national monuments. sibelius jean sibelius (1865–1957) kalevala (land of heroes) – elias...
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National Monuments
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Sibelius
• Jean Sibelius (1865–1957)• Kalevala (Land of Heroes)– Elias Lönnrot, 1835
• Kullervo, Op. 7 (1891)• Four Legends from the Kalevala, Op. 22 (1893–
95) – The Swan of Tuonela [Anthology 3-16]
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England
• Hubert Parry (1848–1918)• Charles Villiers Stanford (1854–1924)• Edward Elgar (1857–1934)– Variations on an Original Theme “Enigma
Variations”
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England
• Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872–1958)– Fantasia on a Theme of Thomas Tallis (1910)
[Anthology 3-17]– A Sea Symphony (1903–09)– A London Symphony (1911–13)– A Pastoral Symphony (1922)
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Spain
• Manuel de Falla (1876–1946)– La vida breve (1905)• cante jondo (deep song)
– El Sombrero de Tres Picos (1919)• zarzuela
– Nights in the Gardens of Spain (1909–16)
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Folk and Modernist Synthesis
• Béla Bartók (1881–1945)• Early influence of Richard Strauss– Kossuth (1903)
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Folk and Modernist Synthesis
• Béla Bartók (1881–1945)• Zoltán Kodály (1882–1967)• Ethnomusicology• Style hongrois• Magyar nóta – sung Hungarian-style tunes• Verbunkos – Hungarian-style instrumental
dance music
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Folk Ways
• “Peasant music” and “modern music”• “A third way” • 14 Bagatelles for piano, Op. 6 (1908)– Bagatelle No. 4 [Anthology 3-18]
• Dance Suite (1923) [Anthology 3-19]
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Szymanowski and Enescu
• Karol Szymanowski (1882–1937)– First Violin Concerto (1916)– Third Symphony (1914–16)– Krol Roger (1920–24)– Stabat Mater (1925–26)
• George Enescu (1881–1955)– Oedipe (1936)– Romanian Rhapsodies, Op. 11
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The Oldest Modernist:Leoš Janáček
• Leoš Janáček (1854–1928)• Jenůfa (1904)• Five additional opera• Slavonic Liturgy, Glagolská mše
(1926)• Song cycle, Zápisník zmizelého• Orchestral work, Sinfonietta
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Speech-Tunelets
• Influence of folk music and speech patterns and intonation
• “Speech melodies”• Po zarostlém chodničku (On an Overgrown
Path) [Anthology 3-20]
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Scriabin:From Expression to Revelation
• Alexander Scriabin (1872–1915)• Theosophy– Petrovna Blavatsky (1831–91)
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Scriabin:From Expression to Revelation
• Alexander Scriabin (1872–1915)• Fifth Symphony, Op. 60 Prométhée, le poème
de feu (Prometheus, the Poem of Fire, 1908–10)– “mystic chord”
• Vers la flamme Op. 72 (Towards the Flame, 1914) [Anthology 3-21]
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Mysterium and the Ultimate Aggregate Harmonies
• Unfinished work• Communal creation, combination of all artistic
media• Aggregate harmonies: “ultimate” chords each
containing all twelve pitches
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Charles Ives (1874–1954)
• Transcendentalism– Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–82)– Henry David Thoreau (1817–62)– self-reliance
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Charles Ives (1874–1954)
• Born in Danbury, Connecticut• Church organist• Studied at Yale with Horatio Parker (1863–
1919)– The Celestial Country (1902)
• Insurance salesman
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Terms of Reception
• 1920: Privately published Second Piano Sonata Concord, Mass., 1840–60– Essays before a Sonata– 1st public performance 1939, John Kirkpatrick– “greatest music composed by an American”
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Terms of Reception
• 1922: Privately published 114 Songs• Other works published in Cowell’s New Music
Quarterly
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“Manner” and “Substance”:The Concord Sonata
• Second Piano Sonata, Concord, Mass., 1840–60[Anthology 3-22]
– 1. Emerson– 2. Hawthorne– 3. The Alcotts– 4. Thoreau
– Motive from Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony– other quotations
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Nostalgia
• Three Places in New England [Anthology 3-23]– “Putman’s Camp”– “scherzoids”– allusions to popular American tunes