{y{is sghi obuoyòbsbnc i{o#"- gck {aibu mb`b{g{bncs !syoags oncoi|{s nh |gu{bgm ubsd uikyo{bnc i{o#"# [abs znymk bcomyki ikyog{bnc nc ubja{sgck uis|ncsbebmb{bis4

_{uicj{aicbcj mbhi sdbmms ikyog{bnc g{ soannms {ag{ |un`n{i bchnu`g{bnc {n siqygm gckui|unkyo{bxi aigm{a- onc{ugoi|{bnc gck uihiuugm {n siuxbois#




;;

\bmmgu 76 Nefio{bxis gck Bc{iuxic{bncs

Kugh{ viun cn{i 6 \migsi cn{i {ag{ {ai bckbog{nus- {guji{s gck ons{bcj zbmm ki|ick nc {ai cijn{bg{ik bc{iuxic{bncs onc{gbcik bc {ai hbcgm C_\ !hnu gmm |bmmgus"# Gs syoa gs {aisi sio{bncs zbmm ncmr ei on`|mi{ik gh{iu {ai Gyjys{ oncsym{g{bnc |agsi# Anzixiu- bc|y{s sanymk ei |unxbkik kyubcj {ai oncsym{g{bnc |agsi nc {ai ìgsyuis nh syooiss !bckbog{nus" gck cyìubo {guji{s

Nefio{bxi Bc{iuxic{bnc @igsyui nh_yooiss

[guji{ Ons{bcjgck_nyuoi

5<75 5<7? 5<7; 5<79 5<78

\uixic{ cizbchio{bncs bc gkym{s

{aunyjaon`|uiaicsbxionèbcg{bnc|uixic{bnc

\unxbki gmi gck hi`gmi onckn`s ysbcj en{a aigm{ahgobmb{bisgck cnc{ugkb{bncgm ny{mi{s !i#j# gbu|nu{s- gmms-

saieiics- soannms- gck {iu{bgur bcs{b{y{bncs"

\unxbki ikbogm gmi obuoyòbsbnc {n ic gjik 79;2 {nuikyoi {ai ubsd nh gowybubcj ABX bchio{bnc

Unmm ny{ bounebobkis zaic gxgbmgemi

\uixic{ ycbc{ickik |uijcgcobis- is|iobgmmr g`ncj rnycjjbums {anyja on`|uiaicsbxi siqygm gck ui|unkyo{bxiaigm{a bchnu`g{bnc gck ikyog{bnc bc soannms !gs |gu{ nh soannm aigm{a |unjug`ìs"

_{uicj{aic mbhi sdbmms ikyog{bnc {n hnoys nc kimgrbcj ncsi{nh siqygm kiey{ bc jbums- gck iconyugjbcj {ai` {n ui`gbc bcsoannm er bccnxg{bnc bcomykbcj gdbcj {ai snobgm jugc{ hnu oabmkuic onc{bcjic{ nc {ai` s{grbcj bc soannm

\uixic{ ciz ABX

bchio{bncs bc oabmkuic

\un`n{i gzguiciss nh gck gooiss {n sghi cincg{gm

obuoyòbsbnc_ouiic oabmkuic hnu [E g{ |ns{cg{gm- uny{bci oabmk aigm{axbsb{s- gck gs |gu{ nh b``ycbsg{bnc siuxbois !I\B"

B`|miìc{ bc{ijug{ik soannm aigm{a |unjug`ìs zb{a g|uixic{bnc hnoys !bcomykbcj ui|unkyo{bxi aigm{a- AO[ gck[E souiicbcj"- gck g||un|ubg{i uihiuugms hnu |sroansnobgmsy||nu{_{uicj{aic |uixic{bnc og`|gbjcs gck siuxbois {guji{bcjsiqygmmr go{bxi gknmisoic{s- bcomykbcj |unxbki gknmisoic{hubickmr siuxbois g{ aigm{a hgobmb{bis




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5<75 5<7? 5<7; 5<79 5<78

Hnoys nc bcfio{bcjkuyj ysius

\unxbki g||un|ubg{i agu` uikyo{bnc siuxbois hnu bcfio{bcjkuyj ysius

Ysi GUXs hnu |uixic{bnc

_{gu{ gmm syuxbxnus nh siqygm xbnmicoi nc |ns{iq|nsyui|un|armgqbs !\I\" zb{abc :5 anyus nh |uisic{g{bnc {n |nmboinu g aigm{aogui hgobmb{r- zb{a s|iobgm g{{ic{bnc hnu oabmkuicgck gknmisoic{s

\ubnub{bsi GU[ bc kbsonukgc{ ony|mis {n |uixic{ ABXbchio{bnc bc {ai ABXcijg{bxi |gu{ciu

\unxbki |uiiq|nsyui |un|armgqbs {n abjaubsd |ubnub{rjuny|s !{n ei ki{iu`bcik- ey{ bcomykbcj znìc zan zgc{oncoibxi zb{a gc ABX bchio{ik |gu{ciu"

\uixic{ xiu{bogm{ugcs`bssbnc nh ABX

B`|miìc{ {ai hymm \@[O[ |godgji bc gmm gc{icg{gm ogui!GCO" hgobmb{bis

\unxbki mbhimncj GU[ {n gmm ABXbchio{ik |uijcgc{ znìc bc{aibu hbus{ |uijcgcor- buuis|io{bxi nh OK; s{g{ys#

[is{ gmm |uijcgc{ znìc nh ycdcnzc ABX s{g{ys g{ {aibu hbus{ gc{icg{gm ombcbo xbsb{# [ansi zan {is{ ABXcijg{bxisanymk {is{ gjgbc g{ ?5 ziids gck- bh s{bmm cijg{bxi {airsanymk {is{ gjgbc |ns{kimbxiur

@gcgji _[Bs \unxbki uny{bci _[B souiicbcj gck wygmb{r srckun`bo`gcgjiìc{ nh _[Bs goonukbcj {n cg{bncgm jybkimbcis bc gmmaigm{a hgobmb{bis !bcomykbcj |ubxg{i sio{nu"

_{uicj{aic _[B onc{unm {aunyja g||un|ubg{i igumrgc{b`bounebgm |uisoubebcj gck ihhio{bxi |gu{ciu cn{bhbog{bnc

\ubxg{i |agu`gobis {n uihiu gmm ombic{s |yuoagsbcj _[B

ìkbog{bncs {n g aigm{a hgobmb{r hnu on`|uiaicsbxi`gcgjiìc{

Icsyui dcnzmikji nh ABX gck [E s{g{ys{aunyja ycbxiusgm ABX

B`|miìc{ |unxbkiu bcb{bg{ik ABX onycsimmbcj gck {is{bcj!\BO[" gck [E sr`|{n`g{bo souiicbcj bc gmm ic{ur |nbc{s nh aigm{a ogui !gmm aigm{a hgobmb{bis?1" !hymm |godgji"

?1[abs bcomykis ombcbos !bcomykbcj `nebmi ombcbos"- on``ycb{r aigm{a oic{uis- gck ans|b{gms- bcomykbcj s|iobgmbvik aigm{a hgobmb{bis !i#j# [E ans|b{gms- ìc{gm aigm{a

hgobmb{bis"- bc {ai |yembo- |ubxg{i gck CJN sio{nu




;8



5<75 5<7? 5<7; 5<79 5<78

{is{bcj gck [Esouiicbcj

\unxbki ABX {is{bcj gck [E souiicbcj bc cncaigm{asi{{bcjs !i#j# {iu{bgur bcs{b{y{bncs- znud|mgois- anìs-|ubsncs- hgu`s- |ubxg{i |agu`gobis- {gqb ugcds- gmms-jnxiucìc{ ki|gu{ìc{s" ysbcj on``ycb{r aigm{aoguiznudius- |iiu ikyog{nus- gck on``ycb{r ny{uigoa znudius!`bcb`y` |godgji"

[guji{ ns{g{ubsd |n|ymg{bncs !i#j# kbsonukgc{ ony|mis-|ubsncius- @_@- onc{go{s nh [E |g{bic{s- _[B |g{bic{s-

gknmisoic{s" zb{a AO[ gck [E sr`|{n`g{bo souiicbcj_ouiic gmm n{aius gck bchgc{s nh ycdcnzc s{g{ysg{{ickbcj I\B ombcbos hnu ABX gck [E

[is{ gmm ABXiq|nsik egebis hnu ABX g{ 8 ziids !\OU{is{bcj"# [abs bcomykis gmm gegckncik egebis

Icagcoik kbgjcnsbs nh goy{i !bcobkic{" ABX bchio{bncs bc[E gck.nu _[B |g{bic{s

Icagcoik souiicbcj gck {uig{ìc{ nh |gu{cius nh ABX.[E._[B bckiq ogsis !ABX- [E- _[B" hnu {ai sgìonckb{bncs

Ysi bccnxg{bnc {nb`|unxi souiicbcj-{is{bcj gck uihiuugm

B`|miìc{ bccnxg{bxi {ioacnmnjbis hnu AO[- [E gck _[Bsouiicbcj !bcomykbcj nugm {is{s- JiciQ|iu{ hnu [Ekbgjcnsbs"

B`|miìc{ |nbc{nhogui {ioacnmnjbis gck gssgrs!bcomykbcj OK;" gh{iu is{gembsabcj {aibu sicsb{bxb{r gcks|iobhbob{r bc {ai hbimk {n hgobmb{g{i mbcdgjis hun` |uixic{bnc{n ogui gck {uig{ìc{

_nobgm nebmbsg{bnc hnu ABX {is{bcj gck [Esouiicbcj

Ysi {guji{ik on``ycbog{bnc gck snobgm gudi{bcjs{ug{ijbis !bcomykbcj snobgm ikbg syoa gs @qb{" {n bcouigsiy|{gdi nh AO[ gck [E souiicbcj

Ysi {guji{ik on``ycbog{bnc gck snobgm nebmbsg{bnc {nbcouigsi dcnzmikji nc ABX- _[Bs gck [E- gck {ai mbcdsei{ziic {aisi

B`|unxi ncb{nubcjgck ixgmyg{bnc

Bc{unkyoi gc imio{uncbo AO[ uijbs{iu {n hgobmb{g{i ei{{iu {ugodbcj nh uijymgu {is{bcj !bcomykis ysbcj g ycbwyibkic{bhbiu"




;:



5<75 5<7? 5<7; 5<79 5<78

B`|unxi og|gob{r Icsyui gkiwyg{i og|gob{r eybmkbcj bc AO[- [E gck ìc{gmaigm{a souiicbcj hnu aigm{a znudius !|unhissbncgm gckon``ycb{r aigm{a znudius"

_{uicj{aic [E|uixic{bnc |ugo{boisbc oncjuijgc{si{{bcjs- bcomykbcjaigm{a hgobmb{bis

Icsyui gmm hgobmb{bis |unxbkbcj ABX gck [E ogui b`|miìc{bchio{bnc onc{unm igsyuis !i#j# bcfio{bnc sghi{r- sghikbs|nsgm nh ikbogm zgs{i- n|ic zbcknzs- agck zgsabcj-gk`bcbs{ug{bxi- icxbuncìc{gm gck |iusncgm uis|bug{nur|un{io{bnc onc{unms"

Icsyui gmm ciz aigm{a hgobmb{bis gui eybm{ {n n|{b`bsi mbcigu hmnz xic{bmg{bnc hnu [E onc{unm

Bsncbgvbk |uixic{bxi{aiug|r !B\["

\unxbki B\[ hnu gmm ABX bchio{ik bckbxbkygms zb{any{ go{bxi[E

\unxbki B\[ {n gmm ABXbchio{ik bckbxbkygms mbxbcj zb{asnìnci zb{a [E !onc{go{ {ugobcj gck |un|armgqbs"

Go{bxi [E ogsihbckbcj

B`|miìc{ go{bxi [E gck ABX ogsi hbckbcj- bcomykbcj go{bxi[E onc{go{ {ugobcj




;1

:#8 \bmmgu 56 _ys{gbc Aigm{a gck Zimmciss

[ai |ub`gur hnoys nh |bmmgu 5 bs sbjcbhbogc{ uikyo{bnc bc kig{as gck kbsgebmb{r gs g uisym{ nh ABX gck [E bchio{bnc#

Nefio{bxis6

[ai hbxirigu nefio{bxis hnu |bmmgu 5 gui {n6

Uikyoi kbsgebmb{r gck kig{a uisym{bcj hun` ABX gck [E

Icsyui ycbxiusgm gooiss {n {uig{ìc{- ogui gck sy||nu{4

Icsyui {ag{ |in|mi bchio{ik zb{a ABX- [E gck _[Bs ui`gbc zb{abc {ai aigm{a oguisrs{i`- gui gkaiuic{ {n {uig{ìc{ gck `gbc{gbc n|{b`gm aigm{a4 gck

Icsyui {ag{ srs{i`s gck siuxbois ui`gbc uis|ncsbxi {n {ai ciiks nh |in|mibchio{ik zb{a ABX- [E gck _[Bs#

[ai onui s{ug{ijbis hnu {abs |bmmgu uimg{i {n b`|unxik kbgjcnsbs nh ABX- [E gck _[B-b`|unxik gooiss {n s|iikr- g||un|ubg{i gck ysiuhubickmr {uig{ìc{s gck ui{ic{bnc bc{n{uig{ìc{ gck ogui# Oic{ugm {n sys{gbcbcj aigm{a gck zimmciss bs {n onc{bcyi gckgooimiug{i aigm{a srs{i` s{uicj{aicbcj {aunyja g xgubi{r nh dir bc{iuxic{bncs zb{aonjcbsgcoi nh {ai kbhhiuic{ ciiks nh aigm{a siuxboi ysius#

\un`n{bcj saguik uis|ncsbebmb{r hnu aigm{a gck zimmciss !zaboa bcomykis |iusncgmuis|ncsbebmb{r" uiwybuis {guji{ik bc{iuxic{bncs# Anzixiu- zimmciss bs cn{ fys{ g oncoi|{ nh gooiss {n kbgjcns{bo gck oyug{bxi siuxbois# Gounss jnxiucìc{ ki|gu{ìc{s gck snobi{rg{ mguji g ugkbogm sabh{ bs uiwybuik zaiui aigm{a gck zimmciss !gck is|iobgmmr aigm{a|un`n{bnc" gui bc{ijug{ik bc{n eungkiu snobgm kiximn|ìc{ gck {ai og|gob{r eybmkbcj nh

bckbxbkygms gck on``ycb{bis#

[ai Ki|gu{ìc{ nh Aigm{a ags {ai uis|ncsbebmb{r hnu {ai kimbxiur gck nxiusbja{ nh aigm{a|un`n{bnc- kbgjcns{bo siuxbois- {uig{ìc{ gck hnu icsyubcj gkaiuicoi sy||nu{# Zabms{`gssbxi gkxgcois agxi eiic `gki nxiu {ai mgs{ 5< rigus bc bcouigsbcj gooiss {n wygmb{raigm{a ogui siuxbois- bcouigsbcj ki`gck ouig{ik er {ai kygm i|bki`bos nh ABX gck [E agsny{|goik sy||mr# G ugkbogm iq|gcsbnc nh |ub`gur aigm{a ogui bs eibcj b`|miìc{ik{aunyja {ai uiicjbciiubcj nh |ub`gur aigm{a ogui zb{a g s|iobgm i`|agsbs nc on``ycb{regsik siuxbois# On``ycb{regsik siuxbois agxi g oub{bogm unmi {n |mgr bc iq|gckbcj {aiwygmb{r gck uigoa nh aigm{a gck zimmciss siuxbois ‟ |ungo{bximr {gdbcj |unjug`ìs gcksiuxbois {n |in|mi ags eiic ki`ncs{ug{ik {n bcouigsi siuxboi y|{gdi# [ai `gssbxi

bcouigsi bc ABX |uixic{bnc- ogui gck {uig{ìc{ siuxbois bc {ai mgs{ hbxi rigus- `gbcmr{aunyja bc{iucg{bncgm hyckbcj {n on``ycb{regsik nujgcbsg{bncs gck CJNs- ags icsyuik`gfnu sogmi y|#

Anzixiu- on``ycb{r siuxbois- zabms{ oub{bogmmr b`|nu{gc{- zbmm cn{ |unxbki g |gcgoig {ag{gkkuissis gmm nh {ai sanu{on bcjs zb{abc {ai aigm{a ogui srs{i # Hyu{aiu aigm{a srs{i`ss{uicj{aicbcj gck sy||nu{ bs uiwybuik# Oic{ugm {n {abs bs {n icsyui {ag{ |in|mi guisouiicik- uioibxi uisym{s |un`|{mr- gui uihiuuik g||un|ubg{imr- gui {uig{ik onuuio{mr gckwybodmr gck uioibxi oncsbs{ic{ ogui gck hnmmnzy|#

Ei{{iu uionukbcj- `ncb{nubcj gck ixgmyg{bnc srs{i`s gui uiwybuik g{ on``ycb{r- hgobmb{r-`ycbob|gm- kbs{ubo{- |unxbcoi gck cg{bncgm mixims# Iwygmmr g{ {aisi mixims s|iobhbo uisiguoa bsuiwybuik {n yckius{gck {ai |n|ymg{bnc gck sye|n|ymg{bncs krcg`bos bc nukiu {n {gbmnu aigm{a gck zimmciss bc{iuxic{bncs g||un|ubg{imr# @ncb{nubcj- ixgmyg{bnc gck uisiguoa gui




;2

onxiuik er g si|gug{i oag|{iu zb{abc {abs C_\- anzixiu- dir bc{iuxic{bncs bc sy||nu{ nh {abs gui bkic{bhbik eimnz#

[ai |ub`gur s{ug{ijbis gck bc{iuxic{bncs hnu |bmmgu 5 gui6

:#8#7 Iq|gck Gooiss {n Wygmb{r Ogui gck [uig{ìc{ hnu ABX- [E gck _[Bs

Igumr {uig{ìc{ hnu ABX- [E gck _[Bs

Gs kbsoyssik bc oag|{ius ? gck ;- {aiui agxi eiic gfnu uisiguoa hbckbcjs bc {ai mgs{ 71`nc{as sanzbcj {ai eicihb{s nh igumr {uig{ìc{ hnu ABX gck [E# Igumr {uig{ìc{ kiouigsis`nu{gmb{r gck `nuebkb{r- gck {ai jgbcs zi agxi siic bc mbhi iq|io{gcor kyubcj {ai |uixbnysC_\ ogc ei b`|unxik er s{gu{bcj {uig{ìc{ ixic igumbiu# [n {abs ick {ai jnxiuc ic{ agsgmuigkr bckbog{ik g sabh{ {n s{gu{bcj gmm |in|mi nc GU[ g{ g OK; onyc{ nh ?9< nu eimnz- gckbcouigsbcjmr {aiui gui ogmms {n iq|gck {abs {n 9<< gck eimnz# Dir hnu {abs bc{iuxic{bnc {n eisyooisshym bs b`|unxik ogsi hbckbcj gck igumbiu kbgjcnsbs !kbsoyssik bc |bmmgu 7"#

[uig{ìc{ hnu _[Bs- is|iobgmmr jicb{gm zgu{s- sr|abmbs gck aiu|is- bs gcn{aiu b`|nu{gc{bc{iuxic{bnc# [ai C_\ 5<755<78 bcomykis ihhnu{s {n eybmk {ai og|gob{r nh cyusis {n |unxbkiourn{aiug|r- is|iobgmmr hnu onbchio{ik |g{bic{s#

B`|unxi wygmb{r nh siuxbois

Bc {ai |uixbnys C_\ {aiui zgs g sbjcbhbogc{ hnoys nc iq|gckbcj gooiss {n ABX ogui gck{uig{ìc{ siuxbois# [ag{ hnoys bs ui{gbcik bc {ai C_\ 5<755<78- ey{ egsik nc {aiiq|iubicoi nh {ai mgs{ hbxi rigus- {aiui bs gmsn g s{uncj sabh{ {n b`|unxiìc{ nh {ai wygmb{rnh siuxbois# [abs bcomykis ysbcj `nui ihhbobic{ {ugodbcj gck uihiuugm srs{i s- gs zimm gsei{{iu kuyj onèbcg{bncs {n icsyui b`|unxik ogui gck {uig{ìc{ ny{onìs#

Cg{bncgm s{gckguks zbmm ei kiximn|ik nu y|kg{ik hnu {ai hnmmnzbcj guigs6

Igumr kbgjcnsbs nh |in|mi zb{a ABX !bcomykbcj bchgc{ kbgjcnsbs" gck [E4

Ombcbogm ogui gck `gcgjiìc{ nh |in|mi zb{a [E gck ABX bcomykbcj |gbc`gcgjiìc{4

Zimmciss |unjug`ìs- snobgm ogui gck sy||nu{ siuxbois hnu |in|mi zb{a ABX- [Egck oauncbo onckb{bncs bcomykbcj ìc{gm aigm{a gck kbsgebmb{r4

_iqygm gck ui|unkyo{bxi aigm{aogui hnu |in|mi zb{a ABX gck [E4

ABX gck |uijcgcor4

Ogui hnu xymciugemi |n|ymg{bncs syoa gs gknmisoic{s gck nmkiu |iusncs zb{a ABX4 Uis|b{i- uiagebmb{g{bxi- |gmmbg{bxi- gck ick nh mbhi ogui hnu gkym{s gck oabmkuic zb{a

ABX- [E gck oauncbo onckb{bncs4

\gmmbg{bxi ogui {ugbcbcj hnu aigm{a |unhissbncgms bc aigm{a hgobmb{bis gck on``ycb{rsiuxbois#

Mgs{mr- g s{gckbcj ombcbogm jybkimbcis on``b{{ii on`|ubsik nh uimixgc{ iq|iu{s sanymk|iubnkbogmmr uixbiz ombcbogm ABX gck [E jybkimbcis {n icsyui {ai mg{is{ ixbkicoi bchnu`sombcbogm ogui bc{iuxic{bncs#

B`|unxi `ncb{nubcj gck ixgmyg{bnc

Gs gmuigkr gmmykik {n bc |bmmgu 7- b`|unxbcj `ncb{nubcj gck ixgmyg{bnc srs{i`s gui oub{bogm {nicsyubcj gkiwyg{i {ugodbcj gck uihiuugm nh |in|mi bc ciik nh ABX gck [E ogui gck




9<

{uig{ìc{# [abs znymk uiwybui cg{bncgm |g{bic{ bkic{bhbius gck g |g{bic{ `gs{iu bckiq-bc{ijug{ik uijbs{ius- gck s|iobhbo {guji{s g{ |unxbcobgm- kbs{ubo{ gck hgobmb{r mixim hnu {uig{ìc{!ABX gck [E"# TGs snì nh {aisi bssyis agxi eiic onxiuik bc |bmmgu 7- {air gui cn{ui|ig{ik aiui#P

[ai jnxiucìc{ s{gu{ik {ai unmmny{ nh g {biuik `ncb{nubcj gck ixgmyg{bnc srs{i`?2 hnu GU[

bc 5<77- gck {abs bs {n ei hymmr b`|miìc{ik er 5<7?.7;#

:#8#5 Icsyui Ogui gck [uig{ìc{ hnu Oabmkuic

Gs bckbog{ik |uixbnysmr- ixbkicoi ags sanzc {ag{ xiu{bogm {ugcs`bssbnc nh ABX ogc eixbu{ygmmr imb`bcg{ik# Anzixiu- oabmkuic gui syefio{ {n g `rubgk nh n{aiu ubsds bcomykbcjsiqygm geysi gck igumr siqygm kiey{# \uixic{bnc nh bchio{bnc bs |nssbemi gck sn {nn bs|unxbkbcj {uig{ìc{- ogui gck sy||nu{ en{a {n {ai oabmk- {aibu hg`bmbis gck on``ycb{bis- ey{s|iobgm g{{ic{bnc bs uiwybuik# Oabmkuic bchio{ik zb{a ABX gck [E gui nh{ic yckbgjcnsikgck uioibxi mb`b{ik gooiss {n siuxbois- gck gui iq|nsik {n s{bj`g gck kbsoub`bcg{bnc#Hyu{aiu`nui- `gcr oabmkuic zan `gr cn{ ei bchio{ik {ai`simxis mbxi bc hg`bmbis gck

on``ycb{bis zaiui ABX- [E gck _[B |uixgmicoi `gr ei abja# [abs cn{ fys{ iq|nsis {ai`{n bcouigsik ubsd nh bchio{bnc ey{ {n gkkb{bncgm i`n{bncgm gck snobnioncn`bo ubsds#

Gkkuissbcj {aisi bssyis zbmm uiwybui igumr kbgjcnsbs- uihiuugm- gck {uig{ìc{ hnu oabmkuic-is|iobgmmr hnu nu|agcik gck n{aiu xymciugemi oabmkuic# [abs bcomykis g juig{iu hnoys ncsoannm aigm{a siuxbois- gck mbhi sdbmms ikyog{bnc#

:#8#? \unxbki ABX gck [E Ogui gck [uig{ìc{ bc Cnc@ikbogm _i{{bcjs

ABX gck [E kbgjcnsbs- ogui gck {uig{ìc{ sanymk cn{ ei mb`b{ik {n ìkbogm si{{bcjs- ey{bcs{igk sanymk ei gxgbmgemi bc g zbki xgubi{r nh on``ycb{r si{{bcjs# Bcomykbcj {iu{bgurbcs{b{y{bncs- |ubsncs- gck CJNhyckik hgobmb{bis#

Znud|mgois gui gc b`|nu{gc{ si{{bcj hnu ABX gck [E kbgjcnsbs- ogui gck {uig{ìc{ ‟ nu uihiuugm hnu ogui gck {uig{ìc{# Zb{a 77 `bmmbnc |in|mi bc {ai znud|mgoi- {abs bs g dir ic{ur|nbc{ hnu aigm{a gck zimmciss |unjug`ìs# Oauncbo bmmcissis ghhio{ |unkyo{bxb{r-|unhb{gebmb{r gck {ai zimhgui nh i`|mnriis gck {aibu hg`bmbis#

:#8#; \unxbki G||un|ubg{i _y||nu{ hnu \in|mi Mbxbcj zb{a ABX gck.nu [E

[ai mbcds ei{ziic jnnk cy{ub{bnc gck `gbc{gbcbcj aigm{a gck zimmciss gui zimm is{gembsaik#

Hnnk bcsioyub{r `gr migk {n bcouigsik ubsd {gdbcj gck onc{ubey{is {n |nnu gkaiuicoi {n{uig{ìc{ gck `nui ug|bk aig{a ki{iubnug{bnc# Jnnk cy{ub{bnc `gbc{gbcs {ai b``ycisrs{i`- aim|s {n |uixic{ n||nu{ycbs{bo bchio{bncs gck sy||nu{s n|{b`gm wygmb{r !gxiu{bcjsnì sr`|{n`s nh kbsigsi" nh mbhi#;<

:#8#9 [E @gcgjiìc{ gck [uig{ìc{

[E bs {ai migkbcj ogysi nh kig{a hnu |in|mi mbxbcj zb{a ABX# Bc uioic{ rigus _ny{a Ghubogags siic g ubsi bc kuyj uisbs{gc{ [E# [abs uiwybuis gjjuissbxi [E kbgjcnsbs- {uig{ìc{

?2

[biu 7 bs g s{gckgukbsik |g|iuegsik srs{i`- {biu 5 gc iuijbs{iu !gc imio{uncbo- cncci{znudik xiusbnc nh {biu 7"- gck {biu ? bs hymmr ci{znudik;<

Ogs{mi`gc i{# gm# 5<<;




97

gck ncjnbcj `gcgjiìc{ {n icsyui gkaiuicoi {n {uig{ìc{# [abs bcomykis onc{go{ {ugobcjnh gmm dcnzc [E |g{bic{s {n ug|bkmr kbgjcnsi gck {uig{ìc{ {ansi#




95

\bmmgu 56 Nefio{bxis- gck Bc{iuxic{bncs


[guji{ Ons{bcj gck_nyuoi5<75 5<7? 5<7; 5<79 5<78

Iq|gck gooiss{n wygmb{r oguigck {uig{ìc{hnu ABX gck [E

\unxbki gooiss {n GU[ g{ gmm \AO hgobmb{bis hnu imbjbemi |g{bic{s !OK; =?9< nu ZAN s{gji ? nu ;"

Icsyui oguigck {uig{ìc{hnu oabmkuic

[is{ gmm ABXiq|nsik bchgc{s hnu ABX g{ 8ziids- gck b`ìkbg{imr s{gu{ gcr bchgc{ {is{bcj|nsb{bxi nc GU[

[guji{ |uigknmisoic{ gck gknmisoic{ oabmkuicgooissbcj aigm{a ogui hnu ABX gck [Ekbgjcnsbs gck {uig{ìc{- gs zimm gs siqygm gckui|unkyo{bxi aigm{aIcsyui ysiuhubickmr {uig{ìc{ knsgjis hnu oabmkuic

Gkkuiss ikyog{bncgmkiximn|ìc{gm gckxnog{bncgm ciiks nh oabmkuic gck gknmisoic{szan gowybuik ABX bc bchgcor

Icsyui gooiss {n cy{ub{bncgm sy||nu{ hnu oabmkuic {n uikyoi xymciugebmb{r

B`|miìc{ bc{ijug{ik zimmciss ikyog{bnc gs|gu{ nh mbhi sdbmms ikyog{bnc bc soannms

_{gu{ {uig{ìc{hnu ABX- _[Bsgck [E igumr

Icsyui igumr ogsi ki{io{bnc hnu en{a ABX gck[E- bcomykbcj onc{go{ {ugobcj- |gu{boymgumr nh oabmkuic

\unxbki on{ub`nqgvnmi |un|armgqbs hnu gmm|g{bic{s mbxbcj zb{a ABX gck [E

Icsyui {uig{ìc{ hnu oncjicb{gm sr|abmbs gs |gu{nh \@[O[ siuxbois

Oiuxbogm ogcoiu souiicbcj gck {uig{ìc{ nh jicb{gm aiu|is !A\X5" bchio{bnc zb{a goromnxbu

Icsyui {uig{ìc{ !er cyusis" hnu jicb{gm zgu{szb{a ourn{aiug|r

Ysi bccnxg{bxi {ioacnmnjbis !bcomykbcj |nbc{ nh ogui [E gck ABX kbgjcns{bos" {n kbgjcnsi [E-




9?



_[Bs gck ABX igumr- gck uihiuugm {n g||un|ubg{i`gcgjiìc{- is|iobgmmr bc gc{icg{gm oguisi{{bcjs

Ysi oimm|anci egsik on``ycbog{bnc {nbcouigsi {ugodbcj- ui{ic{bnc bc ogui- gkaiuicoigck |sroansnobgm ogui hnu ABX- [E gck _[B

Iq|gck [E nmioymgu {is{bcj g{ 1<) nh |yembosio{nu hgobmb{bis hnu bc{icsbhbik ogsi hbckbcjs hnu [E er 5<78

Icsyui gmm aigm{a hgobmb{bis |unxbki cyusibcb{bg{ik gck gcgjik GU[ !CB@GU["

Icsyui |unhissbncgm aigm{a znudius agxig||un|ubg{i GU[- [E gck @KU [E kbgjcnsbsgck gcgjiìc{ sdbmms

\un`n{i hgobmb{regsik gck on``ycb{rgkaiuicoi s{ug{ijbis {n icsyui |g{bic{s ui`gbcnc [E gck GU[ {uig{ìc{

B`|unxi wygmb{rs{gckguks hnu ogui gck{uig{ìc{

_i{- ncb{nu gck gbc{gbc wygmb{r s{gckguks hnu ABX- [E gck _[B ogui gck {uig{ìc{ siuxbois-bcomykbcj wygmb{r s{gckguks hnu on``ycb{regsik ogui gck sy||nu{

_b`|mbhr {uig{ìc{ uijbìcs- bcomykbcj {ai ysinh hbqikknsi onèbcg{bncs !HKOs" hnu [E gckABX zaiui gxgbmgemi

B`|miìc{ {ugobcj srs{i`s {n icsyuikbgjcnsik zb{a ABX ey{ cn{ ri{ nc {uig{ìc{gui icunmmik bc g||un|ubg{i ogui |unjug`ìs!i#j# zimmciss |unjug`ìs"

Icagcoi uihiuugm siuxbois {n icsyui |g{bic{szb{a on`|miq |uisic{g{bncs- iq|iubicobcjon`|miq {nqbob{r nu ym{bkuyj uisbs{gcoi- guigemi {n agxi omigu uihiuugm |g{azgrs gckgooiss {n iq|gckik GU[ . {uig{ìc{ oanbois

Is{gembsa g ombcbogm jybkimbcis on``b{{ii {nicsyui |iubnkbo uixbiz nh ombcbogm |un{nonms




9;



B`|unxi`ncb{nubcj gckixgmyg{bnc

_i{ {guji{s g{ |unxbcoi- kbs{ubo{ gck hgobmb{r miximhnu ABX- _[B gck [E {uig{ìc{

Icsyui unmmny{ nh {ai {biuik ncb{nubcj gckixgmyg{bnc srs{i` hnu GU[

_y||nu{ ui|nu{bcj nh sio{nus|iobhbo|unjug`ìs {aunyja g cg{bncgm uny{bcibchnu`g{bnc srs{i`

Icsyui ogui

gck {uig{ìc{hnu oabmkuic

[is{ gmm ABXiq|nsik bchgc{s hnu ABX g{ 8

ziids- gck b`ìkbg{imr s{gu{ gcr bchgc{ {is{bcj|nsb{bxi nc GU[

[guji{ |uigknmisoic{ gck gknmisoic{ oabmkuicgooissbcj aigm{a ogui hnu ABX gck [Ekbgjcnsbs gck {uig{ìc{- gs zimm gs siqygm gckui|unkyo{bxi aigm{a

Icsyui ysiuhubickmr {uig{ìc{ knsgjis hnu oabmkuic

Gkkuiss ikyog{bncgmkiximn|ìc{gm gckxnog{bncgm ciiks nh oabmkuic gck gknmisoic{szan gowybuik ABX bc bchgcor

Icsyui gooiss {n cy{ub{bncgm sy||nu{ hnu oabmkuic {n uikyoi xymciugebmb{r

B`|miìc{ bc{ijug{ik zimmciss ikyog{bnc gs|gu{ nh mbhi sdbmms ikyog{bnc bc soannms

\unxbki ABX

gck [Ekbgjcnsbs- oguigck {uig{ìc{ bccncìkbogmsi{{bcjs

\unxbki ABX gck [E kbgjcnsbs gck oguigck

uihiuugm hnu {uig{ìc{ bh cn{ |nssbemi ncsb{i- bc6

[iu{bgur bcs{b{y{bncs

\ubsncs

Znud|mgois

CJNhyckik hgobmb{bis

Icsyuig||un|ubg{i

Icsyui xymciugemi oabmkuic gooiss soannmcy{ub{bnc |unjug`ìs




99



cy{ub{bncbc{iuxic{bncs

Iconyugji anì . on``ycb{r hnnk|unkyo{bncs

_{uicj{aicìc{gm aigm{asiuxbois

Kiximn| |nmbobis gck |un{nonms zb{abc aigm{agck snobgm kiximn|ìc{ |nmbobis {n bc{ijug{iìc{gm aigm{a ogui bc{n ABX gck [E gck _[B-{uig{ìc{- ogui gck sy||nu{

Bcouigsi ay`gcuisnyuoiog|gob{r

Uin|ic jnxiucìc{ cyusbcj onmmijis {ngkkuiss ay`gc uisnyuoi sanu{gjis

[ugbc |unhissbncgm gck mgr aigm{a znudius bcg||un|ubg{i ABX gck [E kbgjcnsbs- {uig{ìc{gck ogui

[ugbc |unxbkius nh dir siuxbois bc ABX gck [E|uixic{bnc- {uig{ìc{ gck ogui !i#j# bc soannms-znud|mgois- |ubsncs"

\unxbkig||un|ubg{i [E{uig{ìc{!bcomykbcj|uixic{bxi{aiug|r"

\unxbki bsncbgvbk |uixic{bxi {aiug|r !B\[" hnu ABXbchio{ik bckbxbkygms zan kn cn{ agxigo{bxi [E- bcomykbcj oabmkuic yckiu 9 hunànysianmk onc{go{s nh bckiq ogsis

_{gu{ gmm [E onbchio{ik |g{bic{s nc GU[-buuis|io{bxi nh OK; onyc{

\unxbki B\[ hnu abjaubsd juny|s !i#j#aigm{aogui znudius- |in|mi zb{a kbgei{is"

Icsyui{uig{ìc{ hnu @KU[E

\unxbki gooiss {n mncj{iu` ombcbogm ogui hnu |g{bic{s zb{a {uig{ìc{ hgbmyui- gck kuyjuisbs{gc{ [E



98

:#: \bmmgu ?6 Bcouigsi sghi{r gck uikyoi xymciugebmb{r

Gs siic bc {ai oag|{iu nc i|bki bnmnjr- {aiui gui sixiugm hgo{nus {ag{ b`|go{ nc sghi{rgck xymciugebmb{r {n ABX gck [E bchio{bnc# [aisi `gbcmr uimg{i {n s{bj`g- jickiu iwyb{rgck jickiu xbnmicoi- gck kbsoub`bcg{bnc#

[aiui gui `gcr mixims gck `gcbhis{g{bncs nh xymciugebmb{r#

Xymciugebmb{r g{ {ai |iusncgm mixim bs aibja{icik kyubcj {bìs nh {ugcsb{bnc bc g |iusnc‑s mbhi-syoa gs {aunyja {ai kig{a nh g |guic{# Gs syoa gc b`|nu{gc{ hnoys hnu |bmmgu ? bs uikyobcj{ai cyèiu nh oabmkuic nu|agcik gck `gki xymciugemi# [abs ogc ei goabixik er snì nh {ai bc{iuxic{bncs mbs{ik bc |bmmgu 7 gck 5 !i#j# {uig{ìc{ hnu bchio{ik |guic{s"- ey{ gmsn{aunyja bc{iuxic{bncs {ai bcouigsi sy||nu{ hnu oabmkuic#

Bc gkkb{bnc _ny{a Ghubog ags abja mixims nh icki`bo xymciugebmb{r gs g mijgor nh {ai `bjugc{mgenyu srs{i` gck {ai n{aiu ihhio{s nh g|gu{aibk# Zabmi {ai C_\ ogccn{- gck sanymk cn{-gkkuiss gmm nh {aisi xymciugebmb{bis- b{ knis ciik {n hnoys nc {ai ’an{s|n{s‘ nh xymciugebmb{r#

Gs siic bc igumbiu oag|{ius- {aiui gui jinjug|abo xymciugebmb{bis bc {iu s nh en{a ABX gck[E !i#j# bchnu`gm si{{miìc{s- omnsi {n `gfnu {ugcs|nu{ uny{is"- ey{ gmsn g`ncj dir|n|ymg{bncs#

Xymciugebmb{r bs gmsn uimg{ik {n bssyis nh mijgmb{r- i#j# siq znudius- nu |nnu b`|miìc{g{bncnh mgzs gck.nu |nmbobis- {ays cioissb{g{bcj mijgm uihnu`- syoa gs kioub`bcgmbsg{bnc nh siqznud- nu ei{{iu b`|miìc{g{bnc nh mgzs gck |nmbobis- bcomykbcj gooiss {n fys{boi#

Xymciugebmb{r bs gmsn egsik nc ioncn`bo kbsi`|nziuìc{# [abs uiwybuis {ai C_\ {n eihbu`mr gcoanuik bc {ai eungkiu kiximn|ìc{ ihhnu{s nh jnxiucìc{- bcomykbcj iq|gckbcj

gooiss {n ikyog{bnc- uikyobcj |nxiu{r- b`|unxbcj fne ouig{bnc gck mnogm gck hnuibjcbcxis{ìc{s#

Nefio{bxis

Eybmk {ai og|gob{r nh on``ycb{bis {n uikyoi {aibu xymciugebmb{r {n ABX gck [E-{aunyja iqiuobsbcj {aibu ubja{s4

Eybmk {ai og|gob{r nh |nmbor `gdius- jnxiucgcoi s{uyo{yuis gck n{aiu ky{r eiguiusnh ay`gc ubja{s {n ihhio{bximr b`|miìc{ mgzs gck |nmbobis {ag{ |un`n{i ay`gcubja{s4

Uikyoi {ai xymciugebmb{r nh oabmkuic {n ABX- [E gck _[B bchio{bnc- zb{a g |gu{boymgu

hnoys nc nu|agcik gck xymciugemi oabmkuic4 _y||nu{ {ai oncsbs{ic{ b`|miìc{g{bnc nh mijbsmg{bnc {ag{ |un{io{s gck |un`n{is {ai

ay`gc ubja{s nh |in|mi mbxbcj zb{a gck ghhio{ik er ABX gck [E !bcomykbcj ubja{s nh znudius {n g sghi znudbcj icxbuncìc{ gck snobgm eicihb{s"4

Iq|gck gck icsyui iwyb{r bc onxiugji nh aigm{a gck snobgm |un{io{bnc siuxbois hnu {ansi {ag{ uiwybui gssbs{gcoi- bcomykbcj gooiss {n snobgm jugc{s4

Icsyui {ag{ aigm{a gck snobgm siuxbois gui uis|ncsbxi {n {ai ciiks nh |in|mi mbxbcjzb{a nu ghhio{ik er ABX nu [E- bcomykbcj nu|agcs gck xymciugemi oabmkuic- |in|mizb{a kbsgebmb{bis- imkiumr- gknmisoic{s- siq znudius- kuyj ysius- gck n{aiu `gujbcgmbsik juny|s4

Gkkuiss znud|mgoi.icxbuncìc{gm xymciugebmb{bis {n ABX- _[B gck [E {ugcs`bssbnc-syoa gs `bcis gck |ubsncs4

Uikyoi s{bj`g {aunyja snobgm oagcji on``ycbog{bnc gck `nebmbsg{bnc4



9:

Ui`nxi s{uyo{yugm gck hyco{bncgm eguubius {n siuxbois hnu `bjugc{s gck uihyjiis zb{aaigm{a ogui ciiks#

_{ug{ijbo icgemius bcomyki6

Y|kg{ik mgzs- |nmbobis gck |unjug`ìs {ag{ |un`n{i g ay`gc ubja{s oym{yui-

jickiu iwyb{r gck gkkuiss jickiu xbnmicoi4 _iuxboi |unxbkius mgz ichnuoiìc{ nhhboius- snobgm znudiusgck {igoaius

og|gob{g{ik gck iwyb||ik {n kigm ihhio{bximr zb{a {aisi bssyis4

[ugbc gmm jnxiucìc{ gck obxbm snobi{r go{nus nc {ai _ny{a Ghubogc ay`gc ubja{shugìznud gck anz gooiss {n fys{boi ogc ei b`|unxik4 {abs bcomykis ikyog{bnc nh |nmboi nhhboius nc kigmbcj zb{a xbo{b`s nh siqygm gssgym{- gck MJE[B bssyis sn {ag{ubja{s geysis ogc ei ui|nu{ik gck go{ik nc zb{a kbjcb{r gck kbmbjicoi4

Icgembcj icxbuncìc{s hnu siuxboi kimbxiur guig g{ hgobmb{r gck {ai on``ycb{r {nichnuoi {aisi mgzs gck |nmbobis !i#j# [ay{ayvimg [uig{ìc{ Oic{uis nu sb`bmgu ug|ioubsbs oic{uis g{ `ycbob|gm mixim"4

Uijbncgm gjuiiìc{s {ag{ gkkuiss ounssenukiu bssyis !i#j# uihyjii s{g{ys- ubja{snh `bjugc{s i{o#"

Eybmkbcj nc {ai |unxbsbncs nh {ai Oncs{b{y{bnc gck {ai ay`gc ubja{s oym{yui {ag{ b{ uiwybuis-b{ bs b`|nu{gc{ {ag{ {ai jngms- nefio{bxis gck go{bxb{bis onc{gbcik bc {ai C_\ iènkbis gay`gc ubja{s oym{yui# [ai hnoys nh ay`gc ubja{s znud sanymk ei nc |un{io{bcj {ai sghi{rgck kbjcb{r nh |in|mi zb{a ABX gck [E gck nc |in|mi hun` snobgmmr gck mijgmmr`gujbcgmbsik juny|s !{aiuier eubcjbcj geny{ xymciugebmb{r uikyo{bnc"# [abs hnoys bs gbìkg{ og{gmrsbcj g s|iobhbo- ìgsyuigemi gck ncjnbcj si{ nh go{bncs {n gkkuiss ubja{sxbnmg{bncs {ag{ iqgoiueg{i nu nooyu eiogysi nh s{bj`g gck kbsoub`bcg{bnc#

[ai uigmbsg{bnc nh {ai nefio{bxis nh {ai mgs{ C_\ bc uimg{bnc {n xymciugebmb{r uikyo{bnc hnu siqznudius ciik {n ei |yusyik en{a bc {iu`s nh mijbsmg{bnc gck bc uimg{bnc {n aigm{a gck sghi{rsiuxbois#

[aisi go{bncs gui si{ ny{ eimnz6

Is{gembsa g onnukbcg{ik gck sys{gbcik ihhnu{ {n ikyog{i |in|mi nc {aibu ubja{s {n|ubxgor- kbjcb{r gck cnckbsoub`bcg{bnc bc uimg{bnc {n ABX bchio{bncgck gooiss {naigm{a ogui siuxbois ‟ bcomykbcj {aunyja on``ycbog{bnc og`|gbjcs gck on``ycb{rkbgmnjyis4

n [guji{ s|iobhbo sio{nus hnu ikyog{bnc geny{ {ai ay`gc ubja{s nh n{aius-

bcomykbcj aigm{a ogui znudius- snobgm znudius- {ugkb{bncgm migkius- uimbjbnysmigkius gck `gjbs{ug{is4

n Kiximn| |unjug`ìs gck |mgcs g{ |unxbcobgm mixim {ag{ s|iobhbogmmr gckkbuio{mr uigoa ny{ {n xymciugemi juny|s {n bchnu` {ai` nc ubja{s nh gooiss {n|uixic{bnc gck {uig{ìc{ siuxbois !s|iobhbogmmr @_@- |ubsncius- siq znudiusgck ycknoyìc{ik `bjugc{s" gck {n iwygmb{r eihnui {ai mgz gck |un{io{bncgjgbcs{ ychgbu kbsoub`bcg{bnc4

n Is{gembsa og`|gbjcs gck on``ycbog{bnc go{bxb{bis {n ick jickiuegsikxbnmicoi4

Icsyui g on`|uiaicsbxi gck hyco{bncgm `ncb{nubcj srs{i` {n knoyìc{ ay`gcubja{s geysis !bcomykbcj yckiu`bcbcj {ai ubja{s {n |ubxgor gck kbjcb{r gck {ag{go{bncs {ag{ oncs{b{y{i ychgbu kbsoub`bcg{bnc" kbuio{mr uimg{ik {n ABX gck [E !{aunyja



91

{ai _ny{a Ghubogc Ay`gc Ubja{s On``bssbnc !_GAUO" gck n{aiu Oag|{iu 2bcs{b{y{bncs"4

n Gykb{ gck ouig{i og|gob{r bc mijgm siuxbois {n {gdi y| ABX gck [E uimg{ikkbsoub`bcg{bnc ogsis4

n Is{gembsa egsimbci bchnu`g{bnc geny{ {ai bcobkicoi nh {iicgji |uijcgcor{nji{aiu zb{a bchnu`g{bnc geny{ gcr sy||nu{ hnu {iicgji `n{aius gck {aibu

oabmkuicgck `ncb{nuik gck ui|nu{ik nc gccygmmr4n _{uicj{aic `ncb{nubcj nh geysi nh jbums ‟ gck ki{iu`bcgc{s nh geysi

bcomykbcj nc {ai egsbs nh {ugkb{bnc gck oys{n`4

Kiximn| |unxbcobgm gck mnogm |mgcs {ag{ gkkuiss imb`bcg{bnc nh kbsoub`bcg{bncbcomykbcj gooiss {n i`|mnrìc{- ikyog{bnc- hbcgcobgm siuxbois gck snobgm |un{io{bncgck aigm{a siuxbois jickiuegsik xbnmicoi4 {aisi |mgcs `ys{ uis|nck {n {ais|iobhbo ciiks nh {ai sio{nus ‟ sn bc uimg{bnc {n i`|mnrìc{- hnu iqg`|mi- b{‑s cn{`yoa geny{ {ai mgz ey{ ug{aiu b{s b`|miìc{g{bnc4 ey{ bc uimg{bnc {n hbcgcobgmsiuxbois- b{ bs geny{ {ai mgz gck |ugo{bois {ag{ sanymk ei |unabeb{ik ‟ gck sanymkbcomyki {ai |unxbsbnc nh bchnu`g{bnc gck on``ycb{regsik gkxboi hnu \MABX gck{aibu ki|ickic{s4

n Kiximn| g hyckbcj |mgc hnu s{g{y{nur enkbis !syoa gs Mijgm Gbk _ny{a Ghuboggck _GAUO" gck n{aiu nujgcbsg{bncs {n |unxbki gck icsyui siuxbois {n|un`n{i gck |un{io{ ay`gc ubja{s gck gkkuiss kbsoub`bcg{bnc4

Bkic{bhr nu ouig{i uijbncgm hnug {n kiximn| gck nxiusii {ai kiximn|ìc{ nh uijbncgmnu syeuijbncgm gjuiiìc{s {ag{ gkkuiss y|anmkbcj {ai ay`gc ubja{s bcomykbcjgooiss {n aigm{a- mijgm gck snobgm |un{io{bnc hnu `bjugc{s4

Iq|gck |unjug`ìs nh jugck`n{aiu sy||nu{ hnu nu|agcik gck xymciugemi oabmkuicer sy||nu{bcj oabmkuic- gssbs{bcj {ai` {n gooiss snobgm sioyub{r- icsyubcj {airui`gbc bc soannms- gck gbkbcj anysianmk hnnk sioyub{r4

B`|miìc{bcj |unjug`ìs {n uikyoi soannm kun|ny{- bcomykbcj `n{bxg{bncgm gck

oguiiu jybkgcoi |unjug`ìs hnu rnycj |in|mi- iconyugjbcj |guic{gm bcxnmxiìc{bc ikyog{bncgck gjjuissbxi hnmmnzy| nh gmm oabmkuic zan kun| ny{4

B`|miìc{ g cg{bncgm og`|gbjc nc kbsomnsyui !nh ABX- [E gck _[Bs" gck uikyois{bj`g g{{goaik {n {aisi aigm{a bssyis4

Uikyoi gxgbmgebmb{r gck gooiss {n gmonanm !i#j# omnsbcj {bìs- s{ubo{ |icgm{bis hnu simmbcj {n oabmkuic- bcouigsbcj {gqis nc gmonanm"#

Egsik nc {ai iq|iubicoi nh {ai |uisic{ C_\ {aiui bs g s|iobhbo ciik {n6

- Icsyui {ag{ ay`gc ubja{s bc{iuxic{bncs gui ons{ik- eykji{ik hnu gck gmmnog{ik {nuis|ncsbemi jnxiucìc{ ki|gu{ìc{s4

-[ai _GAUO gck n{aiu Oag|{iu 2 bcs{b{y{bncs ciik {n gssbs{ bc {ai |unoiss nh `ncb{nubcj b`|miìc{g{bnc er {ai |gu{bis {n {ai C_\4

- Bkic{bhr g s|iobhbo bcs{b{y{bnc {n {gdi nxiugmm uis|ncsbebmb{r hnu ui|nu{bcj nc {aib`|miìc{g{bnc nh {ai ay`gc ubja{s |bmmgu !`ns{ g||un|ubg{imr onymk ei _GAUO" gck{ai nujgcbsg{bncgm gck hbcgcobgm sy||nu{ {ag{ `ys{ ei |unxbkik {n {abs bcs{b{y{bnc {nicgemi {abs# Bc gkkb{bnc- ki{iu`bci uis|ncsbebmb{r hnu oiu{gbc og{ijnubis nh ay`gcubja{s uimg{ik bc{iuxic{bncs !syoa gs Ki|gu{ìc{ nh Aigm{a gck b{s Nhhboi nh Aigm{a_{gckguks On`|mbgcoi bc uimg{bnc {n ay`gc ubja{s bc{iuxic{bncs bc ombcbos"4

- Kihbci {ai uis|ncsbebmb{bis nh {ai Ki|gu{ìc{ nh Fys{boi gck Oncs{b{y{bncgmKiximn|ìc{- Ki|gu{ìc{ nh Znìc- Oabmkuic gck \iusncs zb{a Kbsgebmb{bis-Ki|gu{ìc{ nh _nobgm Kiximn|ìc{- {ai Ki|gu{ìc{ nh Bc{iucg{bncgm Uimg{bncs- {ai

\mgccbcj On``bssbnc ‟ gck |nssbemr n{aiu ki|gu{ìc{s ‟ gck {ai _GAUO# Agxiìoagcbs`s gjuiik y|nc {n icsyui {ag{ {ai uimixgc{ Ki|gu{ìc{s godcnzmikji-gooi|{ gck gssbjc {aisi uis|ncsbebmb{bis4



92

- Kihbci {ai nefio{bxis nh {ai ay`gc ubja{s |bmmgu sn {ag{ {air ogc ei ìgsyuik gck`ncb{nuik# Hnu iqg`|mi- si{{bcj omigu {guji{s hnu {ai ncb{nubcj sb{is ìc{bncikgenxi4

- Iqg`bci {ai mijgm hugìznud {n bkic{bhr mgzs nu |nmbobis {ag{ bcouigsi xymciugebmb{rgck gìck {ai` zb{abc g kihbcik |iubnk# [ai C_\ sanymk kihbci g |unoiss hnu knbcj {abs gck gssbjcbcj nxiugmm uis|ncsbebmb{r ‟ |iuag|s {n {ai _ny{a Ghubogc Mgz

On``bssbnc#



8<

\bmmgu ?6 Nefio{bxis gck Bc{iuxic{bncs



5<75 5<7? 5<7; 5<79 5<78

Eybmk {ai og|gob{r nh on``ycb{bis {n uikyoi {aibu xymciugebmb{r {n ABX gck [E-{aunyja iqiuobsbcj {aibu ubja{s

On``ycb{r kbgmnjyis- snobgm nebmbsg{bnc (on``ycbog{bnc og`|gbjcs gck go{bxb{bis

Uikyoi {ai cyèiu nh oabmkuicnu|agcik er ABX

Icsyui igumr {uig{ìc{ nh bchio{ik |guic{s

Iq|gck |unjug`ìs gbìk g{ kiximn|bcj ci{znuds

nh jugck`n{aiu sy||nu{ {n uikyoi xymciugebmb{rB`|miìc{ |unjug`ìs gbìk g{ uikyobcj soannmkun|ny{- bcomykbcj hnmmnzy| nh gmm oabmkuic zan kun|ny{ nh soannm

Eybmk {ai og|gob{r nh |nmbor`gdius- jnxiucgcois{uyo{yuis gck n{aiu ky{reiguius nh ay`gc ubja{s {nihhio{bximr b`|miìc{ mgzs gck|nmbobis {ag{ |un`n{i ay`gcubja{s

Kiximn| gck {ugbc |nmbor gdius gck n{aiu dir ky{reiguius nc ubja{s ( ABX gck [E uimg{ikkbsoub`bcg{bnc

[ugbc siuxboi |unxbkius nh {ai ay`gc ubja{shugìznud gck anz gooiss {n fys{boi ogc eib`|unxik- bcomykbcj ikyog{bcj |nmboi nhhboius nckigmbcj zb{a xbo{b`s nh siqygm gssgym{- gck MJE[Bbssyis

Uikyoi xymciugebmb{r {njickiuegsik xbnmicoi

_ogmi y| |uixic{bnc bc{iuxic{bncs {n uikyoijickiuegsik xbnmicoi gck on`|uiaicsbxisiuxbois hnu syuxbxnus nh siqygm gssgym{

_{uicj{aic siuxbois {n ug|isyuxbxnus

Bcouigsi cyèiu nh aigm{a hgobmb{bis zb{a siuxboishnu ug|i syuxbxnus

Iq|gck gck icsyui iwyb{r bcgooiss {n aigm{a gck snobgmsiuxbois is|iobgmmr hnu ABX gck[E

Iq|gck gooiss |nbc{s hnu snobgm siuxbois !i#j#uijbs{ug{bncs nh ebu{as- kig{as- bkic{b{r knoyìc{s"

_{uicj{aic siuxbois {n ug|isyuxbxnus

Bcouigsi cyèiu nh aigm{a hgobmb{bis zb{a siuxboishnu ug|i syuxbxnus

Uikyoi mixims nh s{bj`g gckkbsoub`bcg{bnc

B`|miìc{ {ai cg{bncgm s{bj`g uikyo{bnc hugìznud

B`|miìc{ g cg{bncgm og`|gbjc nc kbsomnsyui !hnu



87



5<75 5<7? 5<7; 5<79 5<78

ABX- [E gck _[Bs"[ugbc siuxboi |unxbkius !bcomykbcj aigm{a znudius"nc {ai s{bj`g uikyo{bnc hugìznud

@bjug{bnc |nmbobis hnu ABX gck[E kiximn|ik gckb`|miìc{ik

Kiximn| g||un|ubg{i |nmbobis hnu bjugc{|n|ymg{bncs gck gooiss {n siuxbois

_y||nu{ oncsbs{ic{b`|miìc{g{bnc nh mijbsmg{bnc

{n |un{io{ ay`gc ubja{s

_{uicj{aic og|gob{r nh Oag|{iu 2 bcs{b{y{bncs !i#j#_GAUO" {n ncb{nu gck y|anmk uimixgc{ mijbsmg{bnc

gck |nmbobisIs{gembsa on``ycb{r kbgmnjyis gck on``ycbog{bncbcb{bg{bxis {n ikyog{i on``ycb{bis nc {aibu ubja{s {n|ubxgor- kbjcb{r gck cnckbsoub`bcg{bnc bc {aionc{iq{ nh ABX gck [E

Gkkuiss znud|mgoi .oncjuijgc{ xymciugebmb{bis {nABX- _[B gck [E {ugcs`bssbnc

Icsyui |nmbobis gck |ugo{bois {ag{ gkkuissxymciugebmb{r- bcomykbcj bcis gck |ubsncs# \agsiny{ ans{im srs{i`s bc bcis {n b`|unxi snobgmonaisbnc# !N{aiu bc{iuxic{bncs- i#j# bchio{bnconc{unm- on``ycbog{bnc gck snobgm nebmbvg{bncgck|uixic{bnc gck {uig{ìc{ siuxbois onxiuik bc |bmmgus7 gck 5"

Gkkuiss gmonanm gooiss gckgxgbmgebmb{r

B`|miìc{ igsyuis {n uikyoi gooiss {n gmonanm-is|iobgmmr oabmkuic- syoa gs s{ubo{ |icgm{bis hnu simmbcj {n oabmkuic- gìckbcj anyus nh |yuoagsi-gck abjaiu {gqis nc gmonanm




85

:#1 \bmmgu ;6 Oagcjbcj _nobi{gm Cnu`s gck Xgmyis

[ai yckiu|bccbcjs nh {ai ABX gck [E i|bki`bos gui kii|mr unn{ik bc snobgm- oym{yugm-jickiu gck ioncn bo onc{iq{s# [abs g||mbis iwygmmr {n ABX gck [E |uixic{bnc- [E gckABX {uig{ìc{- gs zimm gs bc {ai uigmbsg{bnc nh ubja{s gck {ai iqiuobsi nh nembjg{bncs# Bcnukiu {n b`|go{ sbjcbhbogc{mr nc ABX gck [E |uixic{bnc gck {uig{ìc{ gck {n g{{gbc {ai hymm

uigmbsg{bnc nh ay`gc ubja{s bc uimg{bnc {n {aisi i|bki`bos {aiui ciiks {n ei ìgcbcjhymbcxnmxiìc{ nh bckbxbkygms gck on``ycb{bis#

[ai Dcnz rnyu I|bki`bo oag|{iu |nbc{s {n g cyèiu nh zgrs bc zaboa snobgm cnu`s gckxgmyis agxi ouig{ik {ai onckb{bncs hnu {ai {zbc i|bki`bos {n junz iq|ncic{bgmmr# [E agsmncj eibcj kisoubeik gs g kbsigsi nh |nxiu{r- ey{ b{ bs gmsn {ai uisym{ nh |nmbobis {ag{ ouig{iycaigm{ar icxbuncìc{s syoa gs nxiuounzkbcj gck |nnu znudbcj onckb{bncs# Iwygmmr- ABX{ugcs`bssbnc ags gmsn eiic hyimmik er `bjugc{ mgenyu |ugo{bois- oncoyuuic{ gck `ym{b|mi|gu{cius- mgod nh snobgm onaisbnc gck mgod nh igumr gooiss {n g on`|uiaicsbxi |godgji nh |uixic{bnc gck {uig{ìc{ bc{iuxic{bncs#

Oagcjbcj snobgm cnu`s gck xgmyis {aiuihnui zbmm uiwybui {ag{ jnxiucìc{ |nmbobis !snobgmgck ioncn`bo |nmbobis" gs zimm gs on``ycb{r gck hg`bmr xgmyis oagcji gck {ag{ {absoagcji ei sys{gbcik nxiu g mncj |iubnk# _nobgm `nebmbsg{bnc bs nci s{ug{ijr {ag{ ogc eiysik {n `nebmbsi {ai |n|ymg{bnc- on``ycb{bis gck hg`bmbis {n sioyui {ai oagcjis ciikik{n agm{ {ai s|uigk nh {aisi kbsigsis#

Bc siidbcj {n oagcji snobi{gm cnu`s gck xgmyis- g `ym{bsio{nugm g||ungoa `ys{ ei ysik# Goonukbcj {n YCGBK_;7 {ai hnmmnzbcj sanymk hnu` |gu{ nh g on`|uiaicsbxi g||ungoa6gkkuissbcj s{uyo{yugm gck snobgm hgo{nus {ag{ kubxi {ai i|bki`bo4 bchmyicobcj snobgm cnu`s{ag{ b`|go{ nc eiagxbnyu gck bcobkicoi4 {ugcshnu` ikyog{bncgm uis|ncsis4 gck b`|unxbcj

yckius{gckbcj nh {ai {ugcshnu`g{bxi cg{yui nh ikyog{bnc# [ai ikyog{bnc sio{nu {aiuihnuiags g oub{bogm unmi {n |mgr bc sag|bcj snobi{gm cnu`s gck xgmyis gck {igoaius gui en{axio{nus nh snobgm cnu`s gck oagcji gjic{s# Ey{ {ai ikyog{bnc sio{nu ogccn{ oagcjisnobi{r nc b{s nzc# N{aiu snobgm |unoissis gck go{nus gui ciikik {n on`|miìc{ {ai znudnh {abs sio{nu- bcomykbcj hgb{aegsik nujgcbsg{bncs- gck snobgm gssnobg{bncs !i#j# s|nu{"#@ic gck enrs gs |gu{cius ciik {n ei `nebmbsik {n yckius{gck {ai b`|nu{gcoi nh jickiu iwygmb{r !bcomykbcj {ai ciik {n oagcji cnu`s uimg{ik {n `gmi `gsoymbcb{r"- on``ycb{bis`ys{ yckius{gck {ai b`|nu{gcoi nh dii|bcj jbums bc soannm- {ai bcouigsi bc ubsdr eiagxbnyu zb{a gmonanm gck syes{gcoi geysi#

Eiagxbnyu oagcji bs g on`|miq |aicnìcnc- gck bs {ai |unkyo{ nh gc bc{iu|mgr nh

bckbxbkygm- snobgm gck s{uyo{yugm hgo{nus# _nobgm oagcji ihhnu{s {ays ciiks {n ei gemi {ngkkuiss gmm {aisi hgo{nus- zabmi g{ {ai sgì {bì hnoysbcj nc {ai uigm- cn{ |iuoibxik-ciiks nh on``ycb{bis gck bckbxbkygms# [abs g||ungoa ogmms hnu {ai s{uncj bcxnmxiìc{ nh snobgm sobic{bs{s bc {ai kisbjc nh g||un|ubg{i bc{iuxic{bncs#

[ai nefio{bxis gck s{ug{ijbis hnu {abs |bmmgu ciik {n gkkuiss {ai mixim nh ubsd {nmiugcoi bcsnobi{r# Ubsd {nmiugcoi ogc ei kubxic er mgod nh snobgm onaisbnc gck |iuoi|{bncs nh mgod nh oanboi- gck g xbsbnc hnu {ai hy{yui# _nobgm oagcji on``ycbog{bnc sanymk {ays gkkuisssnì nh {aisi bssyis {nn# Eiogysi {aisi bssyis gui on |miq- {aiui gui cn sb`|misnmy{bncs {n {aisi |unemi`s- gck `gcr nh {ai bc{iuxic{bnc- {anyja |nsik zb{abc {ai hbxi

;7

aa{|6..ycikkno#ycison#nuj.b`gjis.<<71.<<7111.71112;?#|kh




8?

rigu {bìhugì nh {ai C_\- zbmm uiwybui `yoa mncjiu {bìhugìs hnu ìgcbcjhymb`|miìc{g{bnc gck b`|go{#

Nefio{bxis nh |bmmgu ;

Hgobmb{g{i {ai g oym{yui nh |gu{bob|g{bnc nh gmm ob{bvics- bcomykbcj oabmkuic gck |in|mi

zb{a kbsgebmb{bis bc snobgm kbgmnjyi- kiobsbnc `gdbcj- ciiks gssissìc{ gck`ncb{nubcj nh siuxboi kimbxiur4

@nebmbsi snobi{r g{ gmm mixims {n ei {nmiugc{ gck uis|io{hym {nzguks igoa n{aiu- {n

uikyoi s{bj`g gck kbsoub`bcg{bnc4

Migkiusab| g{ gmm mixims nh snobi{r {n |yembomr |un`n{i {ai onui xgmyis nh {ai _ny{a

Ghubogc Oncs{b{y{bnc gck s|igd ny{ gjgbcs{ s{bj`g- kbsoub`bcg{bnc gck uimg{ik

eiagxbnyus {n ouig{i g `nui iwygm snobi{r4

Kiximn| g cg{bncgm s{ug{ijr {ag{ gkkuiss {ai cnu`s gck xgmyis uimg{ik {n siqygm

eiagxbnyu- bcomykbcj cyèiu nh siqygm |gu{cius- gji nh siqygm kiey{- siqygm

xbnmicoi- g`ncjs{ n{aius4 B`|miìc{ g cg{bncgm og`|gbjc hnoysbcj nc jickiu unmis- agu`hym |ugo{bois-

|nsb{bxi siqygm eiagxbnyus- gck iconyugjbcj gooiss {n |uixic{bnc gck {uig{ìc{

siuxbois !is|iobgmmr hnu ìc"4

Kiximn| gck b`|miìc{ s{ug{ijbis {ag{ zbmm uikyoi {ai geysi nh gmonanm gck

|un`n{i g aigm{ar mbhi s{rmi#

Hnu syoa oagcji {n ei ihhio{bxi- b{ ciiks {ai bc|y{ gck go{bxi |gu{bob|g{bnc nh migkius g{ gmmmixims nh snobi{r- bcomykbcj rnycj |in|mi# [ai bcxis{ìc{ bc |iiu ikyog{bnc ciiks {n ei{gdic eirnck {ai uimg{bximr mb b{ik si{{bcjs zaiui b{ ags eiic g||mbik# @gcr nh {aisi |iiu

ikyog{nus agxi eiic kiximn|ik {aunyja {ai soannm srs{i` ‟ {aisi sdbmms ciik {n eig||mbik g{ g on``ycb{r mixim {n kubxi {abs snobgm oagcji# [abs eybmks nc iqbs{bcj bcb{bg{bxissyoa gs {ai Iq|gckik \yembo Znuds \unjug`ì gck xgubnys n{aiu bcb{bg{bxis {n hbckìgcbcjhym i`|mnrìc{ hnu rnycj |in|mi#

[abs ogmms hnu g oncoiu{ik ihhnu{ {n agxi cg{bncgm ihhnu{s- {ugcsmg{ik {n {ai mnogm miximhnu kubxbcj gzguiciss nh ABX- [E gck _[Bs- bcomykbcj snobgm gck eiagxbnyu oagcji# [aisiihhnu{s ciik {n ei g{ {ai {r|i nh sogmi gck uigoa {n agxi ìgcbcjhym b`|go{#

_{ug{ijbo icgemius hnu ihhio{bxi snobgm `nebmbsg{bnc hnu oagcji bcomykis6

\nmb{bogm- snobgm gck oym{yugm migkiusab| ‟ migkius ciik {n `nkim snobgm cnu`s gckxgmyis {ag{ gui iq|io{ik nh {ai jiciugm |n|ymg{bnc4

_{uyo{yugm uigmbjcìc{ hnu iwyb{r ‟ |nmbobis gck mijbsmg{bnc {n ouig{i g `nui iwygmsnobi{r4

Oub{bogm kieg{i gck kbsoyssbnc ‟ icgembcj |in|mi {n oub{bogmmr uihmio{ nc |iusncgm gcksnobgm eguubius {n oagcji4

Xbsbnc gck An|i6 {ai ouig{bnc nh on`|immbcj xbsbncs- zaboa gui ysygmmr an|ihym gckhbmmik zb{a g sicsi {ag{ ‚{aiui bs g ei{{iu zgr- gck {abs zgr bs gooissbemi {n ì.ys‑4

\ugo{bsbcj eiagxbnyus6 iq|iubic{bgm n||nu{ycb{bis hnu ciz eiagxbnyus {n ei‚|ugo{boik‑ gck ei uibchnuoik gck sy||nu{ik# [abs nh{ic ags {n iq{ick eirnck g

{ugbcbcj bc{iuxic{bnc4 Uihug`bcj nh bkic{b{r- gck ouig{bcj on``ycb{bis nh |ugo{boi6 n||nu{ycb{bis hnu- gck

{ai xgmbkg{bnc nh- g uihug`bcj nh bkic{b{r - en{a nc gc bckbxbkygm gck onmmio{bxi mixim4




8;

Onmmio{bxi go{bnc ‟ go{bximr bkic{bhrbcj zb{a oagcji gck sabh{bcj snobgm cnu`s bc {ai|unoiss#

Uigmbsbcj nci‑s ubja{s bs nh{ic g |unoiss {ag{ bcxnmxis migucbcj zag{ {aisi ubja{s gui-ki`gckbcj {ansi ubja{s gck gkxnogor hnu {ai ubja{s hnu ncisimh gck n{aius# Ubja{s guixiur eungk gck bcomyki {ai ubja{ {n siuxbois- |un{io{bnc- {uig{ìc{- onckn`s- cnc

kbsoub`bcg{bnc- iwygm n||nu{ycb{r- ikyog{bnc gck {n mbxi huii hun` xbnmicoi gck geysi#\in|mi ciik {n dcnz {aibu ubja{s !ìkbg" gck nujgcbsi gunyck {ai g{{gbcìc{ nh {ansiubja{s# Gkxnogor gmsn ysis ìkbg gck snobgm `nebmbsg{bnc gs zimm gs mneerbcj {n goabixi{aisi icks#

Jnbcj eirnck {ai {ugkb{bncgm g||ungoais nh BIO !bchnu`g{bnc- on``ycbog{bnc gckikyog{bnc"- zaboa hnoysis nc iq|iu{ kubxic- {n| knzc g||ungoais {ag{ {guji{ bckbxbkygmsgmnci- snobgm gck eiagxbnyu oagcji !_EOO" bs g si{ nh {nnms {n gkkuiss ABX gck [E bc {aionc{iq{ nh {aisi snobgm- oym{yugm- jickiu gck ioncn`bo bssyis gck bcomykis {ugcshnu`g{bxi|unoissis {n sabh{ snobgm uigmb{bis gck cnu`s# G sabh{bcj nh {aisi cnu`s ouig{is g `nuiicgembcj icxbuncìc{ hnu bckbxbkygms {n `gdi aigm{abiu !bcomykbcj siqygm gck ui|unkyo{bxi"

oanbois#

[ai {nnms nh _EOO gui ìkbg !`gss gck mnogm"- snobgm `nebmbsg{bnc !zb{a ìgcbcjhymon``ycb{r |gu{bob|g{bnc" gck gkxnogor hnu gck er ghhio{ik |in|mi# [nji{aiu- {aisi {nnmsgui `y{ygmmr uibchnuobcj gck hnu` |gu{ nh g on`|uiaicsbxi on``ycbog{bnc uis|ncsi#@gss ìkbg bchnu`s- ouig{is gzguiciss gck og{gmrsis {ugcshnu`g{bxi |unoissis {ag{ guiuibchnuoik gck kii|icik {aunyja bc{iu|iusncgm gck on``ycb{r bc{iugo{bncs {ag{ eubcjgeny{ mgs{bcj sys{gbcik snobgm oagcji#

[abs |bmmgu gmsn ciiks {n gkkuiss snì nh {ai ubsd hgo{nus bkic{bhbik bc igumbiu oag|{ius- i#j#gmonanm ysi#




89

\bmmgu ;6 Nefio{bxis gck Bc{iuxic{bncs



Hgobmb{g{i g oym{yui nh |gu{bob|g{bnc nh gmm ob{bvics-bcomykbcj oabmkuic gck |in|mizb{a kbsgebmb{bis bc snobgmkbgmnjyi- kiobsbnc gdbcj-ciiks gssissìc{ gck`ncb{nubcj nh siuxboi kimbxiur

Bcs{b{y{bncgmbsi {ai ysi nh on``ycb{rkbgmnjyis hnu onmmio{bxi kbsoyssbnc nc ABX- [Egck _[Bs !gmm gs|io{s"

Kiximn| g cg{bncgm s{ug{ijr{ag{ gkkuiss {ai cnu`s gckxgmyis uimg{ik {n siqygmeiagxbnyu- bcomykbcj cyèiu nh siqygm |gu{cius- gji nh siqygmkiey{- siqygm xbnmicoi-g`ncjs{ n{aius

_{uicj{aic snobgm gck soannmegsik|unjug`ìs {guji{bcj jbums gck enrs zb{abchnu`g{bnc nc xymciugebmb{r- eiagxbnyu oagcji !i#j# gji kbs|gub{bis- oncoyuuicor nh siqygm |gu{cius"- siqygmb{rB`|miìc{ |unjug`ìs {guji{bcj gmi`gsoymbcb{r {n oagcji siqygm eiagxbnyu nh enrs gck ic

On``ycbog{bnc hnu snobgmoagcji

B`|miìc{ cg{bncgm |unjug`ìs hnu snobgmoagcji on``ycbog{bnc {n kubxi bchnu`g{bnc nh ABX- _[B gck [E ubsd- gck snobgm oagcjiuiwybuik {n uikyoi ubsd gck xymciugebmb{r

B`|miìc{ g cg{bncgm og`|gbjc hnoysik ncjickiu unmis- agu`hym |ugo{bois- |nsb{bxisiqygm eiagxbnyus- gck iconyugjbcj gooiss{n |uixic{bnc gck {uig{ìc{ siuxbois!is|iobgmmr hnu ic"

Kiximn| gck b`|miìc{s{ug{ijbis {ag{ zbmm uikyoi {aigeysi nh gmonanm gck |un`n{ig aigm{ar mbhi s{rmi

Bcs{b{y{i on``ycb{regsik |unjug`ìs{guji{bcj |guic{s gck n{aiu gkym{s hnoysbcjnc uikyobcj agvguknys kubcdbcj gck siqygmxbnmicoi

B`|miìc{ mijbsmg{bnc gck snobgm nebmbsg{bnc|unjug`ìs {n uikyoi agu`hym gmonanm ysi




88

OAG\[IU 1 ‟ _[UG[IJBO ICGEMIU_

Kugh{ viun cn{i6 [aiui bs sbjcbhbogc{ nxiumg| zb{a n{aiu oag|{ius# [abs `gr ciik {n `nxi bc{n {ansi oag|{ius !i#j# jnxiucgcoi"- nu gs g sio{bnc eihnui {ai kbsoyssbnc nh {ai ;

|bmmgus#

_{ug{ijbo icgemius gui hgo{nus {ag{ gui oub{bogm {n {ai syooisshym b`|miìc{g{bnc nh {ai C_\5<755<78# [air gui srs{i`s nu s{uyo{yuis g{ gmm mixims- zaboa- bh gesic{ nu bcgkiwyg{imrgkkuissik- zbmm b`|go{ nc {ai goabixiìc{ nh {ai jngms gck nefio{bxis nh {ai C_\#

[aiui gui sixiugm s{ug{ijbo icgemius {ag{ agxi eiic bkic{bhbik hnu {ai syooisshymb`|miìc{g{bnc nh {ai C_\- gck {aisi gui kisoubeik aiui bc `nui ki{gbm#

1#7 Jnxiucgcoi

Jnxiucgcoi uihius {n {ai nujgcbsg{bncgm guugcjiìc{ gck bchugs{uyo{yui uiwybuik {n bcs|bui-jybki gck `ncb{nu {ai b`|miìc{g{bnc nh {ai C_\ hnu en{a [E gck ABX g{ gmm mixims# [aiC_\ `ys{ ei mik gck `gcgjik er gc ihhio{bxi onnukbcg{bnc gjicor {ag{ |unxbkis {aicioissgur s{ug{ijbo gck n|iug{bncgm kbuio{bnc sy||nu{ {n |unxbcois- sio{nus gckon``ycb{bis bc {ai b`|miìc{g{bnc nh {ai C_\ !sii {ai jnxiucgcoi oag|{iu"#

[n gkkuiss {abs sixiugm go{bncs gui uiwybuik6

Migkiusab| 6 [ai cg{bncgm ABX gck [E uis|ncsi uiwybuis ihhio{bxi migkiusab| g{ gmmmixims {n `b{bjg{i {ai b`|go{ nh {ai en{a kbsigsis# [ai migkiusab| nh {ai uis|ncsi sanymk

ei |mgoik zb{abc {ai abjais{ gy{anub{r# [n kg{i _GCGO- {anyja b{s |gu{bob|g{bcj sio{nus-ags mik {ai onnukbcg{bnc gck b`|miìc{g{bnc nh {ai C_\- ey{ oncoiucs agxi eiiciq|uissik geny{ b{s unmi# [abs C_\ siids {n gkkuiss {aisi migkiusab| bssyis gck |unxbki{ai |mg{hnu` hnu goonyc{gebmb{r gck icgembcj {ai znud nh |unxbcois- sio{nus gckon``ycb{bis# Bc gkkb{bnc {n {abs oic{ugm enkr- migkiusab| bs ciikik g{ kioic{ugmbsik mixims{n hnu`ymg{i oncoui{i uis|ncsis zb{abc {abs C_\# [ai |unxbcobgm s{ug{ijbo |mgcs omigumrgu{boymg{i anz |unxbcobgm gck kbs{ubo{ GBK_ onycobms zbmm ei s{uicj{aicik kyubcj {ai C_\|iubnk {n ìi{ {abs `gckg{i#

Onnukbcg{bcj s{uyo{yui6 [ai onnukbcg{bcj s{uyo{yuis g{ cg{bncgm- |unxbcobgm gck kbs{ubo{mixim ciik {n ei gkiwyg{imr s{ghhik zb{a {ai g||un|ubg{i sdbmms {n migk {ai uis|ncsi# [ai

on`|nsb{bnc nh {ai s{uyo{yuis sanymk ei kihbcik er zag{ bs ciikik {n kubxi {ai s{ug{ijr#[ai unmis- uis|ncsbebmb{bis gck hyco{bncs nh {aisi enkbis ciik {n ei omigumr kihbcik gckagxi g omigu `gckg{i {n bcs|bui gck migk {ai uis|ncsi g{ gmm mixims gck {n anmk {aiuis|io{bxi bcs{b{y{bncs gck obxbm snobi{r nujgcbvg{bncs uis|ncsbemi hnu {aibu |nu{bnc nh {aiuis|ncsi# [abs znymk uiwybui {ai kiximn|ìc{ nh g hugìznud hnu onnukbcg{bnc# [aiuiags eiic g siubnys ihhnu{ sbcoi 5<<2 {n is{gembsa {ai GBK_ onycobms g{ gmm mixims {n hyco{bnc`nui ihhio{bximr# G{ {ai cg{bncgm mixim g _GCGO _ioui{gubg{ zgs is{gembsaik {n |unxbki|unhissbncgm sy||nu{ {n {ai _GCGO sio{nus# Anzixiu- gs kbsoyssik bc {ai oag|{iu ncjnxiucgcoi- {aiui gui `gcr n|iug{bncgm oagmmicjis {ag{ ui`gbc- gck `ys{ ei gkkuissikbc {abs C_\ {bìhugì {n icsyui ihhio{bxi onnukbcg{bnc# Zb{a {ai bc{ijug{bnc nh ABX gck [Ebc {ai C_\ 5<755<78- {abs gmsn uiwybuis g uixbiz nh {ai on`|nsb{bnc gck hyco{bncbcj nh {aisi s{uyo{yuis {n icsyui {ai `ym{bsio{nugm uis|ncsi#




8:

Goonyc{gebmb{r hugìznud6 Gc goonyc{gebmb{r hugìznud {ag{ znymk |unxbki {ai mijgm`gckg{i {n {ai onnukbcg{bcj s{uyo{yuis g{ cg{bncgm- |unxbcobgm gck kbs{ubo{ mixim {n bc{iugo{zb{a gmm jnxiucìc{ s{uyo{yuis gck obxbm snobi{r zb{abc {aibu mnogmb{r {n goonyc{ hnu uisnyuois- gck uisym{s bc goonukgcoi zb{a {ai |mgcs g{ {ag{ mixim# [n {abs ick b{ bsuion`ìckik {ag{ _GCGO zbmm ei goonyc{gemi {n g |gumbgìc{gur nxiusbja{ on` b{{ii#[ai sgì goonyc{gebmb{r hugìznud zbmm ei g||mbik g{ {ai |unxbcobgm mixim {n icsyui {ag{

|unxbcobgm gck kbs{ubo{ GBK_ onycobms ìi{ {abs uiwybuiìc{# [abs b`|mbis {ag{ igoa sio{nu ags g omigu |mgc hnu b{s unmi bc {ai uis|ncsi {n ABX gck [E#

Ihhio{bxi ui|uisic{g{bnc nh sio{nus6 sio{nu ui|uisic{g{bnc nc {ai cg{bncgm- |unxbcobgmgck kbs{ubo{ s{uyo{yuis `ys{ ei hb{ hnu |yu|nsi# [air `ys{ agxi omigumr kihbcik unmis gckuis|ncsbebmb{bis zaboa gui omigumr kimbcig{ik hun` {aibu unmis gck uis|ncsbebmb{bis gsb`|miìc{ius4 {ai sio{nus `ys{ ei gkiwyg{imr uisnyuoik gck jnxiucgcoi knoyìc{s eikiximn|ik {ag{ zbmm kihbci {ai imio{bnc nh ui|uisic{g{bxis {n ui|uisic{ sio{nus g{ igoamixim- {iu` mb`b{s nh ui|uisic{g{bnc ìoagcbs`s hnu hiikegod#

\unxbsbnc nh uisnyuois6 Gc gkiwyg{imr uisnyuoik s{ug{ijbo |mgc bs dir {n goabixbcj {ai

kisbuik uisym{s# Uisnyuoi `nebmbvg{bnc bs uiwybuik hun` cg{bncgm gck bc{iucg{bncgm |gu{cius#[ai ouig{bnc nh bccnxg{bxi hbcgcobcj ìoagcbs`s !bcomykbcj oncsbkiug{bnc nh ubcjhicoik{gqis ugbsik nc oguencg{ik kubcds zb{a g abja syjgu onc{ic{" {ag{ bs oic{uik zb{abc {aijnxiucìc{ gjickg hnu go{bnc gck {ai eungkiu kiximn|ìc{gm jngms bs oub{bogm {n `b{bjg{i{ai b`|go{ nh en{a ABX gck [E g{ `boun !anysianmk" gck `goun !ioncn`bo" mixim#Ioncn`bo jnxiucgcoi bs {bik zb{a goonyc{gebmb{r hnu gck ihhio{bxi ysi nh {ai uisnyuois#@gbcs{uig`bcj ABX gck [E bc{n {ai C_KGs nh gmm jnxiucìc{ ki|gu{ìc{s zbmm icsyuihbsogm uis|ncsi {n {ai i|bki`bos# G dir kbhhiuicoi nh {ai C_\ 5<755<78 bs {ag{ b{ bsons{ik# [abs gmmnzs hnu |uiobsi uisnyuoi |mgccbcj g{ {ai jnxiucìc{ mixim bc {iu`s nh b{sonc{ubey{bnc {n {ai uigmbsg{bnc nh {ai C_\# Er gmsn bkic{bhrbcj {ai snyuois nh hyckbcj zb{abcjnxiucìc{ hnu bc{iuxic{bncs- {aiui bs g omigu jybki hnu kiximn|ìc{ |gu{cius !mnogm-uijbncgm gck bc{iucg{bncgm" {n bkic{bhr {ai jg|s bc uisnyuoi gmmnog{bnc# G `gfnu bssyi {ag{ bscn{ ri{ gkkuissik {aunyja {abs C_\ bs {ai srcoauncbsg{bnc nh {ai C_\ zb{a {aijnxiucìc{gm |mgccbcj gck eykji{bcj oromis- ey{ {abs sanymk cn{ ei gc nes{gomi hnu obxbmsnobi{r- eysbciss gck kiximn|ìc{ |gu{cius#

1#5 Nujgcbsg{bncgm Ihhio{bxiciss

Kiximn|ìc{ gck b`|miìc{g{bnc nh ihhio{bxi srs{i`s hnu `gcgjiìc{- b`|miìc{g{bnc-`ncb{nubcj gck ixgmyg{bnc nh {ai uis|ncsi nc g uijymgu egsbs bs b`|iug{bxi# Go{bncsuiwybuik {n icsyui nujgcbvg{bncgm ihhio{bxiciss gui gs hnmmnzs6

Onyc{ur nzciusab|6 [n icsyui onyc{ur nzciusab| nh g `ym{bsio{nugm uis|ncsi erjnxiucìc{ gck obxbm snobi{r {aiui ciiks {n ei g uicizik on``b{ìc{ {n nci cg{bncgmuis|ncsi {ag{ bs mik er {ai _ny{a Ghubogc Jnxiucìc{ gck bconu|nug{bcj {ai ABX gck [Euis|ncsi bc{n gmm dir cg{bncgm s{ug{ijbis gck eykji{s# [aunyja {ai oncsym{g{bnc |agsi hnu {ai C_\- _GCGO siids {n icsyui eyrbc hun` gmm sio{nus nh snobi{r {n {ai nefio{bxis gck{guji{s {n gkkuiss ABX- _[Bs gck [E#

Og|gob{r kiximn|ìc{6 Icsyubcj {ai ubja{ sdbmms bc {ai ubja{ |mgois- {nji{aiu zb{a {aiubja{ sdbmms `bq hnu {ai fne bs b`|nu{gc{# G kiximn|ìc{gm g||ungoa {n {ugbcbcj {ag{ zbmm migk{n gc gkiwyg{i sdbmms `bq {n goabixi {ai kisbuik uisym{s bs cioissgur# GBK_ gck [E

on`|i{icor gounss gmm sio{nus bs ciikik {n icsyui `gbcs{uig bcj nh ABX gck [E# Egsiknc {ai hugìznud hnu |ub`gur aigm{aogui uiicjbciiubcj- gck {ai ki|mnrìc{ nh g mgujiogkui nh on``ycb{r aigm{a znudius {n |unxbki |uixic{bxi- oyug{bxi gck |sroansnobgm




81

siuxbois g{ g on``ycb{r mixim- {ai C_\ kbo{g{is {ai og|gob{r eybmkbcj nh is|iobgmmron``ycb{r aigm{a znudius {n icsyui {air agxi {ai cioissgur sdbmms# Igoa |unxbcoi ags gUijbncgm [ugbcbcj Oic{ui zansi uis|ncsbebmb{r bs {ai bcsiuxboi {ugbcbcj nh en{a |unhissbncgmgck mgr |iusncs# [aisi oic{uis ciik {n ei s{uicj{aicik gck gkiwyg{imr uisnyuoik {n`gcgji gck onnukbcg{i bcsiuxboi {ugbcbcj gck ìc{nubcj nh ombcbogm s{ghh zb{abc {ai|unxbcois gck |unjuissbximr |unxbki og|gob{r eybmkbcj hnu cncaigm{a znudius gkkuissbcj

ABX gck [E !i#j# snobgm znudius"#

Kiximn|ìc{gm g||ungoa6 G kiximn|ìc{gm g||ungoa {n ABX gck [E |unjug``bcj{ag{ bs mbcdik {n goabixbcj {ai @KJs bs b`|nu{gc{# [ai uis{uyo{yubcj nh {ai |ub`gur aigm{aogui siuxboi |mg{hnu` ags {n ei {gdic bc{n oncsbkiug{bnc {n icsyui {ag{ ABX gck [Esiuxbois gui hymmr bc{ijug{ik g{ gmm mixims nh uis|ncsbebmb{r gck b`|miìc{g{bncgck {ag{{aisi |unjug`ìs gui bcomykik bc {ai bc{ijug{ik kiximn|ìc{ |mgcs# [abs bs gkkuissik bc`nui ki{gbms bc {ai kiximn|ìc{ hugìznud oag|{iu#

On``ycb{r srs{i`s s{uicj{aicbcj6 [n ne{gbc {ai kisbuik b`|go{ g{ g anysianmkgck on``ycb{r mixim- on``ycb{r go{bnc |mgcs gui cioissgur# [aisi go{bncs |mgcs ys{

ei hymmr bc{ijug{ik gck mbcdik {n {ai oyuuic{ siuxboi |mg{hnu`# B{ `ys{ hnu` |gu{ nh {aieungkiu kiximn| ic{ |mgcs gck gkiwyg{imr uisnyuoik# [ai jnxiucìc{ |ub`guraigm{aogui s{ug{ijr bs {ai xiabomi {ag{ zbmm kubxi {abs on``ycb{r srs{i`s s{uicj{aicbcj#

1#? Uisiguoa gck Bccnxg{bnc

Uimixgc{ uisiguoa |unxbkis bchnu`g{bnc gck {ai b`|i{ys hnu bccnxg{bnc zb{abc {aib`|miìc{g{bnc nh {ai C_\# [abs `ys{ ei g oncs{gc{ hnoys gounss {ai s{ug{ijbo |ubnub{bisgck sanymk ei onnukbcg{ik gck `gcgjik hun` {ai _GCGO s{uyo{yuis- bcomykbcj {ai{ioacbogm {gsd {ig`s- gck sanymk bcomyki6

G cg{bncgm gjickg hnu ABX gck [E uisiguoa !`ym{bsio{nugm"

Ihhnu{s {n iconyugji bccnxg{bnc

Oncoui{i |mgcs {n b`|unxi og|gob{r hnu uisiguoa

Eykji{ hnu uisiguoa

1#; Ihhio{bxi On``ycbog{bnc

[ai gebmb{r {n on``ycbog{i ihhio{bximr zb{a gck ei{ziic s{gdianmkius gck `nebmbsion``ycb{r icjgjiìc{ bc {ai b`|miìc{g{bnc nh {ai ciz C_\ bs g hnyckg{bnc hnu syooiss# G on`|uiaicsbxi on` ycbog{bnc gck snobgm `nebmbsg{bnc s{ug{ijr bs ciikik {n icsyui

eyrbc gck go{bnc g{ gmm mixims# [abs bcomykis on``ycb{r `nebmbsg{bnc gck sicsb{bsg{bnc nc{ai jngms gck nefio{bxis nh {ai C_\# [abs sanymk ei iq|gckik {n |unxbcobgm gck kbs{ubo{mixim bc onnukbcg{bnc zb{a {ai cg{bncgm s{uyo{yui#

Igoa nh {ai C_\ |bmmgus zbmm uiwybui `gfnu on``ycbog{bnc ihhnu{s g{ gmm mixims# [abs zbmmuiwybui uicizik cg{bncgm og`|gbjc ihhnu{s ‟ {ai uioic{ AO[ og`|gbjc ags sanzc {aieicihb{ nh oncsbs{ic{- omigu issgjbcj {n kubxi uisym{s# Bc gkkb{bnc- {aisi on``ycbog{bncihhnu{s `ys{ icon`|gss gmm {ai xgubnys |mg{hnu`s hnu on``ycbog{bncbcomykbcj {ugkb{bncgmìkbg !{imixbsbnc- ugkbn"- ey{ gmsn snobgm ìkbg |mg{hnu`s !HgoiEnnd- [zb{{iu- @qb{"#

[ai on``ycbog{bnc s{ug{ijr ciiks {n ei bchnuìk er uigmb{bis nc {ai junyck {n icsyui{ag{ {ai kubxius !bcomykbcj s{uyo{yugm gck snobgm kubxius" nh {ai i|bki`bo gui gkiwyg{imrgkkuissik# [ai |unxbsbnc nh siuxbois g{ gmm mixims bs cn{ icnyja hnu gc ihhio{bxi uis|ncsi# G oncoiu{ik ihhnu{ {ag{ |iuìg{is gmm mixims hnu {ai `nebmbsg{bnc nh on``ycb{bis {n gooiss




82

siuxbois gck {n onc{ubey{i {n {ai |unxbsbnc nh |uixic{bnc- {uig{ìc{- ogui gck sy||nu{siuxbois ciiks {n ei {ai hnoys nh {ai uis|ncsi#

[ai C_\ gkxnog{is hnu g s{ug{ijr {n `nebmbsi on``ycb{bis {n gooiss siuxbois gckonc{ubey{i {n {ai |unxbsbnc nh |uixic{bnc- {uig{ìc{- ogui gck sy||nu{ hnu en{a [E gck ABX#[n {abs ick igoa |ubnub{r guig `ys{ agxi g `ym{bsio{nugm on``ycbog{bncs s{ug{ijr gck

|mgc bc zaboa {ai hnmmnzbcj bssyis sanymk ei oguihymmr oncsbkiuik6

Aigm{a on``ycbog{bnc ‟ icgembcj on``ycbog{bnc gunyck aigm{a bssyis4

Eiagxbnyu oagcji on``ycbog{bnc s{ug{ijr {n icsyui eiagxbnyugm oagcjis ug{aiu {agc sb`|mr dcnzmikji ouig{bnc ‟ `gdbcj syui {ag{ on``ycbog{bnc bs oguihymmrough{ik {n icgemi oagcjis bc eiagxbnyu ug{aiu {agc sb`|mr g {ugcshiu nh bchnu`g{bnc4

On``ycbog{bncs ny{onìs ciik {n ei omigumr kihbcik gck ìgsyugemi sn {ag{ {aion``ycbog{bnc goabixis {ai kisbuik jngms4

[guji{ik on``ycbog{bnc bc{iuxic{bncs sn {ag{ gzguiciss bs {ugcshiuuik bc{ndcnzmikji4

On``ycbog{bncs s{ug{ijbis sanymk bcxnmxi on``ycbog{bncs |unhissbncgms zaiuixiu higsbemi

Gc gmmbik icgemiu {n on``ycbog{bnc bs {ai gebmb{r {n `nebmbsi bckbxbkygms gck on``ycb{bis {nen{a bcb{bg{i gck sy||nu{ bc{iuxic{bncs {ag{ goabixi {ai s{ug{ijbo nefio{bxis nh {ai C_\#

_nobgm `nebmbsg{bnc bs siic gs g |gu{ nh on``ycbog{bnc gck onxius {ai hnmmnzbcj6

%Dcnz rnyu siuxboi ubja{s% og`|gbjc ‟ {abs bcxnmxis- bc{iu gmbg- i`|nziubcj |in|mi{n dcnz zag{ ki`gcks {air ogc `gdi zb{a uijguk {n {ai s{ug{ijbo |ubnub{bis4 gck

_nobgm `gudi{bcj bcb{bg{bxis gbìk g{ ouig{bcj gck jiciug{bcj ki`gck hnu {ai

siuxbois nhhiuik {aunyja bc{iuxic{bncs n|iug{bcj zb{abc {ai C_\#

1#9 @ncb{nubcj gck Ixgmyg{bnc

Gmm go{bxb{bis gck bcb{bg{bxis gubsbcj hun` {ai C_\ `ys{ ei syefio{ik {n ubjnunys `ncb{nubcjgck ixgmyg{bnc {n icsyui ihhio{bxiciss- goonyc{gebmb{r gck `y{ygm migucbcj#

\unjug`ì gck nujgcbsg{bncgm go{bxb{bis gck bc{iuxic{bncs g{ gmm mixims ciik {n sye`b{ {n`ncb{nubcj gck ixgmyg{bnc bc nukiu {n icsyui {ag{ nefio{bxis gui goabixik# [abs ciiks {nei g si|gug{i s{uyo{yui zb{abc {ai hugìznud {ag{ `ys{ |unxbki en{a {ai jybkimbcis gckog|gebmb{r hnu @(I# [ai @(I hugìznud `ys{ ei kiximn|ìc{ bc oncfyco{bnc zb{a {ai

cg{bncgm- |unxbcobgm gck kbs{ubo{ |mgcs#

Eykji{s ciik {n ei sioyuik hnu @(I gck b{ ciiks {n `ncb{nu en{a {ai bc{iuxic{bncsag||icbcj g{ |unxbcobgm- sio{nugm gck mnogm mixims gs zimm gs {ai nxiugmm `gcgjiìc{ gckb`|miìc{g{bnc nh {ai C_\#

Egsik gjgbc nc {ai uioic{ syooissis hun` {ai AO[ og`|gbjc- {ai C_\ si{s omigu cg{bncgm{guji{s- gck kihbcis g si{ nh bckbog{nus {n ìgsyui |unjuiss# [aisi cg{bncgm {guji{s `ys{ei {ugcsmg{ik bc{n |unxbcobgm- kbs{ubo{- gck bc {ai ogsi nh aigm{a- hgobmb{rmixim {guji{s# Uneys{`ncb{nubcj gck ixgmyg{bnc b`|miìc{g{bnc |mgcs gui ciikik hnu jnxiucìc{ ki|gu{ìc{sgck obxbm snobi{r sio{nus g{ gmm mixims !_GCGO- |unxbcobgm gck kbs{ubo{ GBK_ onycobms" {n`ncb{nu {ai uis|ncsi- gck {ai onc{ubey{bnc nh gmm sio{nus {nzguks {ai uis|ncsi#




:<

OAG\[IU 2 ‟ @NCB[NUBCJ GCK IXGMYG[BNC

Kugh{ Viun Cn{i6 [ai _GCGO [ioacbogm [gsd [ig` nc Uisiguoa- @ncb{nubcj gck Ixgmyg{bnc zbmm ei kiximn|bcj {ai @(I hugìznud gck |mgc hnu {ai C_\ kyubcj Gyjys{ gck

_i|{ièiu# [ai bckbog{nu hugìznud zbmm ncmr ei hbcgmbsik ncoi {ai C_\ nefio{bxis gck bc{iuxic{bncs gui hbcgmbsik gh{iu {ai Gyjys{ oncsym{g{bnc |agsi#

2#7 Bc{unkyo{bnc

Nci nh {ai dir oagmmicjis iq|iubicoik kyubcj {ai b`|miìc{g{bnc nh C_\ 5<<:5<77 zgs{ai mgod nh g uneys{ `ncb{nubcj gck ixgmyg{bnc s{ug{ijr# [ai b`|miìc{g{bnc |mgc hnu {aiC_\ zgs kugh{ik gh{iu {ai hbcgmbsg{bnc nh {ai C_\ gck sio{nus gck |unxbcois kbk cn{ agxizimm kugh{ik gck cg{bncgmmr onnukbcg{ik |mgcs# [abs ìgc{ {ag{ {ai onc{ubey{bncs nh sio{nus{n {ai C_\ onymk cn{ ei igsbmr `ncb{nuik#

[zn iq{iucgm uixbizs nh {ai b`|miìc{g{bnc nh {ai C_\ ziui onckyo{ik# G `bk{iuùixbiz zgs onckyo{ik bc 5<<2.7< gck |unxbcobgm uixbizs onckyo{ik bc 5<77# [aisiuixbizs ziui ìgc{ {n s{uicj{aic b`|miìc{g{bnc gs zimm gs {n |unxbki {ai egsimbcis hnu {ai C_\ 5<755<78#

Bc G|ubm 5<<1- YCGBK_ |unkyoik jmnegm jybkimbcis hnu g hyco{bncgm @(I srs{i` hnu cg{bncgmABX uis|ncsis# [ai jybkimbcis abjambja{ 75 dir on`|ncic{s {ag{ agxi {n ei |uisic{ hnu gcihhio{bxi hyco{bncbcj nh {ai srs{i # [ai on`|ncic{s gui6

g" \in|mi- \gu{ciusab|s gck \mgccbcj

7# Nujgcbsg{bncgm s{uyo{yuis zb{a @(I hyco{bncs5# Ay`gc uisnyuoi og|gob{r hnu @(I?# \gu{ciusab|s {n |mgc- onnukbcg{i gck `gcgji {ai @(I srs{i`;# Cg{bncgm `ym{bsio{nugm @(I |mgc9# Gccygm ons{ik cg{bncgm ABX @(I znud|mgc8# Gkxnogor- on``ycbog{bncs gck oym{yui hnu @(I

e" Onmmio{bcj- xiubhrbcj gck gcgmrsbcj kg{g

:# Uny{bci |unjug`ì `ncb{nubcj

1# _yuxirs gck syuxibmmgcoi2# Cg{bncgm gck syecg{bncgm kg{gegsis7<# _y||nu{bxi sy|iuxbsbnc gck kg{g gykb{bcj77# Ixgmyg{bnc gck uisiguoa

o" Ysbcj kg{g hnu kiobsbnc`gdbcj

75# Kg{g kbssi`bcg{bnc gck ysi

Hnu {ai C_\ 5<755<78- {ai genxi jybkgcoi zbmm ei iq{ickik {n gmsn `ncb{nu |unjuisszb{a uis|io{ {n _[B gck [E bc gkkb{bnc {n ABX#




:7

2#5 \un|nsik @ncb{nubcj gck Ixgmyg{bnc Guoab{io{yui

[ai guoab{io{yui nh {ai @(I hugìznud sanymk oncsbkiu {ai hnmmnzbcj6

@ncb{nubcj hugìznud6

_aguik yckius{gckbcj nh {ai jngms nh {ai cg{bncgm uis|ncsi gck nh igoa bckbxbkygmsio{nu4

Hymmr ons{ik gccygm znud|mgc abjambja{bcj sio{nus|iobhbo n|iug{bncgm eykji{s4n Gccygm znudsan| {n goonyc{ hnu {ai unmis gck uis|ncsbebmb{bis nh s{gdianmkius

bc {ai b`|miìc{g{bnc gck hyckbcj nh {ai C_\4n On``b{ìc{ {n og|gob{r kiximn|ìc{- sdbmms {ugcshiu gck sys{gbcgebmb{r nh {ai

|mgcs4

Bc{ijug{bnc nh uny{bci gck |unjug``g{bo `ncb{nubcj4

Kiximn|ìc{ nh kg{g wygmb{r s{gckguks hnu bc{iucgm uny{bci gck |unjug``g{bo`ncb{nubcj !i#j# er ysbcj {ai Jmnegm Hyck Uny{bci Kg{g Wygmb{r Gykb{ @i{anknmnjr"4

Kiximn|ìc{ nh kg{g wygmb{r gykb{ ì{anknmnjr hnu iq{iucgm uny{bci gck|unjug``g{bo `ncb{nubcj !i#j# {ai Jmnegm Hyck Uny{bci Kg{g Wygmb{r Gykb{@i{anknmnjr"4

\unjug`ì.sio{nus|iobhbo s{gckguk n|iug{bcj |unoikyuis nu b`|miìc{g{bnc |mgcs{n sy||nu{ kg{g `gcgjiìc{ hnu uny{bci gck |unjug``g{bo kg{g onmmio{bnc gckui|nu{bcj# [abs bcomykis6

n _{gckgukbsg{bnc nh srs{i`s hnu sio{nuzbki b`|miìc{g{bnc4n Kiximn|ìc{ nh bckbog{nu |un{nonm uihiuicoi saii{s hnu |unjug`ì

`ncb{nubcj4n Gmbjcìc{ nh bckbog{nus {n cg{bncgm bckbog{nu kg{g si{s4n Kiximn|ìc{ nh g `bcb`y` kg{g si{ hnu C_\ ui|nu{bcj4

n Kg{g uionukbcj- og|{yui- ic{ur- xiubhbog{bnc gck ui|nu{bcj4n Kg{g ysi jybkimbcis {ag{ bcomykis {ai kiximn| ic{ nh bchnu`g{bnc |unkyo{s

{ag{ zbmm ei |unkyoik |iubnkbogmmr {n bchnu` |unjug`ì gck |nmbor kiobsbncs4

G og|gob{r eybmkbcj |mgc {n sy||nu{6n Kisbjc gck.nu gkn|{bnc nh g 9kgr `ncb{nubcj gck ixgmyg{bnc onyusi {n

icagcoi uny{bci gck sio{nu.|unjug`ì ui|nu{bcj4n @ic{nubcj gck {ioacbogm gssbs{gcoi {n sy||nu{ sio{nus4n [ugbcbcj gck {ioacbogm gssbs{gcoi {ugodbcj4

Kisbjc nu icagcoi gc iqbs{bcj BO[ s{ug{ijr hnu {ai C_\ gck _GCGO# Ihhnu{ssanymk ei gbìk g{ sy||nu{bcj onyc{ur nzciusab| nh cg{bncgm bchnu`g{bnc srs{i`szabms{ |un`n{bcj {ai ysi nh n{aiu {ioacnmnjbis syoa gs `nebmi {ioacnmnjr gck

snobgm ìkbg {n |un`n{i aigm{a gck zimmciss ny{onìs- {gdbcj bc{n oncsbkiug{bnc4n Znud|mgc gck {bìmbcis hnu b`|miìc{g{bnc4n Jnxiucìc{ nzciusab|4n Kg{g gck bchugs{uyo{yui `gcgjiìc{4n Nujgcbsg{bncgm kiximn|ìc{ gck oagcji `gcgjiìc{ sy||nu{ hnu s{ug{ijbo

bchnu`g{bnc4 gckn \un|nsgms nc anz mnogm |gu{cius gck s{gdianmkius zbmm ei icjgjik-

uisnyuois mixiugjik- gck |mgcs hnu sys{gbcgebmb{r#

Ixgmyg{bnc hugìznud !yckiu kiximn|ìc{"

\unoiss gck ny{|y{ ixgmyg{bnc ì{anknmnjr hnu sio{nus|iobhbo |unjug`ìs {n ei

kisbjcik gck b`|miìc{ik uny{bcimr




:?

2#; C_\ Ixgmyg{bnc

[zn C_\ ixgmyg{bncs zbmm ei onckyo{ik bc 5<7; !`bk{iu`" gck 5<78 !ick {iu` uixbiz"# Gs|gu{ nh {ai C_\ ixgmyg{bnc nh {ai i|bki`bos {ai Dcnz Rnyu I|bki`bo gck Dcnz Rnyu Uis|ncsi gcgmrsis zbmm ei knci g{ kbs{ubo{ mixim ysbcj cg{bncgmmr ki{iu`bcik `i{anknmnjrbc 5<79#

_io{nu gck |unjug``i s|iobhbo ixgmyg{bncs zbmm ei onckyo{ik ysbcj en{a wygc{b{g{bxi gckwygmb{g{bxi g||ungoais#




:;

OAG\[IU 7< ‟ UI_IGUOA

Kugh{ Viun Cn{i 6 [ai Uisiguoa- @ncb{nubcj gck Ixgmyg{bnc {ioacbogm {gsd {ig` nh _GCGO ags cn{ eiic gemi {n ìi{ hnu`gmmr {n kugh{ bc|y{s bc{n {abs oag|{iu# Anzixiu snì

ìèius ziui oncsym{ik gck |unkyoik bc|y{s gck gkkb{bncgm uisiguoa go{bxb{bis ziui gkkik er {ai kugh{ius- is|iobgmmr zb{a uijguk {n |bmmgu ;# Hyu{aiu ìi{bcjs zbmm ei aimk bc Gyjys{ {n oncsnmbkg{i {aisi bc|y{s- gck {ays {abs oag|{iu bs cn{ ri{ on`|mi{i#

7<#7 Bc{unkyo{bnc

Zabms{ _ny{a Ghubogc [E gck ABX uisiguoaius gui uionjcbsik gs eibcj znumk omgss- `yoanh {ai uisiguoa gjickg ags eiic sag|ik er {ai iq{iucgm hyckbcj gck uisiguoa gjicobis-gck ags agk g mgujimr ebnìkbogm hnoys# Miss hyckbcj ags eiic gooissik hnu _ny{a Ghubogc bcxis{bjg{nu kubxic s{ykbis gck hnu uisiguoa ny{sbki {ai ìkbogm hbimk# [abs agsuisym{ik bc g mgod nh |ubnub{bsg{bnc bc {ai nxiugmm cg{bncgm uisiguoa gjickg# [n onuuio{ {aigenxi- b{ bs ouyobgm {ag{ {ai C_\- 5<755<78 ki{iu`bcis g cg{bncgm uisiguoa |unoiss gck`ym{bsio{nugm uisiguoa gjickg gck bs gemi {n `nebmbsi {ai hyckbcj uiwybuik {n b`|miìc{{ai uisiguoa gjickg# Jnxiucìc{- eysbciss- mgenyu gck obxbm snobi{r agxi g saguikuis|ncsbebmb{r {n en{a ki{iu`bci {ai uisiguoa gjickg gck {n hyck b{#

\unxbsbnc bc {ai uisiguoa gjickg `ys{ ei `gki hnu xgubnys {r|is nh uisiguoa- bcomykbcjegsbo uisiguoa- g||mbik uisiguoa gs zimm gs b`|miìc{g{bnc nu n|iug{bncgm !aigm{asrs{i`s" uisiguoa# [abs zbmm gmsn uiwybui {ag{ uisiguoa og|gob{r bs kiximn|ik# Uisiguoagck kiximn|ìc{ `ys{ gmsn hnoys nc sdbmm gck {ioacnmnjr {ugcshiu bc {ai guigs nh kbgjcns{bos gck kuyj gck xgoobci kiximn|ìc{#

_nì bkigs hnu uisiguoa gui |unxbkik eimnz bc mbci zb{a {ai hnyu |bmmgus hnu hyu{aiu oncsym{g{bnc#

7<#5 \un|nsik Uisiguoa Gjickg hnu C_\ 5<755<78

[ai uisiguoa uion`ìckg{bncs |unxbkik eimnz gui gc bcb{bgm uihmio{bnc nc uisiguoa

wyis{bncs gck |ubnub{bis# [aisi zbmm ei sy||mi ic{ik er {ai _GCGO {ioacbogm {gsd {ig`hnu Uisiguoa- @ncb{nubcj gck Ixgmyg{bncgck zbmm ei sy||miìc{ik zb{a |ubnub{bis hun` {aiIssic{bgm Cg{bncgm Aigm{a \ubnub{bis sy` b{ aimk bc mg{i Fymr# _nì nh {ai |ubnub{bisbkic{bhbik g{ {ag{ sy` b{ bcomyki |uixic{bnc- n|{b`bvbcj {uig{ìc{- b`|unxbcj gkaiuicoi-

`nui ihhbobic{ kbgjcns{bos- gck ìgsyubcj b`|go{# [abs g||mbis iwygmmr {n ABX gck [E#

\bmmgu 76 Ycbxiusgm [is{bcj hnu ABX gck _ouiicbcj hnu [E ‟ ”Dcnz Rnyu _{g{ys‐

[aiui bs snì nxiumg| ei{ziic {ai uisiguoa |ubnub{bis hnu |bmmgu 7 gck ?- gs snì nh {aisibssyis {nyoa nc issic{bgm xymciugebmb{bis# Anzixiu- bc nukiu {n cn{ ky|mbog{i go{bxb{bis-{aisi gui ui{gbcik bc |bmmgu 7# [aisi eymmi{ |nbc{s gmsn bckbog{i bc |mgois zaiui gc go{bxb{rbs oncsbkiuik uisiguoa- nu gc ixgmyg{bnc go{bxb{r#

‥ Ixgmyg{bnc nh {ai oyuuic{ ABX |uixic{bnc s{ug{ijbis gck |unjug`ìs !ixgmyg{bnc"‥ N|iug{bncgm uisiguoa.ixgmyg{bnc nc AO[ gck [E souiicbcj- bcomykbcj {gsd sabh{bcj‥ Hnmmnzy| uisiguoa.ixgmyg{bnc nc |uiGU[ hnu \MABX‥ Uisiguoa.ixgmyg{bnc nc AO[ bc kbhhiuic{ si{{bcjs !aigm{a hgobmb{r- anìegsik ogui-

simh{is{bcj- i{o#"




:9

‥ N|{b`bvg{bnc nh \uI\ gck `bounebobkis hnu ABX |uixic{bnc !n|iug{bncgm uisiguoa"‥ Ui|ig{ OG\UB_G <<; {aunyja _ny{a Ghubogc Hnmmnznc Ghubog Oncsnu{by` hnu

[icnhnxbu _{ykbis !HGO[_" !ombcbogm {ubgm"‥ Yckius{gckbcj ìoagcbs` nh |un{io{bnc nh `bounebobkis !|uiiq|nsyui |un|armgqbs

gck |ns{iq|nsyui |un|armgqbs" !egsbo sobicoi"‥ @bounebobki |unkyo{ kiximn|ìc{ !egsbo sobicoi"

‥ Yckius{gckbcj {ai unmi nh ans{ jici{bos bc _ny{a Ghubogc |n|ymg{bncs bc {iu`s nh sysoi|{bebmb{r {n ABX bchio{bnc gck kbsigsi |unjuissbnc !egsbo sobicoi"

‥ Kiximn|ìc{ nh mnogmmr uimixgc{ gck ihhio{bxi xgoobcis gjgbcs{ ABX !egsbo sobicoi"‥ [E xgoobci uisiguoa !egsbo sobicoi"‥ Hnmmnzy| nh cg{bncgm nu |unhissbncgm onanu{s !i#j# _GCKH- `bcius- aigm{a znudius-

ikyog{nus- i{o#" {n on`|miìc{ kg{g jiciug{ik hun` ui|ig{ik ABX gck [E jiciugm|n|ymg{bnc syuxirs !syuxibmmgcoi"

‥ Kiximn| gjuiik ì{anknmnjr {n is{b`g{i ABX bcobkicoi !syuxibmmgcoi"‥ Ixgmyg{bnc nh on``ycbog{bnc bc{iuxic{bncs !eiagxbnyugm {ubgms.ixgmyg{bnc"‥ Ixgmyg{bnc nh eiagxbnyu oagcji bc{iuxic{bncs !eiagxbnyugm {ubgms.ixgmyg{bnc"‥ N|iug{bncgm uisiguoa nc ìkbogm `gmi obuoyòbsbnc bcomykbcj eiagxbnyugm

kbsbcabeb{bnc‥ N|iug{bncgm uisiguoa nc GU[ hnu |uixic{bnc bcomykbcj \uI\ gck hnu kbsonukgc{

ony|mis‥ Uisiguoa nc ons{ihhio{bxiciss nh GU[ hnu |uixic{bnc

\bmmgu 56 _ys{gbc Aigm{a gck Zimmciss

[ai |ubnub{bis mbs{ik aiui gui `gbcmr hnoysik nc {ai {uig{ìc{ gs|io{ nh aigm{a gckzimmciss- gck bc Gyjys{ {ai _GCGO {ioacbogm {gsd {ig` nc Uisiguoa- @ncb{nubcj gckIxgmyg{bnc zbmm gkk |ubnub{bis mbcdik {n ogui gck sy||nu{ bssyis#

‥ N|iug{bncgm uisiguoa.ixgmyg{bnc nc GU[ unmmny{ ‟ zb{a g hnoys nc ombcbogm ny{onìsgck wygmb{r gssissìc{

‥ N|iug{bncgm uisiguoa.@(I nc onèbcik GU[ gck [E {uig{ìc{ bcomykbcj KN[_‥ Uisiguoa.ixgmyg{bnc nc s{bj`g uikyo{bnc‥ Higsbebmb{r s{ykr {n gkxbsi nc ihhbogor nh {is{ gck {uig{ s{ug{ijr !n|iug{bncs

uisiguoa"‥ Is{gembsaìc{ nh g cg{bncgm GU[ gck [E {uig{ìc{ onanu{ {n uixbiz !`ncb{nubcj gck

ixgmyg{bnc";56n Gkaiuicoin @nu{gmb{rn

@nuebkb{rn Uisbs{gcoi

‥ \agu`gonxbjbmgcoi !`ncb{nubcj gck ixgmyg{bnc"

\bmmgu ?6 _ghi{r gck Uikyobcj Xymciugebmb{r

‥ Gssissìc{ nh {ai b`|go{ nh `ym{bon`|ncic{ ABX !onèbcg{bnc" |uixic{bncbc{iuxic{bncs bcomykbcj eiagxbnyu oagcji- s{uyo{yugm bc{iuxic{bncs- jickiuegsikxbnmicoi gck on``ycbog{bnc on`|ncic{s

‥ Kihbcbcj `ns{g{ubsd|n|ymg{bncs !@GU\_" nu dir |n|ymg{bncs hnu _ny{a Ghubog!syuxibmmgcoi.`ncb{nubcj gck ixgmyg{bnc"

;5[abs onymk ei {aunyja {ai is{gembsaìc{ nh g ciz onanu{- nu |gu{bob|g{bcj bc gc bc{iucg{bncgm onanu{ syoa gs

BiKIG !Bc{iucg{bncgm I|bki`bnmnjbo Kg{gegsis {n Ixgmyg{i GBK_




:8

‥ Ixgmyg{i s{uyo{yugm bc{iuxic{bncs !eiagxbnyugm {ubgms.`ncb{nubcj gck ixgmyg{bnc"n Onckb{bncgm ogsa {ugcshiu n Gmonanm bc{iuxic{bncs bcomykbcj mijbsmg{bnc nc gkxiu{bsbcjn Dii|bcj oabmkuic bc soannm

\bmmgu ;6 Oagcjbcj _nobgm Cnu`s gck Xgmyis

Uisiguoa dir |un{io{bxi snobgm cnu`s gck xgmyis

Ixgmyg{i s{ug{ijbis {n b`|mi`ic{.hgobmb{g{i |un{io{bxi snobgm cnu`s gck xgmyis

Uisiguoa dir cnu`s gck xgmyis {ag{ hgobmb{g{i {ai |iu|i{yg{bnc nh ABX {ugcs`bssbnc

Kisbjc- b`|mi`ic{ gck ixgmyg{i dir s{ug{ijbis {n `b{bjg{i cnu`s gck xgmyis {ag{hgobmb{g{i |iu|i{yg{bnc nh ABX {ugcs`bssbnc- bcomykbcj s{bj`g `b{bjg{bnc !{abs bs gmsng||mbogemi {n [E"




::

OAG\[IU 77 ‟ JNXIUCGCOI GCK @GCGJI@IC[

Kugh{ viun cn{i 6 Gs {ai _GCGO uis{uyo{yubcj |unoissis- bcomykbcj {ai uimg{bnc {n |unxbcobgm gck kbs{ubo{ GBK_ onycobms- b{ cn{ ri{ on`|mi{i- {abs oag|{iu bs s{bmm yckiu

kiximn|ìc{#

77#7 Egodjunyck gck Abs{nur

Bc igumr 5<<: {ai _ny{a Ghubogc Cg{bncgm GBK_ Onycobm !_GCGO" zgs uioncs{b{y{ik yckiu {ai kbuio{bnc nh {aic Ki|y{r \uisbkic{ \ay`vbmi @mgènCjoydg {n s{uicj{aic b{‑shyco{bncbcj gck hgobmb{g{i {ai bc{unkyo{bnc gck b`|miìc{g{bnc nh {ai Cg{bncgm _{ug{ijbo \mgcnc ABX.GBK_ gck _[Bs !5<<: ‟ 5<77"# _GCGO zgs uioncs{b{y{ik gs g |gu{ciusab| nh jnxiucìc{ gck obxbm snobi{r- zb{a ui|uisic{g{bxis nh jnxiucìc{ `bcbs{ius gs zimm gsmigkius nh eysbciss- mgenyu gck obxbm snobi{r# B{ znymk ei gkxbsnur gck uis|ncsbemi hnu nxiusbja{- `gcgjiìc{ gck onnukbcg{bnc nh g `ym{bsio{nugm ABX uis|ncsi !zb{a {ai [Euis|ncsi gkkik bc 5<77"#

_GCGO eiogì g hbxi{biu s{uyo{yui `gki y| nh6

[ai Cg{bncgm \micgur

[ai \unjug`ì B`|miìc{g{bnc On``b{{ii !\BO"

[ai Uisnyuoi @nebmbsg{bnc On``b{{ii !U@O"

[ioacbogm [gsd [ig`s ![[["

\micgur cnz oncsbs{s nh `ns{ jnxiucìc{ `bcbs{ubis gck 72 obxbm snobi{r sio{nus- cgìmr6eysbciss4 oabmkuic4 kbsgebmb{r4 hgb{aegsik nujgcbsg{bncs4 aigm{a |unhissbncgms4 aigm{auimg{ik gogki`bo gck uisiguoa nujgcbsg{bncs4 abjaiu ikyog{bnc4 mgenyu4 mgz gck ay`gcubja{s4 MJE[B4 ìc4 cncjnxiucìc{gm nujgcbsg{bncs gck on``ycb{regsik nujgcbsg{bncs4nujgcbsg{bncs ui|uisic{bcj |in|mi mbxbcj zb{a ABX4 siq znudius4 s|nu{s gck ic{iu{gbcìc{4{ugkb{bncgm aigmius4 {ugkb{bncgm migkius4 znìc4 gck rny{a# [aisi sio{nus gui ui|uisic{iknc \micgur gck {ai \BO- gck nc g si|gug{i enkr- {ai _io{nu Migkius‑ Hnuy`#

[ai U@O bs {gsdik zb{a sioyubcj gck `gcgjbcj hyckbcj hnu _GCGO- bc |gu{boymgu gooissbcj Jmnegm Hyck jugc{s- gck {ai \BO bs {gsdik {n uixbiz {ai b`|miìc{g{bnc nh |unjug`ìs gck s{ug{ijbis nh {ai C_\ gck `gdi uion`ìckg{bncs {n \micgur#

[ai b`|miìc{bcj s{uyo{yui nh _GCGO bs \BO zaboa `gdis uion`ìckg{bncs gckjybkimbcis nc ciz bccnxg{bncs gck zaboa bs uis|ncsbemi hnu `ncb{nubcj iqbs{bcj|unjug`ìs# [ai \BO ui|nu{s {n {ai _GCGO |micgur# Bc gkkb{bnc {aiui gui hbxi [ioacbogm[gsd [ig`s ![[[s"- zaboa ui|nu{ {n \BO egsik nc {ai |ubnub{r guigs nh {ai C_\# [aisigui6

Uisiguoa- @ncb{nubcj gck _yuxibmmgcoi

\uixic{bnc

Ay`gc Ubja{s gck Gooiss {n Fys{boi

[uig{ìc{- Ogui gck _y||nu{ On``ycbog{bncs




:1

[ai nefio{bxis nh _GCGO goonukbcj {n {ai \unoikyugm Jybkimbcis- gjuiik er \micgur bc5<<1 gui6

Gkxbsbcj jnxiucìc{ nc ABX gck _[B |nmbor gck s{ug{ijr- gck uimg{ik `g{{ius4

\unxbkbcj migkiusab| gck ouig{bcj gck s{uicj{aicbcj |gu{ciusab|s hnu gc iq|gckikcg{bncgm uis|ncsi {n ABX bc _ny{a Ghubog4

Uioibxbcj gck kbssi`bcg{bcj bchnu`g{bnc nc sio{nugm bc{iuxic{bncs bc uis|io{ nh ABXgck oncsbkiubcj oagmmicjis4 gck

Nxiusiibcj onc{bcygm `ncb{nubcj gck ixgmyg{bnc nh gmm gs|io{s nh {ai C_\#

Bc 5<7< gck 5<77 s{i|s ziui {gdic {n uixbxi {ai Cg{bncgm GBK_ [uys{ !CG[" bc nukiu {nagxi g mijgmmr uionjcbsik bcs{b{y{bnc hnu {ai uioib|{ gck kbseyusiìc{ nh hycks gck hnu {aii`|mnrìc{ nh {ai sioui{gubg{ {ag{ bs uiwybuik hnu {ai n|iug{bnc gck og`|gbjcs nh _GCGO#

Zabms{ _GCGO bs |iuoibxik {n ei snìzag{ ui|uisic{g{bxi b{s ihhio{bxiciss ags eiicoagmmicjik#

B{ bs omigu hun` {ai sanu{ gcgmrsbs nh {ai oyuuic{ jnxiucgcoi gck `gcgjiìc{ s{uyo{yuis{ag{ hnu {ai ciz C_\ {n ei syooisshymmr b`|miìc{ik- g uixbsik jnxiucgcoi gck`gcgjiìc{ s{uyo{yui bs ciikik#

77#5 \un|nsik \ubcob|mis hnu g Ciz Jnxiucgcoi _{uyo{yui

[ai hnmmnzbcj |ubcob|mis gui |un|nsik hnu {ai is{gembsaìc{ nh ciz jnxiucgcoi gck`gcgjiìc{ s{uyo{yuis6

[ag{ jnxiucìc{ ags |ub`gur uis|ncsbebmb{r hnu {ai syooiss nu hgbmyui nh {ai cg{bncgm

uis|ncsi {n ABX- _[Bs gck [E- gck {ag{ _GCGO‑s `bssbnc `ys{ uihmio{ {abs4 [ag{ _GCGO `ys{ agxi g |un|iu gck g||un|ubg{i mijgm hnyckg{bnc4

[ag{ _GCGO kisoubeis {ai zanmi guoab{io{yui nh {ai uis|ncsi {n ABX gck [E gck{aiuihnui bcomykis \GOs gck KGOs4

[ag{ {ai eybmkbcj nh _GCGO s{uyo{yuis `ys{ ei siic gs |gu{ nh {ai C_\ gck eiìgsyugemi gck {ag{ {ai _GCGO [uys{ `ys{ agxi nxiugmm uis|ncsbebmb{r hnu `ncb{nubcj {aibu kiximn|ìc{4

[ag{ {aiui `ys{ ei g eykji{gur |mgc {n is{gembsa gck sys{gbc {aisi s{uyo{yuis4

[ag{ _GCGO `ys{ ei {uymr ui|uisic{g{bxi4

\gu{ nh {ai |mgc nh _GCGO `ys{ ei {n `nebmbsi gck nujgcbsi ouyobgm sio{nus {ag{ guicn{ oyuuic{mr nujgcbsik4

[ag{ {anyja{ ciiks {n ei jbxic {n _GCGO gck {ai C_\*s uimg{bnc {n n{aiu kiximn|ìc{ |mgcs !gck xboi xiusg" ug{aiu {agc {ai C_\ siidbcj {n uibcxic{ nu ysyu| {aisi |mgcs#

77#? \un|nsik \unoiss {n Uis{uyo{yui gck _{uicj{aic _GCGOJnxiucgcoi _{uyo{yuis

G s`gmm {gsd {ig`- `gckg{ik er {ai _GCGO Oagbu|iusnc gck Ki|y{r Oagbu|iusnc- zbmm eiis{gembsaik {n kiximn| g |un|nsgm {n uis{uyo{yui _GCGO zaboa zbmm ei |uisic{ik {n |micgurhnu oncsbkiug{bnc gs b{ oncsbkius {ai kugh{ C_\# [ai uis{uyo{yubcj nh _GCGO- bcomykbcj

|unxbcobgm GBK_ onycobms gck kbs{ubo{ GBK_ onycobms sanymk ei |gu{ nh {ai |unoiss nh hbcgmbsbcj {ai C_\ jbxic {ag{ ciz iq|io{g{bncs gck kimbxiugemis !{nji{aiu zb{a iq|iubicoisbc b`|miìc{bcj {ai oyuuic{ C_\" sanymk jybki {ai s{uyo{yui nh _GCGO g{ gmm mixims#




:2

B{ bs syjjis{ik {ag{ {ai |ubcob|mis `ic{bncik genxi sanymk hnu` {ai egsbs nh {ai {iu`s nh uihiuicoi nh {ai |un|nsik {gsd {ig` gck {ag{ bc |gugmmim zb{a {ai oncsym{g{bxi |unoiss gckkiximn|`ic{ nh {ai onc{ic{s nh {ai C_\ !is|iobgmmr |bmmgus 7;" {ai s{uyo{yui nh _GCGO eioncsym{ik gck hbcgmbsik#




1<

OAG\[IU 75 ‟ HBCGCOBCJ [AI C_\ 5<755<78

75#7 Bc{unkyo{bnc

Nci nh {ai oagmmicjis bc b`|miìc{bcj {ai C_\ 5<<:5<77 ags eiic {ai mgod nh gonaiuic{ hbcgcobcj |mgc# [ai oyuuic{ C_\ ags cixiu eiic hymmr ons{ik gck sio{nus agxieiic mgujimr ki|ickic{ nc {aibu nzc uisnyuois {n hyck {aibu go{bxb{bis# [ai mgod nh gons{ik hbcgcobcj |mgc ags gmsn ìgc{ {ag{ b{ zgs kbhhboym{ {n anmk sio{nus !bc |gu{boymgu jnxiucìc{- eysbciss gck mgenyu" goonyc{gemi {n |unxbsbnc nh hyckbcj# Ki{iu`bcbcj {aihbcgcobgm b`|mbog{bnc gck {ai gxgbmgebmb{r nh hyckbcj uiwybuik hnu {ai b`|miìc{g{bnc nh {aiC_\ bs oub{bogm hnu jnxiucìc{- kiximn|ìc{ |gu{cius gck obxbm snobi{r nujgcbsg{bncs gcksio{nus !zaboa gui mgujimr ki|ickic{ nc kncnu hycks gck hyckbcj hun` jnxiucìc{ {nìi{- oncsym{ gck b`|miìc{ sio{nus|iobhbo go{bxb{bis"#

B{ bs {aiuihnui b`|iug{bxi {ag{ {ai C_\ 5<755<78 bs ons{ik g{ gmm mixims !cg{bncgm-|unxbcobgm- kbs{ubo{ gck mnogm" gck {ag{ b{s go{bxb{bis gui hymmr hyckik# B{ bs gmsn oub{bogm {ag{ {aigo{bxb{bis nh {ai _GCGO _ioui{gubg{ gui hymmr hyckik {n icsyui {ag{ sy||nu{ bs |unxbkik- {ag{go{bxb{bis gui `ncb{nuik gck {ag{ gmm s{gdianmkius gui aimk goonyc{gemi# Ym{b`g{imrhbcgcobcj {ai C_\ go{bxb{bis zbmm ciik {n eubcj {nji{aiu {ai uisnyuois nh jnxiucìc{-eysbciss- obxbm snobi{r gck kiximn|ìc{ |gu{cius#

75#5 Is{gembsaìc{ gck [iu`s nh Uihiuicoi nh Ons{bcj [gsd [ig`

[ai _GCGO sioui{gubg{ gck {ai Cg{bncgm Ki|gu{ìc{ nh Aigm{a gui fnbc{mr onnukbcg{bcj {aikiximn|ìc{ nh kugh{ viun nh {ai C_\ 5<755<78# B{ ags eiic eungkmr uionjcbsik {ag{ nci

nh {ai zigdcissis nh {ai oyuuic{ C_\ bs {ai mgod nh g ki{gbmik b`|miìc{g{bnc |mgcs|iobhrbcj {ai uisnyuoi uiwybuiìc{s- en{a hbcgcobgm gck ay`gc uisnyuois#

Bc nukiu {n |unxbki g `nui bchnuìk ons{bcj hnu {ai b`|miìc{g{bnc nh {ai C_\ 5<755<78-g hnoyssik ons{bcj znudbcj juny| bs is{gembsaik# [abs znudbcj juny| bs iq|io{ik {n|unxbki jybkgcoi {n {ai C_\ ons{bcj |unoiss {ag{ zbmm gubsi hun` {ai C_\ gck |unxbkijybkgcoi {n {ai |unxbcois {ag{ zbmm ei uiwybuik {n |unkyoi {aibu nzc hymmr ons{ikn|iug{bncgm |mgcs#

Znudbcj juny|

B{ bs |un|nsik {ag{ {ai cg{bncgm znudbcj juny| bs `gki y| nh ui|uisic{g{bxis hun` {aihnmmnzbcj nujgcbsg{bncs6

Cg{bncgm Ki|gu{ìc{ nh Aigm{a

Cg{bncgm [uigsyur

Cg{bncgm \mgccbcj On``bssbnc

_|iobgmbs{ iq{iucgm oncsym{gc{s

G mijgm.oncs{b{y{bncgm iq|iu{

G ìèiu nh obxbm snobi{r zb{a dcnzmikji nh hbcgcoi gck eykji{bcj bssyis

[ai gb`s nh gck nefio{bxis nh {ai znudbcj juny| zbmm ei {n6

Uixbiz |gs{ C_\ ons{bcj bcb{bg{bxis.iqbs{bcj ons{bcj nh dir bc{iuxic{bncs4




Kiximn| gc g||un|ubg{i ons{bcj s{uyo{yui gck `nkim hnu hy{yui C_\ b`|miìc{g{bncgo{bxb{bis4

Kiximn| g cg{bncgm jnxiucìc{ C_\ b`|miìc{g{bnc eykji{4

_y||nu{ {ai kiximn|ìc{ nh {ai \unxbcobgm C_\ b`|miìc{g{bnc eykji{s4

On`|bmi gc nxiuguoabcj C_\ b`|miìc{g{bnc eykji{ !b#i# oncsbkiubcj iqbs{bcjhyckbcj snyuois gck is{b`g{ik iq|ickb{yui" gck bkic{bhr {ai hyckbcj snyuois4 gck

Bkic{bhr hyckbcj sanu{hgmms hnu C_\ go{bxb{bis# \un|nsi bccnxg{bxi hbcgcobcj s{ug{ijbis {n icsyui {ag{ {ai C_\ bs hymmr hyckik

Cg{bncgm gck \unxbcobgm ons{bcj sy||nu{ oncsym{gc{s

[ai |un|nsik {iu`s nh uihiuicoi hnu {ai ons{bcj oncsym{gc{.s gui |unxbkik eimnz#

Dir |un|nsik go{bxb{bis6

Onnukbcg{i {ai ons{bcj nh {ai C_\ 5<755<78 gck gmm b`|miìc{g{bnc go{bxb{bis

!cg{bncgm gck |unxbcobgm"- bcomykbcj {ai @(I hugìznud4 Kiximn| g||un|ubg{i gck on`|uiaicsbxi ons{bcj hugìznuds {n goabixi {ai |ubnu

uiwybuiìc{ genxi4

Kimbxiu {ai s|iobhbo ny{|y{s gs |iu {ai znudbcj juny| {iu`s nh uihiuicoi4

Ki{iu`bci {ai nxiugmm hyckbcj icximn|i uiwybuik {n b`|miìc{ {ai C_\- bcomykbcjbkic{bhbog{bnc nh |n{ic{bgm hyckbcj jg|s4

\unxbki uion`ìckg{bncs nc hyckbcj gm{iucg{bxis gck `nkims !i#j# {gqg{bnc ncoguencg{ik snh{ kubcds"#

B{ bs gc{bob|g{ik {ag{ {abs znud zbmm on`ìcoi bc Gyjys{ 5<77- gck ei hbcgmbsik erKioièiu 5<77#

Iq|io{ik ny{|y{s6

Ki{gbmik cg{bncgm gck |unxbcobgm is{b`g{is er go{bxb{r hnu {ai b`|miìc{g{bnc nh {ai

C_\4

Gccygm hyckbcj hmnz {bìmbci- oncsbkiubcj en{a |agsik bc{unkyo{bnc nh s|iobhbo

go{bxb{bis bcomykik bc {ai C_\- gck {ai uinujgcbsg{bnc nh oyuuic{ go{bxb{bis bc mbci zb{a

{ai ciz C_\4 gck

Gccygm |mgccbcj {nnm {n gssiss eykji{ gmmnog{bncs- iq|ickb{yui gck goabixiìc{

gjgbcs{ {guji{s gck uixbsik eykji{ gmmnog{bnc#

national strategic plan for hiv and aids, stis and tb, 2012-2016 (draft) south africa

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