National EmpowermentA Stronger Nation (Unit 6)

Identify and describe events in the early 20th century that led Canada toward independence

Examine Canada’s and Newfoundland’s participation in the First World War

Explain the effects of the First World War on Canada and Newfoundland

Events Leading Toward Independence

Self-governing dominions 1910– England still controlled foreign policies

South African War 1901– first step in creating a Canadian military

Alaskan Boundary Dispute 1903– Canadians angry with Britain & saw U.S. as threat

Naval Service Bill 1910– creation of Canadian navy

Nationalist views– Pushed for greater independence

More Events Leading Toward Independence-p.263

Canada got its own flag 1965 National Anthem 1980 “O Canada” (c.1901)

popular in Quebec 1880

Red Ensign

Diamond Jubilee - Colonial Conference

QuickTime™ and a decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Anglophone

Imperialists

Britain Chamberlain

Francophone

Nationalists

-closer ties with Britain

-wanted strong ties with Britain

-wanted greater indepence for Canada

Sunnyways approach1. Praised Britain. Politely but firmly refused closer ties with Britain.2. Visited France and praised France

South African (Boer) War

QuickTime™ and a decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Anglophone

Imperialists

Sam Hughes

Britain Chamberlain

Francophone

Nationalists

Bourassa

-Colonies should help British empire

-Send Canadian troops

-Wanted quick and positive response to Britain’s request

-Send troops

-Felt a far away war was of no concern or threat to Canada

-Canada should stay out

Sunnyways approach1. Laurier said Canada was not required to send troops to a British war that did not directly involve Canada.2. But volunteers that wanted to go and help Britain were organized, equipped and transported by the Canadian government.3. Laurier said Canada did not have to help in future British wars

Alaskan Boundary Dispute

thecanadianencyclopedia.com

Issue: disagreement about the border between Canada & the U.S. where B.C. and Alaska meet

Economic benefit from Klondike Gold Rush depended on owning good harbours in the north.

6-member commission

(3 Americans,

2 Canadians,

1 British) to decide the issue.

Note:

-Canada did not control its own foreign affairs.

-First Nations were not consulted.

Results:

-British official sided with American

Reasons:

-Britain wanted U.S. support if Germany started a war.

Laurier worked to get Canada more control of foreign affairs.

Naval Service Bill

QuickTime™ and a decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Anglophone

Imperialists

Britain Francophone

Nationalists

Bourassa

-worried about strength of German navy

-asked Canada for money to build warships

-send immediate aid (money) to Britain

-against sending money to Britain

-focus on building our own military forces

Sunnyways approach1. Naval Service Bill: Canada would create its own navy.2. Canadian navy would defend Canada and could be lent to Britain in times of war.3. Navy: 2 old ships (Niobe & Rainbow) purchased from Britain.4. 400 crew and officers to run the ships.Reactions: Imperialists embarrassed by small navy (Tin-Pot Navy). Nationalists thought it

would be useless in defending Canada and did not want to offer to lend it to Britain.

First World War (Great War)Canadian Participation

Chain of Events Arms Race Balkans Black Hand Assassination Declare War Canada Joins

– 30 000 army– 8000 horses– 1000 Nfld.– 600 000 end

Who Enlisted (CEF)? p.279-281

First Nations, Inuit, and Métis– 33%

British-Canadian– 31%

French-Canadian– 15% (discrimination)

African-Canadian– #2 Construction, 960– Racism

Newfoundland– 35%

F. Pegahmagabow

VAD ambulance

Number 2 Construction Battalion

Major Vanier

Over There p.282-286

Trench Warfare– Over the top

War in the Air– Cda. 25% of RAF– Billy Bishop (72)– Roy Brown (Red Baron)– Black Flight

War at Sea– Shipbuilding– Supply Britain

2nd Battle of Ypres– 6035 Cda. died in 2 days– Held the line for 16 days

Battle of the Somme– Newfoundland Regiment

of 801 only 68 survived– 8000 Cda. killed (141 d.)

Vimy Ridge– French & British failed– Cda. practiced– Surprise attack in storm

and bombardment– 3598 killed; 6000

wounded

Canadians capture Vimy Ridge

Effect of World War I Life on the Home Front Conscientious objectors

– White feather symbol Victory Bonds Women Take Charge Young People Halifax Explosion Feeding the Allies Munitions Industry War Measures Act Income Tax Enemy Aliens

Life on the Home Front Conscription Armistice Long-Term Effects

– Debt– French vs. English– National respect– Newfoundland’s foreign

affairs– Aboriginal people

discriminated against– African-Canadians faced

mixed reaction