National Food and Nutrition Policy:

Balancing the Role of Research,

Nutrition Science and Public Health

Today’s Presenters and Topics:

Joanne Slavin, PhD, RD, Professor, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of MinnesotaThe Widespread Effects of Food and Nutrition Policy on Public Health

Connie Weaver, PhD, Distinguished Professor and Department Head, Nutrition Science, Purdue UniversityThe Importance and Deficiencies of Consistent, Systematic Evaluation Processes in Policymaking

Roger Clemens, DrPH, CFS, CNS, FACN, FIFT, FIAFST, Adj Professor, Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USC School of PharmacyThe Role of Scientific Research in Food and Nutrition Policy

Moderated by:Chase Purdy, Politico

Objectives and Key Takeaways:

• Former Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee

members will discuss how nutrition science and

research shapes U.S. food policy issues;

• Today you will learn about the role federal agencies

play in making food and nutrition policy

recommendations;

• You will leave today with insights into the science and

process related challenges faced when creating the

DGAC Report; and

• Finally, past DGAC members will convey their opinions

on the newly released 2015 DGAC Report, and

recommendations on how to move forward.

Joanne Slavin, PhD, RD Professor

Department of Food Science and Nutrition

University of MinnesotaApril 1, 2015

jslavin@umn.edu

The Widespread Effects of Food and Nutrition Policy on Public Health

Disclosures for Joanne Slavin

AFFILIATION/FINANCIAL

INTERESTS

(past 12 months)

CORPORATE

ORGANIZATION

Grants/Research Support: American Pulse Association,

Novartis Consumer Health

Scientific Advisory

Board/Consultant:

Atkins, Tate and Lyle, Midwest

Dairy Association, Alliance for

Potato Research and Education

Speakers Bureau:

Stock Shareholder:

Other 1/3 interest in Slavin Sisters

Farm, 119 acres, Walworth, WI

From the Science to Me

The Science Policy Me

There is no perfect diet!

• Humans are omnivores, like pigs, and are adaptable to a wide range of foods

• Humans have survived and prospered on all kinds of diets, mostly reflecting access to food supply

– Traditional Arctic diet: 80% of kcals from fat

– Traditional African diet: 80% of kcals from carbohydrate

• Because of concerns with fat and cardiovascular disease, U.S. diet has moved from higher fat (42% of kcal in 1972) to lower fat (32% of kcal in 2000) – but more calories

Dietary Guidance—A Historical Perspective

1894 - Dr. W.O. Atwater specified amount of protein and total

calories in a good diet, but left unspecified the division of

calories between fats and carbohydrates

1902 - “evils of overeating may not be felt at once, but sooner

or later they are sure to appear – perhaps in general debility,

perhaps in actual disease”

1902 - “ordinary food materials…make a fitting diet, and the

main question is to use them in the kinds and proportions

fitted to the actual needs of the body”

Recommended variety, proportionality and moderation,

measuring calories, and an affordable diet focused on

nutrient-rich foods, less fat, sugar and starch.

Nutritional science – nutrients to prevent deficiency diseases

1941:

– National Academy of Sciences began issuing “Recommended Dietary Allowances” – quantity of nutrients a person needed to consume daily to ensure basic good health, proper growth and reproductive success, and to prevent nutrient deficiency diseases.

– Nutritional deficiency diseases have been virtually eliminated in the U.S., thanks to enrichment of refined grains and other fortification strategies.

Nutrient Adequacy

- Meet nutrient needs without exceeding calorie needs

- Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)

- Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR) - Protein: 10 - 35% of kcal

- Carbohydrates: 45 - 65% of kcal

- Fat: 20 - 35% of kcal

- Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

- Adequate Intake (AI)

- Tolerable Upper Level Intake (UL)

Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs –Dietary Goals the United States (1977)

• Increase carbohydrates to 55%–60% of energy

• Reduce fat to 30% of energy

• SF, MF, PUFAs – 10%/10%/10%

• Reduce cholesterol to 300 mg/day

• Reduce sugar consumption by 40%

• Reduce salt consumption to 3 g/day – 1200 mg sodium

Toward Healthful Diets, FNB, 1980

• “The Board expresses its concern over excessive hopes and fears in many current attitudes toward food and nutrition. Sound nutrition is not a panacea. Good food that provides appropriate proportions of nutrients should not be regarded as a poison, a medicine, or a talisman. It should be eaten and enjoyed.”

Dietary Guidelines for Americans 1980 - 2010

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

Development of Dietary Guidelines Policy

DGAC Advisory Report submitted to the

Secretaries of USDA & HHS

USDA & HHS write the

Policy Document

DGAC is chartered DG’s

implemented through Federal

programs

DGAC

Charter

DGAC Public Meetings:

Review of the Science

Evidence-based Methodology Used to Review the Science

Public comments encouraged/collected

Dietary Guidelines

for Americans, 2010

(TBD)

U.S. Department of Agriculture

U.S. Department of Health and

Human Services

www.dietaryguidelines.gov

The

New

“Pyramid”

Total Diet 2010 DGAC Conclusions – not evidence-based

Key Topics:

- Overweight/obese nation

- Develop healthy dietary patterns in childhood and adolescence

- Maintain energy intake within calorie needs

- Maximize nutrient density by emphasizing whole grains, vegetables, fruits, milk/milk products, and oils

- Reduce solid fats and added sugars and sodium

- Flexible eating patterns

Chapter 3Foods and Food Components to Reduce

Chapter 4Foods and Nutrients to Increase

Comparison of Consumption to Recommendations

DGAC 2015

• “Settled science” – may not see much change on nutrient levels

• Movement to whole foods and away from nutrients

• Topics such as sustainability, gluten, vegan diets, and food processing have been discussed and may be included in 2015 DGA

2015 DGAC – Dietary patterns, foods and nutrition, and health outcomes

• The US population should consume dietary patterns that are:

– Rich in vegetables, fruits, whole grains, fish/seafood, legumes, and nuts

– Moderate in dairy products (e.g. low and non-fat dairy) and alcohol and

– Lower in red and processed meat and

– Low in sugar-sweetened foods and beverages and refined grains

2015 DGAC – Food and nutrient intakes, and health: Current status and trends

• The US population has low intakes of certain key nutrients – vitamin D, potassium, fiber, calcium, and for females also iron. These low intakes are a public health concern because inadequate intakes are linked to health problems

• The US population over consumes sodium and saturated fat. Excess intakes of these nutrients are also linked to health problems

• Many of the food groups that are good sources of under consumed nutrients are consumed in low amounts by the US population

• Many of the food groups and food categories that have high levels of sodium, saturated fat, and added sugars are consumed in high amounts

1943: Basic Seven

Margaret Mead:

“People don’t eat

nutrition – they eat

food”

Basic 7 did not specify

the number of

servings of each food

group needed daily

1940s1950s-1960s

1970s1992

Food for

Young

Children

1916

2005

Food advice: Evolution of USDA’sFood Guidance – Moderation and Variety

MyPlate.gov (6/2/11)

Conclusions

• Evidence-based reviews are limited in our ability to define “healthy foods”

• Recommendations for less added sugar and solid fats are based on empty calories, not health outcomes – USDA modeling

• Since nutrition research does not support that vegetarian diets are healthier than animal based diets, there is a movement to “sustainability” as the reason to support plant-based diets

• Solving important nutrition problems will require partnerships based on trust among academics, the government, commodity groups, and food companies

The Importance and Deficiencies of

Consistent, Systematic Evaluation

Processes in Policymaking

Connie M. Weaver, Ph.D.Purdue University

West Lafayette, IN USA

weavercm@purdue.edu

Disclosures for Connie Weaver

AFFILIATION/FINANCIAL

INTERESTS

(past 12 months)

CORPORATE

ORGANIZATION

Grants/Research Support: NIH, DRI, Nestle,

Tate & Lyle

Scientific Advisory

Board/Consultant:

NOF, ILSI, Showalter,

Pharmavite

Speakers Bureau:

Stock Shareholder:

Other

Outline

• Evidence-based approach

• Difficulties encountered with evidence-based

approach in nutrition

The Philosophy Behind

an Evidence-based System

• Rules are set “up front” then followed, rather

than having a preconceived idea and then

finding the papers to support the idea.

• If one follows the rules, any trained scientist

should come to the same conclusion.

Hierarchy of

Evidence

RCT

Double Blinded

RCT

Cohort Study

Case Control

Case Series

Case Report

Expert Opinion

Weaker

Evidence

Stronger

Evidence

Evidence-based Medicine Hierarchy

Consistency ends here!

No Consistent Literature Retrieval

or Grading Systems

• NIH-AHRQ

• FDA-own system for health claims

• Various other approaches

Slavin Nutr J 14:15, 2015

Nutrition Evidence Library (NEL) Process

32

Formulate

Systematic

Review

Questions•Exploratory

searches

•Public

comment

•Dialogue with

experts

•Analytical

Framework

•PICO

Literature

Search and

Sort•Identify study

eligibility criteria

•Determine

search strategy

•Search for

relevant studies

•List included

studies

•List excluded

studies and

rationale

Extract

Evidence

From

Studies Create

evidence

worksheets

Summarize

and

Synthesize

the Evidence•Assess quality

of individual

studies

•Assess

applicability

•Summarize

and synthesize

evidence

Develop

and Grade

Conclusion

Statements

Define Research Recommendations

Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee Since 2010:

Grade Strength of Evidence

• Quality– Scientific rigor and validity

– Consider study design and execution

• Quantity – Number of studies/sample sizes

• Consistency of findings across studies

• Impact – Importance of studied outcomes/magnitude of effect

– Magnitude of effect

• Generalizability

Grades: 1. STRONG; 2. MODERATE; 3. LIMITED

PubMed search of scientific literature Jan 2000-Dec 2014

• Search term + bone + child + adolescence

• Excluded: reviews, animal studies, non-English

• Subcommittees reviewed abstracts and

excluded

- If not RCT or observational study

- No bone outcomes

- Interventions <6 mo.

- Drug trials of disease states

ASN Scientific Statements

Example of Development of Peak Bone Mass

Level of Evidence DescriptionA: Strong One large, well-conducted, generalizable, RCT

OR

Multiple RCTs or trials with few limitationsB: Moderate Multiple prospective cohort studies.

OR

Meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.C: Limited Multiple prospective cohort studies from diverse populations that have

limitations.

OR

One well-designed prospective study.

OR

Multiple cross-sectional or case-controlled studies with few limitations.

OR

Meta-analysis with design limitations.

D: Inadequate Methodologic flaws

OR

Insufficient data.

Evidence Grade

Differences in process for

evaluating scientific evidence can

lead to different conclusions

Example: Choosing different end

points concern over salt

2010 Dietary Guidelines Advisory

Committee Conclusions

• A strong body of evidence has documented that

in adults, as sodium intake decreases, so does

blood pressure.

• A moderate body of evidence has documented

that as sodium intake decreases, so does blood

pressure in children, birth to 18 years of age.

• The reduction from 2,300 mg to 1,500 mg per

day should occur gradually over time. [about 750

mg/1000kcal]

IOM Committee on Consequences

of Sodium Reduction in Populations – Released May 14, 2013

• Calls for national action to reduce sodium

content of foods - average intake 3400 mg Na/d

• Evidence weak to strive for less than 2300 mg

Na/d – need more studies between 1500 and

2300 mg/d

Focused on disease outcomes beyond blood

pressure

2015 DGAC

Sodium Recommendations

<2300 mg/day

There is NO guarantee of

consensus conclusions even if

you use same process and end

points

What is the Relationship Between Calcium

and Vitamin D and Hip Fracture?

Women’s Health Initiative RCT of CaD

(n=68,719 postmenopausal women)

Prentice et al., Osteopor Int 24:567, 2013

• All subjects including those

taking own supplements

• >5 Year CaD Intervention-related

Health Outcomes in Subjects

Adherent & Not Taking Baseline

Supplements

No relationship

Large benefit

Difficulties of Applying Evidence-

Based Medicine Approach to

Nutrition

Ranking of Study Type

• The RCT is given greatest weight because

it is the only design that permits strong causal

inference

• But for nutrition, that often means sacrificing

control of the independent variable (nutrient diet)

in favor of the dependent variable (health

outcome)

RCT Trials are Designed for a Compound That:

• Works quickly

• Usually pinpointed to 1

pathway or 1

mechanism of action

• That is: a drug

Features of RCTs for Drugs

• Tested in or applied to sick people

• Test agent is contrasted with its absence

compared to a nutrient where there can be no

nutrient-free state

• Sharply defined primary outcome measure

• Effect size usually large compared to a nutrient

• Response characteristic is usually monotonic

across plausible intakes

Contrasts

• Drug – drug-added state is contrasted with

drug-free state

• Nutrient – “high” intake is contrasted with

“low” intake;

Effect Size

• Drug- usually large

• Nutrient – usually small, but

— public health impact may nevertheless be large

— aggregate effect across multiple

— systems is itself often large

Consequence

• When changes are small, testing for isolated

nutrient effects requires large, expensive,

lengthy studies if effects in isolated systems are

to be found statistically significant.

INTAKE

EF

FE

CT

Study Design & the Threshold

the control group must be deficient

The Ethical Problem

• Placing the control group on a clearly

inadequate intake

Underreporting error for energy intake in overweight boys and girls was 35+18%

EI a

s %

of T

EE

Girls Boys

Reported EI

Weight adjusted

MEI

TEE by DLW

Singh, 89(6):1744-1750, 2009

Concern with Diet Assessment for Observational Studies

Controlled Feeding Studies

• Historically ranked highest for evidence

for nutrients/diet

• Minimizes confounders and allows study

of range of known intakes

Animal Studies

• Can have controlled diet and sufficiently

long duration for cancer outcome

measures.• But relevance to humans?

• Invasive procedures

• Mechanistic

Future Needs

• Good biomarkers are the most needed tool in

research related to diet and health. Current

biomarkers for intake and health outcome

measures range from weak to moderately good.

Even the better ones need validation.

Many Kinds of Evidence

Basic

Research

Translational

Research

Efficacy

Studies

Effectiveness

Research

How does

it work?

Can it be

studied in

people?

Specific

effects?

How good

is the

translation?

Best recommendations

use the totality of

evidence with liberal

doses of critical thinking

and LOGIC!

The Role of Scientific Research in Food and Nutrition Policy

Roger Clemens, DrPH, CFS, CNS, FACN, FIFT, FIAFSTAdj Professor, Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences,

USC School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles

clemens@usc.edu

Disclosures for Roger Clemens

AFFILIATION/FINANCIAL

INTERESTS

(past 12 months)

CORPORATE ORGANIZATION

Grants/Research Support: None

Scientific Advisory

Board/Consultant:

Abbott Nutrition, Almond Board of California,

California Walnut Commission, Coca-Cola

(manuscript preparation), Corn Refiners Association

(honorarium for EB15), FMC Corp, McDonalds Corp,

Mushroom Council, Spherix Consulting, and

Numerous Law Firms

Speakers Bureau: Extensive Media Outlets (pro bono)

Stock Shareholder: None

Other None

The opinions and comments presented do not reflect those of the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committees, the USDA and CNPP, or HHS.

The opinions and comments expressed reflect evidence and perspectives as a member of the 2010 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee and as the sole food scientist on that committee.

Disclaimer

1930

Examine the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010 and determine topics for which new

scientific evidence is likely to be available that may inform revisions to the current

guidance or suggest new guidance.

Place its primary focus on the systematic review and analysis of the evidence published

since the last DGAC deliberations.

Place its primary emphasis on the development of food-based recommendations that

are of public health importance for Americans ages 2 years and older.

Prepare and submit to the Secretary of Health and Human Services and the Secretary

of Agriculture a report of technical recommendations, with rationales, to inform the

development of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. DGAC responsibilities include

providing authorship for this report; however, responsibilities do not include

translating the recommendations into policy or into communication and outreach

documents or programs.

Charge to the 2015 DGAC

http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015-binder/2015/chargeCommittee.aspxJune 2013

Assessing the Evidence

Observational claims are not necessarily validated via clinical trials.

Clinical studies among small populations do not necessarily translate to total population (think public policy)

Common words like “association,” “related,” and “relative risk” imply strength, yet upon review the work is generally quite weak

“Definitive solution will not come from another million observational papers or a few small randomized trials”

Ioannidis JPA BMJ 2013;347: doi: 10.1136/bmj.f6698

Systematic reviews and meta-analyses

Different inclusion/exclusion criteria impact results

Different statistical approaches and choices of covariates impact results

Dietary exposures are not accurate

Associations Causes

Research Bias

Nicklas et al., J Nutr 2014; doi: 10.3945/jn.114.194068

It is…important to not be distracted by questions that we have not been asked to address.

What was Asked?

What’s missing in many [meta analysis and systematic review] studies published since 2010 DGAC?

Undefined and inconsistent outcomes

Intention to treat analysis

Complete case analysis

Unexplained discontinuances

Imputed baseline data extended beyond current analysis

Multiple imputations in analyses

Kaiser et al. Obes Rev 2013; doi: 10.1111/obr.12048.

Ecological Relation of Water Intake with Prevalence of Overweight/Obesity: 1961-2000

Rise in obesity rates (round markers) and bottled water consumption (square markers). USA

Consumer Confusion

ConfidenceConfusion

IFIC 2012:• Three out of four consumers feel that changes in nutritional

guidance makes it hard to know what to believe

• Half believe it is easier to do their own taxes than to figure out how to eat healthfully

International Food Information Council Foundation 2012 Food & Health Survey . Consumer Attitudes Toward Food Safety, Nutrition & Health http://www.foodinsight.org/Content/3840/2012%20IFIC%20Food%20and%20Health%20Survey%20Report%20of%20Findings%20(for%20website).pdf

Do Scripted Diets Work for Policy?What about Low-fat Diets?

2015 DGAC Meeting 5, September 16, 2014

Comments

Chowdhury: “My take on this would be that it’s not saturated fat that we should worry about” in our diets.

Hu: The findings should not be taken as “a green light” to eat more steak, butter and other foods rich in saturated fat. … looking at individual fats and other nutrient groups in isolation could be misleading, because when people cut down on fats they tend to eat more bread, cold cereal and other refined carbohydrates that can also be bad for cardiovascular health.

Hu: “The single macronutrient approach is outdated. I think future dietary guidelines will put more and more emphasis on real food rather than giving an absolute upper limit or cutoff point for certain macronutrients.”

Hu: People should try to eat foods that are typical of the Mediterranean diet, like nuts, fish, avocado, high-fiber grains and olive oil.

Rajiv Chowdhury, PhDCardiovascular Epidemiologist

University of Cambridge

Frank Hu, MD, PhDProfessor of Nutrition and

EpidemiologyHarvard University

http://acsh.org/2014/03/huge-new-re-evaluation-saturated-fat-heart-risk-finds-link/March 18, 2014

Cholesterol is not a nutrient of concern for overconsumption.

Saturated fat is still a nutrient of concern for overconsumption, particularly for those older than the age of 50 years.

Dietary Cholesterol and Saturated Fat

There is insufficient evidence that an exchange of sugar for non-sugar carbohydrates results in lower body weights (a calorie = a calorie)

Observational (cross-sectional) studies suggest a possible relationship between consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) and body weight; no supporting RCTs

Insufficient evidence to support a difference between liquid and solid sugar intake and body weight control

Added Sugars and Body Weight

Key reference: van Baak & Astrup. Obes Rev 2009; 10 Suppl 1:9-23

Sugar in Research

Yan

g e

t al

., JA

MA

Inte

rn M

ed

20

14; d

oi:1

0.1

00

1/ja

mai

nte

rnm

ed

.20

13.1

356

3

Conclusions:• Increased calories … from added sugar … associated with increased risk of

CVD mortality• Consumption of SSB (aka sugar) is associated with elevated CVD mortalityRecommendation• Limit intake of calories … from added sugar

Headlines: Drink just one 12-ounce can of sugary soda every day, and you might be unwittingly increasing your risk of dying from heart disease, suggests a new study.

Agency Statement

2010 DGAC RCTs report that added sugars are not different from other calories in increasing energy intake or body weight. Systematic reviews in this area are also inconsistent.

EFSA 2012 …a cause and effect relationship has not been established between total sugar intake and body weight gain

WHO 2015 (Te Morenga et al, 2014)

‘Trials in children, which involved recommendations to reduce intake of sugar sweetened foods and beverages, had low participant compliance to dietary advice; these trials showed no overall change in body weight.’

German Nutrition Society 2012 In general, meta-analyses are inconsistent. The most recent meta-analysis concludes that the risk-increasing effect is limited to individuals with initially already increased BMI or existing overweight, respectively

American Heart Association, American Diabetes Association 2012

At this time, there are insufficient data to determine conclusively whether the use of NNS [non-nutritive sweeteners] to displace caloric sweeteners in beverages and foods reduces added sugars or carbohydrate intakes, or benefits appetite, energy balance, body weight, or cardiometabolic risk factors.

Sugar in Context

Percentiles of Usual Caffeine Intake by Age: Consumers Only

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

2-11 12-17 18-29 30-34 35-39 40-49 50-59 60+

mg

Caf

fein

e/d

Age (years)

10th

25th

50th

75th

90th

* Data Source: NHANES 2007-2010; n=13,923Courtesy of V.L. Fulgoni III, PhD, Nutrition Impact, LLC, August 5, 2013

Question What is the relationship between usual coffee/caffeine consumption

and health?

Conclusion Moderate evidence from observational studies indicates that

caffeine intake is not associated with risk of preterm delivery .

Grade Moderate

Higher caffeine [>300 mg/d] intake is associated with a small increased risk of miscarriage, stillbirth, low birth weight, and small for gestational age births.

These data should be interpreted cautiously due to potential recall bias in case-control studies and confounding by smoking and pregnancy signal symptoms.

Grade Limited

Caffeine & PregnancySC 5: Food Sustainability and Safety

Greenwood DC et al., Eur J Epidemiol. 2014; doi: 10.1007/s10654-014-9944-xMaslova E et al., Am J Clin Nutr. 2010; doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2010.29789

Coffee and Health History (1975 – 2015)

Early years identified many potential health effects of coffee and caffeine consumption

The preponderance of medical & scientific evidence clearly supports the position that moderate daily coffee consumption (about 3 - 5 cups), as part of a varied, balanced diet, is safe and is not associated with any adverse human health consequences

EFSA (January 2015)

• Single doses of caffeine up to 200 mg and daily intakes of up to 400 mg do not raise safety concerns for adults in Europe

• For pregnant women, caffeine intakes of up to 200 mg / d do not raise safety concerns for the unborn child

Sustainable diets:

A pattern of eating that promotes health and well-being and provides food security for the present population while sustaining human and natural resources for future generations.

Diets higher in plant-based foods, such as vegetables, fruits, whole grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds, and lower in calories and animal based foods is more health promoting and is associated with less environmental impact than is the current U.S. diet.

Food Sustainability

Congress and DGAC Sustainability

Source: 113th Congress 2nd Session. House of Representatives. Report 113-468. June 4, 2014. Pages 51-52

reject

Food Production (based on 2002 statistics)

Additional 7.4 million acres harvested croplandneeded to meet basic food groups

Additional 8.9 million acres needed to supportvegetable recommendations

Additional 4.1 million acres needed to supportfruit recommendations

Sufficient cropland devoted to wheat could be reduced by 5.6 million acres

Farm milk production must increase by 107.7 billion pounds

Agricultural Challenges - 2010

Page 136

Buzby, Wells and Vocke. Economic Research Report No. (ERR-31), November 2006

Develop and expand safe, effective, and sustainableagriculture and aquaculture practices to ensure availability of recommended amounts of healthy foods to all segments of the population. (Policy document) Aquaculture:

Globally, nearly 50% of the fish consumed relies on aquaculture farms

Domestically, about 20% of aquaculture production is marine species; the remainder is freshwater species

Some statistics suggest that harvesting of wild fish is not sustainable (need 155,000 tons edible portions of [low Hg] fish per year 345,000 tons of fresh fish, e.g., primarily salmon)

Exceeds annual global salmon supply by ~50%

Increase environmentally sustainable production of vegetables, fruits, and fiber-rich whole grains. (DGAC)

Sustainability of Dietary Guidelines

Must interconnect in policymaking that extends beyond nutrition.

Must leverage interdisciplinary expertise that embraces knowledge, technology and innovation plus sections outside of the food system to achieve a more encompassing food system

Develop a strong evidence-based approach to decision making

Engage global harmonization guidelines in regionally, culturally appropriate practices in food supply

USDA Budget

Food, Nutrition & Health

Secondary Education Challenge

Community Food Projects

Higher Education Challenge

1890 Capacity

Food Safety, AFRI

Climate Variability and Change, AFRI

Food Security, AFRI

Foundational Program, AFRI

Alaska Native & Native Hawaiian Institutions

Federally Recognized Tribes Extension Program

Hispanic-Serving Institutions Education

Multicultural Scholars

National Needs Graduate Fellowships

New Technologies for Ag Extension

Rural and Community Development, SBIR

Tribal Colleges Education Equity

Tribal Colleges Extension

Tribal Colleges Research

FDA Investment Further scientific knowledge about potential

food hazards

Expand on best safety practices

Better understand how consumers access, prepare, and use the foods they serve and eat

CFSAN Research Strategic Plan Globalization of the food supply chain

Changing industry processes

Consumer preferences for fresh and minimally processed foods

Science & Research (Food)

Where’s Food

Science and

Nutrition?

Immediacy

Sustainability

Resource management (land, water, energy)

Cultivars compatible with climate dynamics

Biodiversity

Supply chain (e.g., grains, fish price stability)

Globalization of food supply

R&D investment New technology and

innovation

Political tension unstable food supply

Food security policy

Poverty Inadequate food Decline physical and mental development

Rural development

hunger

Urgency for public and personal health

Urgency for collaborative funding

Urgency for the next generation

Call to Action

“A coordinated strategic plan that includes all sectors of society, including individuals, families, educators, communities, physicians and allied health professionals, public health advocates, policy makers, scientists, and small and large businesses (e.g., farmers, agricultural producers, food scientists, food manufacturers, and food retailers of all kinds), should be engaged in the development and ultimate implementation of a plan to help all Americans eat well, be physically active, and maintain good health and function.

It is important that any strategic plan is evidence-informed, action-oriented, and focused on changes in systems in these sectors” USDA

Abbott: Well, let’s see, we have on the bags. Who’s on first, What’s on second, I Don’t Know is on third…

Where are we now?

William "Bud" Abbott & Lou Costello

1938

While Diet Is Linked to Health, Much Confusion Exists

About What to Eat and Under What Circumstances!!

Thank you for attending today.

Are there any questions?