national prevention and response system for radiological
TRANSCRIPT
Hong-Suk KIM, Ph. D.
Regional Workshop of Nuclear and Radiological Emergency Preparedness and Response
KINS, South Korea, June 8~19, 2014
National Prevention and Response System for Radiological Accident
D2-1
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Goiania Accident
Date : September 18, 1987
Type : Ruptured therapy source
1,375 Curies of Cs-137 (chloride, CsCl)
Restoration : US $20,000,000
1,000 km
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Goiania Accident
Date : September 18, 1987
Type : Ruptured therapy source
1,375 Curies of Cs-137 (chloride, CsCl)
Location : Brazil
restoration : US $20,000,000
4
Goiania Accident
Unsecured caesium 137 source in radiological clinic.
Scrap scavengers break in, steal and move it to junkyard.
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Goiania Accident
The glowing powder attracted a crowd :
applying, eating, sleeping
Goiania Accident
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249 contaminated (129 incl. internal)
20 required hospital treatment
14 developed bone marrow depression
4 died
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Goiania: Localising the Activity
7 major sites 42 other sites
67 km2 monitored
38034
Goiania Accident
Demolishing work: dose rates up to 0.5 Sv/h
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Goiania Accident
112 000 people monitored
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Goiania Accident
85 houses decontaminated
7 houses demolished
200 people evacuated
Top soil removed
Restoration after removing the
contaminated rubble
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Goiania Accident
3,500 m3 of waste
Temporary radioactive waste repository
Stacking radioactive waste containers
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Prevention and Response
Prevention Receiving Response Rating scale
Information
release
Accident
Source
tracking
system
(RASIS,
RADLOT)
Accident
reporting
service
telephone
• Response
team
• Retrospective
dosimetry
• First
responder
IAEA INES Posting on
the internet
080-004-4949
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RASIS(Radiation Safety Information System)
Is a web-based integrated management system for radiation sources
Effectively monitors and traces down the life cycle of all radiation sources and its inventory
Provides useful information to both licensees and regulatory authorities
National Radiation Protection
Infrastructure
Regulatory Framework
Life-cycle Management
& Control
Public Acceptance
& Protection of
Public Health
Information Service to
Stakeholders
To strengthen radiation safety and security
To protect the public against radiological hazards
Have operated since 1999
Applicant/regulatory authority
KINS / NSSC Related organizations
General public
Public information system
Radiation safety management system of related organizations
Radiation source tracking system
Regulatory information system
Radiation safety management system of radiation users
Electronic radiation license application system
Application form and guidance information General information on radiation
Radiation worker education Export and import management Consigned source disposal
Report status management Usage amount flow management Source life-cycle tracking
Safety review and inspection Statistics/status
Regular report Source management Radiation worker management
Online application Application confirmation License printing
1. Application submit
2. License certificate
3. Education/consigned source disposal
4. Quarterly report
RASIS Structure-Business Flow Diagram
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Minimizing and monitoring the occurrence of orphan
source as to manage each source's life-cycle
Managing of sorts of periodical reports(usage, production,
distribution, disposal, transport) and analyzing of source
inventory (DB of categorized source based on IAEA)
RASIS(Radiation Source Tracking System)
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Main function Contents
Report
management
Status management of periodic report : management of
inventory report, production or acquisition state,
distribution state, transport state, disposal state
Tracking
management Management of source tracking : sealed source,
unsealed source, radiation generator
Inventory
analysis Source inventory analysis : inventory management of
sealed source, unsealed source, radiation generator
Statistics Status of source export and import, education, worker,
safety accident
Real-time tracking system of radiation sources of irradiation devices for NDT based on location information gathered from GPS or CDMA
Objective ◦ monitor the locations and keep track of movements of radiation
sources
◦ confirm the radiation dose rates, the conditions of the terminals accurately
◦ recover the sources quickly in case of loss or theft
RADLOT(Radiation Source Location Tracking System)
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Main Feature
◦ Developed START-I from 2004 to 2005, started operation in 2006
◦ the web-based management system for radiation source safety
and security by collecting location information with ~1,500 mobile
tracking terminals
Application
◦ transmitted data on the locations of radiation source is displayed
via geographic information system using the digital map provided
by the central control system at KINS
RADLOT(Radiation Source Location Tracking System)
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Tracks of movement
Evolution of RADLOT
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START-I START-I START-I-33 START-I-IH
START-88s START-88e START-II
w/ Radiation level 880 Series irradiator
660 Series irradiator
RADLOT : Simulation
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Terminal
Subject of application
◦ Tracking devices for the transport of packages requiring the
enhanced security level specified in the IAEA NSS No. 9
Cooperation with Vietnam
◦ Pilot technical project for the operation of RADLOT in Vietnam
◦ Follow-up action of the 2012 Seoul Nuclear Security Summit
Starting a dialog with U.S. DOE
◦ Suggestion of sharing successes and challenges of RADLOT by
U.S. DOE
RADLOT : International Cooperation
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2012 2013
Korea has been operating RPMs(Radiation Portal
Monitor) at major seaports since 2012 (by Act on Protective
Action Guidelines against Radiation in Natural Environment)
◦ In 2012, 10 RPMs were installed at 4 major seaports(Incheon,
Pyeongtaek, Busan, Pohang)
RPMs at Seaports
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◦ In 2013, 22 RPMs were installed at 6
seaports
◦ The Purpose of the RPMs is to
monitor radioactively contaminated
metal scrap and NORM
Installed Plan
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Install 10 22 20 26 22
Total 10 32 52 78 100
Seaport
Operating RPM by scrap metal recyclers to detect
radioactively contaminated scrap
Legal basis : Act on Protective Action Guidelines
against Radiation in Natural Environment
RPMs at Steel Companies
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Company No. No. of RPM
Operating
No. of RPM
Under Construction
No. of RPM
Planning
18 40 5 4
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Retrospective Dosimetry
Cytogenetic techniques • Dicentrics
• Translocations
• Premature Chromosome condensation
• Micronuclei
Physical techniques • ESR in teeth/bone
• ESR in fingernails
• TL & OSL in electronic components
• TL & OSL in buttons
Computational techniques • Analytical
• Numerical
MDD :
> 0.1 Gy
MDD for
ESR :
> 0.1 Gy
MDD for
OSL:
< 0.1 Gy
MDD : Minimum Detectable Dose
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Retrospective Dosimetry : OSL
Sample
Controller
Sample tray
Beta
Source PMT
LEDs Safe Light
Control PC
Preparedness for Radiological Emergency
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The National Guidelines on Anti-terror Activities
mitigating and minimizing the radiological consequences
of malicious acts
- by collaboration with KINS, KIRAMS, other related
authorities and U-REST
- based on the manual for response to radiological
terrorism
• U-REST : Ubiquitous Regional Radiation Emergency Supporting Team
• KIRAMS : Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Science
Enhancement of First Response
Operation of U-REST(Ubiquitous Regional Radiation Emergency Supporting Team) since 2007
◦ Organized as local civil radiation experts for initial response to radiological accidents or events
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• Currently 12 regional response teams
comprised with about 200 experts
• Each region has regional chief,
team leader, team members
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Cases of Utilization
Oct. 2008: Contaminated road with a radiation
level three times BG
Rapid response with the utilization of U-REST
Implementation of training for first responders (Fire brigade, police, etc.) on initial radiological emergency response since 2007
◦ Lecture on basic theory, simulation drill and professional advice
Enhancement of First Response
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Introduction of Train-the-
Trainer program(March 2014)
• KINS • NPA • NEMA
Police instructor
Fire brigade Rescue team
instructor
Local police academy training
Local fire emergency academy training
Local joint training
Lost & Recovery of Industrial Radiography Source (Sep. 2010)
◦ Cause : An old scrap collector took the source while workers left it unattended for a while
◦ Early recovery of the missing source with the active help of the local police officer who was trained for radiological emergency response
Cooperation Case of Emergency Response
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가압이온챔버
NaI 섬광검출기
HPIC
NaI detector
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INES Rating
Only degradation of
defence in depth
No safety significance
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INES Rating
From the single event
On site consequence
Off site consequence
Cumulative exposure
Incident
Accident
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INES Rating Criteria
Impact to people and environment
Dose received or actively released
Impact to radiological barriers and controls
The severity of the event inside the site of a facility and the
potential harm to the public
Degradation in “Defence in Depth”
Looking at failures in safety provisions to determine
how close the event was to causing actual consequences
How severe would the accident have been if everything had gone wrong
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Nuclear Forensics
Nuclear forensics libraries are important tools for law enforcement and deterrence
Categories of Dictionary Information
Material Identity
Material Packaging and Container
Sample or Item Physical Characteristics
Sample or Item Chemistry
Material Process or Location History
Data Vetting and Quality Assurance
Etc.