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National Digital Newspaper Program A Case Study in Sharing, Linking, and Using Data MONDAY, JUNE 11, 2012 By Nathan Yarasavage, Robin Butterhof, Chris Ehrman ACM/IEEE 2012 Joint Conference on Digital Libraries Acknowledgements The National Digital Newspaper Program is funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities and supported by the Library of Congress. Chronicling America, including its API and the LC Newspaper Viewer software, has been developed by the Repository Development Center (RDC) at LC. Special acknowledgements include: Leslie Johnston and the staff of the RDC; Teri Sierra; Mark Sweeney; and Deborah Thomas. References and Links [1] Library of Congress. National Digital Newspaper Program. Accessed Jan. 30, 2012. http://www.loc.gov/ndnp/. [2] Library of Congress. Chronicling America. Accessed Jan. 30, 2012. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/. [3] Littman, J. 2006. A Technical Approach and Distributed Model for Validation of Digital Objects, D-Lib Magazine, 12, 5. [4] Murray, R. 2005. Toward a Metadata Standard for Digitized Historical Newspapers. Proceedings of the 5th ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries, 330-331. [5] The British Newspaper Archive. Accessed Jan. 30, 2012. http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/. [6] Klijn, E. 2008. The Current State-of-Art in Newspaper Digitization: A Market Perspective. D-Lib Magazine, 14, 1/2. [7] Library of Congress. Chronicling America. About the Site and API. Accessed Jan. 30, 2012. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/about/api/. [8] Library of Congress. BagIt Specification. Accessed Jan. 30, 2012. http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/documents/bagitspec.pdf. [9] Library of Congress. Chronicling America. Data. Accessed Jan. 30, 2012. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/data/. [10] Sitemaps.org. Accessed Jan. 30, 2012. http://www.sitemaps.org/. [11] WorldCat Search API. Accessed Jan. 30, 2012. http://www.worldcat.org/affiliate/tools?atype=wcapi. [12] Digging Into Data Challenge. Accessed Jan. 30, 2012. http://www.diggingintodata.org. [13] Stanford University. Data Visualization: Journalism’s Voyage West. Accessed Jan. 30, 2012. http://www.stanford.edu/group/ruralwest/cgi-bin/drupal/visualizations/us_newspapers. [14] BeingNumerous. Genealogies of Old newspapers. Accessed Jan. 30, 2012. http://beingnumero.us/blog/2010/05/genealogies-of-old-newspapers/. [15] Github. Linkypedia. Accessed Jan. 30, 2012. https://github.com/edsu/linkypedia. [16] Sourceforge. LC Newspaper Viewer. Accessed Jan. 30, 2012. http://sourceforge.net/apps/trac/loc-ndnp/. [17] University of Oregon. Historic Oregon Newspapers. Accessed Jan. 30, 2012. http://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/. National Digital Newspaper Program (NDNP) Using common Web protocols and linked data principles, the Application Programming Interface (API) for Chronicling America promotes a wide range of data use. Through the API, several views of the digitized content and metadata are publicly visible, with no restrictions to access. No API key is required [7]. OpenSearch Searching across the Chronicling America Newspaper Directory of over 140,000 newspaper MARC title records is possible using the OpenSearch protocol and the OpenSearch Description document describing Chronicling America’s search engine. CORS and JSONP Support Chronicling America has been constructed to integrate with third-party JavaScript applications, with support for both Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS) and JavaScript Object Notation with padding (JSONP) responses. Sitemap Protocol Chronicling America follows the Sitemap protocol [10], providing an index of URLs linked from the site’s robots.txt file. The National Digital Newspaper Program (NDNP) [1] is a partnership between the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) and the Library of Congress (LC) to create and maintain an Internet-based, freely-accessible, searchable database of U.S. newspaper information and select digitized pages. This database is known as Chronicling America [2]. Awardees select titles, arrange for either in-house or vendor-based digitization to the NDNP specification [4], and complete quality assurance of the data using the LC provided Digital Viewer and Validator (DVV), a JSTOR/Harvard Validation Environment (JHOVE) based tool allowing viewing of NDNP data and validation of select technical aspects of the files [3]. Chronicling America is the website providing access to the NDNP resources, which include: - 140,114 newspaper records - 385 title essays - Almost 5 million digitized pages Chronicling America http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/ NEH provides 2-year grants for state institutions (awardees) to digitize 100,000 pages of microfilmed newsprint, published between 1836 and 1922. To date, 28 states have contributed to the program. NDNP Digitization Specification API Using NDNP Data Linked Data Resource Description Framework (RDF) representations of the resources, using existing and new vocabulary terms, have been employed. A resource map of all newspapers is available for clients interested in harvesting NDNP objects. The concepts of newspaper titles and issues available in the data are described as Title (defined in DCMI Metadata Terms) and Issue (defined in the Bibliographic Ontology). The site also defines concepts not already defined in existing ontologies. This vocabulary includes elements suitable for newspaper information and the NDNP program, including these elements (Awardee, Batch, Page, number, section, sequence). Aggregations The OAI-ORE specification allows LC to define aggregations of resources (pages) on the site that compose a single unit. For example, using the OAI-ORE vocabulary, the site can link Page resource to the JPEG2000, PDF, and OCR file counterparts. Batch, Title and Issue resources are related to Pages using the OAI-ORE vocabulary. One can “view HTML source” on Title, Issue, Page and Batch views to discover the referenced RDF/XML file in a link element as an OAI-ORE Resource Map. More info about the NDNP API is available at: http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/about/api/ Chronicling America has welcomed academic research by providing API documentation on the site as well as joining the list of repositories for the NEH sponsored Digging into Data Challenge [12]. For a 2011 Challenge award, researchers from the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and the University of Toronto will mine the OCR text to examine public opinion and information dissemination during the 1918 Influenza Pandemic. In a visualization project, Stanford researchers used MARC records from the newspaper directory to map the growth of American newspapers [13] (Figure 7). Chronicling America also inspired a visualization project on the evolution of individual newspaper titles through mergers and acquisitions [14]. Linkypedia, a project developed by Ed Summers, shows how Chronicling America content has been reused or linked within Wikipedia [15]. Chronicling America’s raw OCR text has been used in numerous other academic research endeavors. # Hi Robot, welcome to Chronicling America User-agent: * Disallow: /nothing---please-crawl-us-- Disallow: /beta Sitemap: http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/sitemap.xml r vlSMffe; j9C-v-- - psoai' HOV 1898 For an important offer For an important olfer strictly limited to sub strictly limited to rs scribers see Eighth Page 3TT ITIT f I ;wft see Eighth Page Bm Cwyk oLA .L Hr&mL ;.;2s!i2Il! 5 &0tarf0rJiiR 5. ,5 c ESTABLISHED 1877-jSt- EW SERIES. WASHINGTON, D. 0., THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 10, 1898. oag VOL. XVIH-N-O. NO. ?d0. PEJSSYLirfiJffl THE UfllTED HESEHES. STATES GMTOIt. Career of These Veterans from Cold Harbor to Appomattox. Organizations Which Did Gallant Service Led by Good Officers, Dis cipline and 'Bravery Saved Them from Annihilation on Hard-Foug-Fields Memorable Combats. BY R. E. McBRIDE, Co. C, 190th Pa. The division known as the Pennsylvania Reserves, which had among itsofficers during the first year of its service such distinguished soldiers as Meade, Reynolds, Ord and Sey- mour, finished its history May 30, 1864, at Bethesda Church. The men who had not went home, and the remaining fragments of these regiments were organized into two veteran regiments, numbered 190th and 191st, or 1st and 2d Yeteran Reserves, with an aggregate of about 1,429 officers and men, the former under the command of Col. "W. R. Hartshorue, formerly of the 13th Re- serves; the latter under Col. James Carl, of the 6th Reserves. They constituted the Third Brigade, Third Division, Fifth Corps. For some cause Col. Hartshorne was absent until after the army readied Petersburg, and the 190th was commanded by Lieut.-Co-Joseph B. Pattee, while Col. Carl commanded the brigade until Aug. 19, 1864. These men participated in the operations around Cold Harbor, though fortunately without loss, so far as can now be remem- bered or ascertained, except Serg't Woodard, of Co. A, 190th, who was killed June 3. There may have been other casualties, but the records of that period are defective. On June 13 they skirmished near White Oak Swamp, with a loss of two killed, 10 wounded, one officer and six men missing. In this affair Lieut-Co- l. Pattee's horse was shot under him. Although the organization was so recent that the men had become but little acquainted with each other or with their officers, they acquitted themselves in a creditable manner. The night of the 13th they marched toward the James River, and reached a point near Willcox Landing on the 14th. In this movement they started on the after- noon of the 12th, short of provisions, and no rations were issued till the afternoon of the loth, except some fresh beef just as they were starting. We are not certain from the re- marks occasionally dropped by the boys that this long fast made them any more religious. On the 16th they were ferried across the river ioWindmill Poiut, and in the afternoon auarched for Petersburg. The afternoon of the 17th the Third Divis- ion was in line on the left of the Ninth Corps, the other two divisions being held to meet any attack which might come from the left. In the lighting of the 17th and 18th the Filth Corps advanced over open and difficult ground, exposed to heavy artillery fire, but the attack was well made, and the enemy was driven back to the position which ihey held during the subsequent siege. Gen. Grant writes to Meade June 18, 10 p. m.: "I am perfectly satisfied that all has been done that could be done.'' The army then in- trenched and awaited developments. DOING THEIR DUTY. The Veteran Reserves had their part in these events. The evening of the 18th found them on that part of the line near where Fort Haskell was located later, from which the spires of Petersburg were plainly visible, bo close to the main works of the enemy that dropped far to their rear. They lost one officer and20 men killed, nine officers and 85 men wounded. Lieut.-Co- l. Pattee was severely wounded, and was brevetted Colonel for gallant conduct. Capt. Robert G. Christ-not- t, of the 190th, was killed, and Lieut. Ed. Greenfield was mortally wounded. The Reserves were withdrawn from this part of the line, and rested for one da', on June 23. 2sext day they moved to the left, and relieved some men of the Second Corps on the Jerusalem road. Here they remained till about July 1, when they were placed on the Hue west of the road, their right extend- ing to the road and facing the west. Here they were engaged in work on a fort until about the middle of the month, when they went on picket further to the west and south. It was called picket, but in fact they were the only troops along tiiat part of the line. Perhaps some of the readers of The National TrJUl'NE donot know that about this time the Army of the Potomac could not muster 30,000 muskets, so much had its ranks been depleted by losses, by the muster-ou- t of regiments, and by the withdrawal of the Sixth Corps for the protection of Washing- ton. The' were posted In strong and were sufficient to hold this part of the line with reasonable security. In the latter part of June the 190th had been armed with the Spencer rifle, andan intrenched skirmish-lin-e armed with this weapon was a formidable obstacle to any force. They remained here 18 days. It was a period of comparative quiet, but yet of monot onous diucomlort. Ihe works which theyheld had been occupied by the Second Corps, had been taken and retaken, and the field con- tested with such determination that the ground was thickly marked with graves. Many of the dead had been so inadequately buried that the soil had been washed away from them and left exposed portions of the decaying bodies. There were swarms of tl ics, pestilential odors, and a thousand present reminders of "the wicked insanity of war." During July the loss was three wounded. There was a good deal of sickness, and the only wonder is that there was not more. Col. Jiartshome returned July 2G, and as-- trained command of the 190th. IJf THE THICK OF IT. The disaster which is ever memorable in the history of the Veteran Reserves occurred on Aug. 19. "Warren was ordered to take and hold the "Weldon Railroad. This was done on the 18th and 39th, and on sub- sequent days the rebels made desperate efforts to recover it The wooded and broken ground of this region was very diff- icult for such operations, and there was much confusion and some misunderstanding of orders. Gen. Crawford's Third Division was on the right of the corps, with his right ''in the air," and nothing between him and the Jerusalem plank ioad, a distance of about a mile. Gen. Bragg was ordered to support Crawford and cover this gap with skir-- ..-. v - : THE UNITED STATES CAPITOL. Here a Disastrous Explosion and Fire Occurred on Nov. 6, Wrecking Parts of the Building and Injuring Valuable Records.' miskera. By some misunderstanding he took position a mile or more to the rear. Before this mistake could be corrected, Gen. Mahone with three brigades passed through the gap and furiously assailed Craw- ford from the rear while other' troops engaged the front. A desperate conflict ensued, in which there was not much opportunity for military skill, but which furnished the severest test of the fighting qualities of both sides. Regiments and portions of regiments, both rebel and Union, were completely enveloped by opposing lints, and yet by some turn of fortune escaped. Some appear to entertain the opinion that at this time the soldiers were "weary of the war, and the fighting was merely a perfunc- tory performance. This idea originated from the Copperhead papers of the North and from d orators afraid of the draft who howled for peace at any price, and depicted the awful condition of the army as an excuse for their own cowardly spirit and treasonable utterances. The real condition was quite the contrary. The soldiers fought with as much vim and enthusiasm, with as much skill and as desperate valor as at any period of the war. The same is true of both tils' "Union and the Confederate army, and this spirit continued till the last shot was fired at .Appomattox. The following occurrence, the account of which is drawn partly from Confederate sources, took place during this struggle for the "Weldou road. STIKKIXO IXCIDEXTS. Gen. Uagood's rebel brigade was at one time almost surrounded, and their surrender wa3 considered certain. Capt. Dailey, of Cutler's staff, rode among them, seized a battleflag from the hands of its bearer, and ordered the men to throw down their arms. Those immediately about himobeyed. Gen. liagood, who was on foot, approached and demanded back the flag, and that he go back within his own lines, telling himthat he was free to do so. Dailey began to argue the hopelessness of resistance. " Hagood cut him short, and demanded a categorical reply Yes or No. Dailey was a man of fine presence, with a flowing beard, and Kit with loosened reins upon a g bay, that stood with head and tail erect and flashing eye and distended nostrils, quivering in every limb with excitement, but not moving in his tracks. In reply to this abrupt demand the rider raised his head proudly, and decidedly answered ' No !' " llagood then shot him through the body, and he fell from his horse, llagood then mounted the horse and ordered his men to make a hurried retreat. Such waslhe situation of the Union troops that any effective fire would have been as destructive to friend as to foe, and so part of this force got through, though many of them were made prisoners. This incident will serve to show the pecu liar conditions of the fight, and also the spirit with which the battle was fought on both sides. Men were captured, and before they could be taken from the field the captors themselves were made prisoners. Gen. Craw- ford himself was at one time in the hands of the enemy, and escaped by some such turn of fortune. At last the enemy was beaten at every point and driven from the field, aud night found our lines firmly established. The prixe of the combat, the Weldou road, was held by the Union forces, and the Confederates were de- prived of another important line of supplies. TAKEN PRISONERS. "When this affair began the Reserves were at the front as skirmishers. They repulsed a determined front attack without much diffi- culty or loss, and supposed that all was well, but while their attention was thus engaged a rebel vaj closing in on their rear. Jinny of the ollicera and men knew nothing of this until ordered to surrender. Some, however, discovered the situation, and succeded in evading capture. Nearly of them yielded to the inevitable, and weiti made prisoners. One officer and four men were killed, one officer and 17 men wounded, 30 officers and 59 men were miss- ing. Of those who were captured 251 died in prison. About 300 men were left from this disaster. Of the officers who escaped were Capt. Birk-ma-Capt. Kinsey, Lieut. Peacock and Adj't Wright, of the 190th; Capt, Norton and Lieut. Slater, of the 191st. Lieut. Steele, of the 190th, was desperately wounded, and Lieut. Henry L. Stock was killed. On the 21st the Reserves assisted in repuls- ing a stubborn attack of the enemy near the Yellow House--, and had a chance to even matters up a little by inflicting heavy loss on their assailants. This was the only time they fought from behind intrenchments, ex- cept skirmish-pit- Captl Birkmau was in command. The same day they were transferred to the First Brigade, and on the 12th of the follow- ing month they were transferred to the Sec- ond Division, where they remained till the close of the war. Lieut.-Co-l. Pattee, though still suffering from the wound received June 18,. and also one received 3 ay 30, returned about Sept. 1 and .took command of the two regiments, which acted as a single battalion from this time till the close of the war. - Sept. 30 they participated in the battle of Poplar Springs Church, in which they lost two men killed, one officer and two men wounded and one missing. The officer wounded Avas Adj't Wright, a German, lfo was struck about the head by a musket-bal- l, and fell to the ground senseless. He was supposed to be killed, but presently he scrambled briskly to his feeb and ex- claimed, with evident confusion of mind: " Py , I votes for Lincoln ! " In the movement on Hatcher's Run, Oct. 8, they were on the field, but did not become engaged, and suffered no loss. This was the year of the Presidential-election- , and the Pennsylvania soldiers voted. The baUot of the Reserves was as follows: Lincoln, 272; McClcllan, 125. Total, 397. On the somewhat violent supposition that none of the boys who were under the legal age did any of the voting, the command must have numbered well beyond 400 at this date. Wiuter quarters were now built, and the z i-na a a i JT it h o a a a p n n n a Vr 30 r . BHaa o o ca o o oj3fl' isslsiiee T-- tit, THE front. boys hoped for a quiet time, but in this they were mistaken. On Dec 7 Fifth Corps started on the "Weldou raid. The object of this was to tear up some more of the Weldou road and to create a diversion which might Gen. Butler's expedition against Wil- mington, N. C. The Notaway River was reached in tho evening. During the night the corps crossed the river, and pressed on toward the Weldou road, reaching it not far from where it crosses the Notaway River. Tho of destruction began toward evening, and during most of the night. Those who witnessed the night work, lighted up bonfires of ties, will not soon forget the stir- ring scene as men whirled the rails and attached ties over from the road-be-with shout and ringing cheer, and then wrenched the rails apart and ties from the rails, and built great fire3 of ties, on hich rails were heated and ruined for future use. Toward morning the work ceased, and got such sleep and rest as they could with chill night and their wet blankets. Early in tho morning the work was re- sumed and continued all day. In the even- ing, but arms and ac-- conferments where they took sapper, the troops crossed a small stream and tore up the road to Hicksford, on theMcherrin Jliver. This place vra3 held bjr n considerable force of infantry and artille,, but no attempt was made against them, as the expedition had now accomplished all that was intended. Dnring this night "work a man of the Reserves was caught under the track as it was overturned, and instantly killed. This was the only casual tytwhich occurred in the command dnring the This was a night of great suffering for the men. The mud was deep, and a storm of sleet and snow, driven by a strong wind, ren- dered the tedious hours almost unendurable. Next morning the ictnrn march began. The was iipfc sufficiently frozen to bear up, and theXdy' march was made through the icy siish..iThe mud was so deep that it camediir atjovc our and with the cola and gritty mud, the chafed feet of thc'mcn rendered marching one continuous torture. 'jThey struggled on heroically throughjihis clay and the next. This brought them again to .the Notaway River, which they 'rcerossed in evening, and camped the night not far from where they spent part of the night on their out- ward march. The weather iiojv grew CDldcr, and by morning the groiind 'was frozen solid. The ESiEB'j Tt&Wrl1 iSpHB' f.a iwfrt :w i Wr? !&4?4 w,.i O work raid. we're, all footspre; and they hobbled along painfully. i Reaching the vicinity of Petersburg, the built Winter quarters- for the second time, and resumed the usual routine of life. ' I AGAINST'THE REBEL RIGHT. v ; On Feb. 5 Tfcgun another movement toward the Since the destruc- tion of the Weldou road during the raid of December the rebels had brought supplies by v-'- - t i wagoiffrom Hicksford to Petersburg by way of Boyd ton plank raid. Grant deter- mined to break up this line of The cavalry, under Gregg, was to push rap- idly to Dinwiddie Courthouse. Warren was to take position y between Gregg and Hatcher's with two divis- ions of Corps, was to take posi- tion on Hatcher's Run at crossing of Vaughftn road" and at Armstrong's Mill. Below the coufiuence of Hatcher's Run and uravclly Run stream is known as Creek. The road to Djnwiddic crosses this creek-a- Wm. Perkins's. The crossing was dispiited by a small 7orce of rebel in- fantry. The corps reached this place about 10 a. m., andjfound some "cavalry skirmish- ing with thecnemy, but 'unable to drive them away. The Thiid Brigade was ordered forward to accomplish the task. The Reserves, under Pattee, came up at a double-quic- and when about opposite the Perkins buildings were ordered to file right and deploy skirmishers. As they deployed they also began to advance, and the time the rear of the had left the road the others were charging across the iield toward the enemy. They expected to "rush" the rebels, but on reaching the creek they found it too deep for fording, and the enemy in good rifle-pi-on the other bank, about 25 yards away. At first their fire wa3 lively, but soon they became rattled, and would scarcely risk their heads above the pits for a moment. Trees were chopped down so as to fall across the stream, and on these part of the men crossed while the others kept up a rapid fire.' When enough of the men were a rnsh was made for the pits, and the affair was quickly ended. Some of tho defenders escaped, but 27 were captured. When the work was. about finished the rest of tho brigade reached the stream in line-of-- oQf o'q SlsTJ fW ll battle, and received some of the last bullets fired by the rebels. Therewas.no need to bring themdown, as the Reserves were getting on very well. They were quite strong enough, and there was no necessity of exposing a larger number of men to fire of so small a force of the enemy. The bridge was rebuilt 1 p. m., and the corps passed on to the Vaughn road. The remainder of the afternoon w.as spent in this vicinity without any evidence of the presence of the enemy in force, and about 9 p. m. Warren was ordered to the right, where Humphreys had experienced some hard fight- ing. It required until (J a. m. to reach the point designated, as a storm had come on and the night was dark. The weather had turned very" cold, and tho men got neither rest nor sleep, At 12:15 p. m. on 6th Warren received orders to make a reconnoissance to the south and west of Hatcher's Run, to ascertain the position of the enemy. Crawford was on the right with Third Division, Ayres on the left with the Second Division, and Griffin was in reserve with the First. The ground was mostly covered with timber aud thick brush. While this advance was in progress some stampeded cavalry ran into Ayrcs's line, throwing the Third Brigade into confusion. The division moved on without waiting this brigade to get up, and when it moved on a little later it got in too far to the left, and became exposed to a flank fire. It held its own, however, for nearlj-- two hours, aud was then withdrawn. The Reserves lost nine wonnded, and the total loss of the brigade was 71. By the morning of the 7th the storm had cleared away and the ground was frozen. During the forenoon the Reserves were thrown forward as a reconnoissance, and found that the enemy had retired within their lines, leaving only a thin skirmish-lin- The Union intrenchments were ex- tended to Hatcher's Run at crossing of theVaughen road. The Second Corps held the left of the line, and the Fifth Corps was massed in the rear of the left of the Second, and picketing the left of army. For lima iniiu ims season tne bunt Winter quarters. Tho 157th added to Col. Pattco's command in tho latter part of March, giving tri"i-s- 0. .,.,- - MBfiasy 3hiliULl ilnnnnnnnRnnnQOa rebeiight. RuiijjHumphreys, .''-- . IS?33k5Sj . I --n r fev" IsSt SSr nn "V.i ig' 'rl uH PRINCIPAL FLOOR PLAN OF UNITED STATES CAPITOL. The explosion took place under the Supreme Court apartments, in the in the old part of the East the favor con- tinued by the the the men the leaving everything ground the for men men camp was. the supply. the the by command over the by the the for righted now the tho the men Pa. was himin all about 500 men. The three frag- ments were never actually consolidated, but acted together as a regimental unit. THE PiNAIi CAMPAIGN. March 29 began the final campaign. The corps crossed Rowanty Creek at Monk's Neck Bridge, the scene of the sharp skirmish.which the Reserves had Feb. 5. Again tho Third Brigade had the advance. The 210th Pa. was deployed as skirmishers, while the Re- serves were put in This gave the latter occasion to exercise the great American privilege of finding fault. The boys watched the men of the 210th as they deployed their skirmish-lin-e with deliberate exactness, and criticized every move and grumbled to their heart's content. The enemy did not dispute the crossing of the creek. The line of march was now the same as on Feb. 5, but on reaching the Quaker road the Second and Third Divisions moved up it some distance and formed facing west. The First Division passed up the road farther toward the Boydton plank road, and about 4 p. m. encountered the enemy and drove him back to where the roadcrosses Hatcher's Run. When the Second Division formed the 210th Pa. was again deployed as skirmishers, and after some firing sent back one prisoner. This was the only sign of rebels in this viciuity on the 29th. The Re- serves were deployed later, and remained on skirmish-lin-e till morning. The left of the army now extended to the Boydton plank road, the left of Griffin hold- ing that road, his right joining the Second Corps near the Crow House, Crawford on the road, thus covering the left flank, and Ayres in reserve. The object of subsequent move ments was to extend our position farther to the left, and flank tho rebel position on the "White Oak road. .The morning of the 30th, while Griffin was putting his lines in proper shape along his front, Ayres was moved across the plank road to extend our lines to the left. The Reserves were deployed as skirmishers, and pressed for ward until their line, joining the pickets of the First Division on the right, and facing the rebel position along the White Oak road at a distance of from a half to a quarter of a mile, extended almost to Wm. Dabnev's. Here they threw up skirmish-pit-At 4 p. m. Wilcox's Confederate division made an attack on Griffin's front, but was easily repulsed. In frout of the Reserves the rebel fire increased somewhat, but they did not advance. A heavy rain storm began on the 29th, which continued till the night of the 30th, rendering the roads almost impassable, and adding greatly to the discomfort of all. IN A TIGHT PLACE. About 10 a. m. on the 31st the Reserves were relieved by men of the Third Division, and moved toward the left to rejoin the bri- gade. Before this was accomplished the flank and rear attack began. Col. Pattee promptly grasped the situation. He halted his com mand and bronght it to a front, thus facing toward the picket-pit-s which his men had held the past 21 honrs. The men who had relieved them were unable to withstand the attack then being made by a brigade from the rebel works. The success of this attack would render still more desperate the position of the two divisions now assailed on the left flank and rear. "Waiting a few moments, whik the bullets pattered like and shells from tho rebel artillery screeched and bellowed through the brush, Pattee ordered the men to deploy. At the same time they advanced and weut to work. They seized the nits along part of the line, and from these they easily clieckecl the advance ot the enemy, but on their left the pits at once became use less Di niu uuvauce or me enemy on tho flank and rear. Soon the entire lino was turned to the left backward as they faced the foe. They were finally forced into the shape of an oxbow, the enemy closing in on all sidesvexcept a comparatively nirrow space toward the rear. This space wasai right angles with the line they at first held. Through this they finally made their way, but continued the contest with renewed determination. They had now reached a point where the rebels were on ground a little higher than that which they occupied Behind them (Continued en second iae.) A Destructive Mre ? the Su- preme Court Apartments. Something of the Noble Building which is the Pride of All Americans Tha Grandest Edifice in the "World De- tails of the Fire. The destructive and wholly unexpected fire which broke out in the Capitol of tha "United States on last Sunday evening attracts the attention of every American tothat grand edifice, around which the history of tha United States has centered for more than a century. WHAT THE BUILDINO IS. In the opinion of many competent observers the "United States Capitol is incomparably tha finest building in the world. It is the only great building erected distinctly for a Na- tional Capitol, and for more than a century there has been lavished upon it all tha6 architectural art could suggest or money procure to make it ideal for its purpose. Differing fromall other National Capitohj it stands alone, on a commanding hight, sepa- rated by hundreds of feet of beantiful grounds from any other building. The site waa chosen by George Washington himself, and cannot be surpassed anywhere. The western portico- overlooks the greater part of Wash- ing, with the noble stretch of Pennsylvania Avenue as far as the Treasury and the "White House. In the distance, on the other side of the Potomac, rise the beautiful Hights of Arlington. The southern portico, or House Wing, looks over southeast "Washington, the broad estuary of the lower Potomac, with Alexandria and Mt. Vernon at the limits of the horizon. The northern portico, or the Senate Wing, gives a view of northeast Washington as far as the eminence crowned by the white masses of the Soldiers' Home. The east front, and which was intended to be the main one, and a picture of which wo give, looks out upon the level plain on which the eastern part of the city is built. At tho edge of this plain is Anacostia River, and rising above it a line of hills which meet the sky and form the horizon. The east front received most of the embel- lishment in the earlier construction of tha Capitol. The central portico is intended for the main entrance, and has 24 ponderous col- umns ofsandstoue, each composed ox asingle stone, and 30 feet high. On the tympanum of the portico 13 a design drawn by John Quincy Adams and carved by Persico, a dis- tinguished Roman sculptor. It represents America, witn a smeia ana spear. On tho shield are the letters "TJ. S. A.," and rests on a low altar, decorated with a wreath of oak leaves, and the date, "July 4, 1776." At the feet of America are a large eagle and figures of Justice and Hope. Fine statues of "War and Peace stand on either side of tha main entrance. Over the door is a of Washington being crowned with a laurel wreath by .Fame and Peace. Broad stone steps flanked by buttresses ascend to the portico. On one of these but tresses is a marble group representing tho "'Discovery of America." On the opposite buttress is a marble group by Horatio Green-oug- h, representing "Civilization, or the First Settlement of America." The main entrance-i-closed by a superb bronze door 19 feefc high and nine feet wide, designed by Ran- dolph Rogers, and covered with panels repre- senting scenes in the life of Columbus. On this portico stand the Presidents of tha United States when they take the oath of office. The Senate and House Wings have each fine marble porticoes, embellished with stately columns, bronze doors, and fine groups and reliefs, executed by eminent sculptors. Over all rises the magnificent dome of tho Capitol, which has no equal in the world for classic beauty. Eight years wererequired to build it, nearly 4,000 tons of iron, and ife cost $1,250,000. So carefully and thoroughly was the work done that it is not believed that it will ever need repairs. The chancres of temperatnre were carefnlly calculated and the whole mass moves " like the folding and unfolding of a lily." The dome is thickly covered with white paint every year, and ifc is believed that it will withstand the winds and rains for 1,000 years. Above the dome is a lantern, 50 feet high and 15 feet in diameter. It contains a large reflecting lamp, which is lighted whenever Congress ia in session. On top of the lantern stands a statue of Freedom, designed by Thos. Crawford, 19 feet high, and weighing 14,985 pounds. Ife rests upon a globe inscribed " Pluribus Unum," and cost $24,000. The figure is that of a Goddess of Liberty, and its head is crowned with a helmet surrounded by a circlet of stars, and topped with a bunch of plumes. The statue was put in place Dec. 2, 1863. OEEENOUGn'S STATUE OF WASHINGTON. Some distance in front of the main en- trance, and out of reach of the camera which took our picture, stands Greenough's cele- brated statue of Washington, which Congress ordered in 1832, intending to place it over a tomb of Washington to be constructed in tho rotunda. But the heirs of Washington de- clined to allow his remains to be, transferred from Mt. Vernon, and the statue was placed outside to help decorate the magnificent grounds, 'lliese comprise 46 acres, and are as fine a specimen of landscape gardening as can be found in the world. Beyond tha eastern edge of the Capitol grounds stands the magnificent Congressional Library, over which every visitor" goes into enthusiastic admiration. STATISTICS OF THE CAPITOL. The Capitol stands on ground rising 88 feet above the level of the Potomac. Tho corner-ston-e was laid Sept. 18, 1793t by George Washington, with Masouic cere monies. The original Hmgs for the Senate and House were finished in 1811, and con- nected with a wooden passageway. Aug. 24, 1814, the British destroyed this and the interior of the Wings by fire. The damage was immediately repaired, and the buildiug completed according to the original designs in 1S27. The material used was sandstone from quarries at Aquia Creek, Ya. July 4, 1S51, the extension was begun by building marble Wings at each end for tha accommodation of the House and Senate. These were completed and occupied Jan. 4, 1859. The old Senate Chamber was given to the Supreme Court, and the old Hell of tho House of Representatives made tho present Statuary Hall. The entire length of the building from --I METS, MODS, ALTO, MARC, PREMIS, MIX <?xml version=”1.0” encoding=”UTF-8”?> <rdf:RDF xmlns:dc=”http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/” xmlns:dcterms=”http://purl.org/dc/terms/” xmlns:exif=”http://www.w3.org/2003/12/exif/ns#” xmlns:foaf=”http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/” xmlns:ndnp=”http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/terms#” xmlns:ore=”http://www.openarchives.org/ore/terms/” xmlns:rdf=”http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#” > <rdf:Description rdf:about=”/lccn/sn82016187/1898-11-10/ed-1/seq-1.rdf”> <ore:describes rdf:resource=”/lccn/sn82016187/1898-11-10/ed-1/seq-1#page”/> <dcterms:creator rdf:resource=”http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/awardees/dlc#awardee”/> <dcterms:modified rdf:datatype=”http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime”>2012-05-23T10:36:02-04:00</dcterms:modified> <rdf:type rdf:resource=”http://www.openarchives.org/ore/terms/ResourceMap”/> <dcterms:created rdf:datatype=”http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime”>2012-05-23T10:36:02-04:00</dcterms:created> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:about=”/lccn/sn82016187/1898-11-10/ed-1/seq-1/ocr.xml”> <dc:format>text/xml</dc:format> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:about=”/lccn/sn82016187/1898-11-10/ed-1/seq-1#page”> <ndnp:sequence rdf:datatype=”http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#long”>1</ndnp:sequence> <ore:isAggregatedBy rdf:resource=”/lccn/sn82016187/1898-11-10/ed-1#issue”/> <rdf:type rdf:resource=”http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/terms#Page”/> <ore:aggregates rdf:resource=”/lccn/sn82016187/1898-11-10/ed-1/seq-1.jp2”/> <ore:aggregates rdf:resource=”/lccn/sn82016187/1898-11-10/ed-1/seq-1/thumbnail.jpg”/> <ore:aggregates rdf:resource=”/lccn/sn82016187/1898-11-10/ed-1/seq-1/ocr.txt”/> <ore:aggregates rdf:resource=”/lccn/sn82016187/1898-11-10/ed-1/seq-1/ocr.xml”/> <ore:aggregates rdf:resource=”/lccn/sn82016187/1898-11-10/ed-1/seq-1.pdf”/> <ore:isDescribedBy rdf:resource=”/lccn/sn82016187/1898-11-10/ed-1/seq-1.rdf”/> <dcterms:issued rdf:datatype=”http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#date”>1898-11-10</dcterms:issued> <foaf:depiction rdf:resource=”/lccn/sn82016187/1898-11-10/ed-1/seq-1/thumbnail.jpg”/> <dcterms:title>The national tribune. - 1898-11-10 - 1</dcterms:title> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:about=”/lccn/sn82016187/1898-11-10/ed-1/seq-1.pdf”> <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:about=”/lccn/sn82016187/1898-11-10/ed-1/seq-1/thumbnail.jpg”> <dc:format>image/jpeg</dc:format> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:about=”/lccn/sn82016187/1898-11-10/ed-1/seq-1/ocr.txt”> <dc:format>text/plain</dc:format> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:about=”/lccn/sn82016187/1898-11-10/ed-1/seq-1.jp2”> <exif:height rdf:datatype=”http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#long”>10026</exif:height> <dc:format>image/jp2</dc:format> <exif:width rdf:datatype=”http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#long”>7500</exif:width> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF> Figure 1: NDNP Awardees 2005-2011 http://loc.gov/ndnp/ Figure 2: NDNP Microfilm to Digital Specification at a Glance Figure 3: Digital Viewer and Validator Tool (DVV) Figure 4: From Chronicling America: Screen capture and RDF representation of Page 1, November 10, 1898 issue of the National Tribune newspaper. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82016187/1898-11-10/ed-1/seq-1.rdf LC Newspaper Viewer (Open Source Software) To further the goal of providing open access to historical newspapers, the Library of Congress released an open source version of the software underlying Chronicling America. Coined the LC Newspaper Viewer, the application is architected using Apache Httpd, Django, MySQL, and Apache Solr and is available without restriction (from Sourceforge [16]) for use by other parties wishing to provide access to or view data produced to the NDNP specification. Current public-facing use of the software includes the University of Oregon [17] (Figure 8), with internal use by several other awardees. Figure 5: Chronicling America robots.txt file. Traffic Opening Chronicling America’s data to internet search engines and commercial users greatly increased the project’s visibility and site traffic. In June 2009, the project reached a milestone of one million pages of content, and a site redesign added API access and crawler support. Site traffic doubled overall, and search referrals multiplied fifty- fold. A May 2011 redesign added social media sharing tools, increasing the direct linking capabilities of the site. Chronicling America has also been harvested by commercial users and integrated into proprietary databases. One subscription genealogy site now refers about 5% of total traffic. As detailed in Figures 6 and 7, use of the site continues to increase. From March 2011 to March 2012, total hits to the site increased over 300%. Genealogy sites and search engines that heavily use our API are also among the top referring domains. Figure 7: Stanford University. Data Visualization: Journalism’s Voyage West. Figure 8: Historic Oregon Newspapers Figure 6: Chronicling America Traffic Statistics March 2011 and March 2012 Bots 20% Other Traffic 80% Bots 11% Other Traffic 89% March 2012 Hits March 2011 Hits Figure 7: Chronicling America Hits Statistics March 2011 and March 2012

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Page 1: National Digital Newspaper Program · 2012-06-04 · National Digital Newspaper Program A Case Study in Sharing, Linking, and Using Data ACM/IEEE 2012 Joint Conference on Digital

National Digital Newspaper ProgramA Case Study in Sharing, Linking, and Using Data

MONDAY, JUNE 11, 2012 By Nathan Yarasavage, Robin Butterhof, Chris EhrmanACM/IEEE 2012 Joint Conference on Digital Libraries

Acknowledgements

The National Digital Newspaper Program is funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities and supported by the Library of Congress. Chronicling America, including its API and the LC Newspaper Viewer software, has been developed by the Repository Development Center (RDC) at LC. Special acknowledgements include: Leslie Johnston and the staff of the RDC; Teri Sierra; Mark Sweeney; and Deborah Thomas.

References and Links[1] Library of Congress. National Digital Newspaper Program. Accessed Jan. 30, 2012. http://www.loc.gov/ndnp/.[2] Library of Congress. Chronicling America. Accessed Jan. 30, 2012. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/.[3] Littman, J. 2006. A Technical Approach and Distributed Model for Validation of Digital Objects, D-Lib Magazine, 12, 5.[4] Murray, R. 2005. Toward a Metadata Standard for Digitized Historical Newspapers. Proceedings of the 5th ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries, 330-331.[5] The British Newspaper Archive. Accessed Jan. 30, 2012. http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/.[6] Klijn, E. 2008. The Current State-of-Art in Newspaper Digitization: A Market Perspective. D-Lib Magazine, 14, 1/2.[7] Library of Congress. Chronicling America. About the Site and API. Accessed Jan. 30, 2012. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/about/api/.[8] Library of Congress. BagIt Specification. Accessed Jan. 30, 2012. http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/documents/bagitspec.pdf.[9] Library of Congress. Chronicling America. Data. Accessed Jan. 30, 2012. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/data/.[10] Sitemaps.org. Accessed Jan. 30, 2012. http://www.sitemaps.org/.[11] WorldCat Search API. Accessed Jan. 30, 2012. http://www.worldcat.org/affiliate/tools?atype=wcapi.[12] Digging Into Data Challenge. Accessed Jan. 30, 2012. http://www.diggingintodata.org.[13] Stanford University. Data Visualization: Journalism’s Voyage West. Accessed Jan. 30, 2012. http://www.stanford.edu/group/ruralwest/cgi-bin/drupal/visualizations/us_newspapers.[14] BeingNumerous. Genealogies of Old newspapers. Accessed Jan. 30, 2012. http://beingnumero.us/blog/2010/05/genealogies-of-old-newspapers/.[15] Github. Linkypedia. Accessed Jan. 30, 2012. https://github.com/edsu/linkypedia.[16] Sourceforge. LC Newspaper Viewer. Accessed Jan. 30, 2012. http://sourceforge.net/apps/trac/loc-ndnp/.[17] University of Oregon. Historic Oregon Newspapers. Accessed Jan. 30, 2012. http://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/.

National Digital Newspaper Program (NDNP)

Using common Web protocols and linked data principles, the Application Programming Interface (API) for Chronicling America promotes a wide range of data use. Through the API, several views of the digitized content and metadata are publicly visible, with no restrictions to access. No API key is required [7].

OpenSearchSearching across the Chronicling America Newspaper Directory of over 140,000 newspaper MARC title records is possible using the OpenSearch protocol and the OpenSearch Description document describing Chronicling America’s search engine.

CORS and JSONP Support Chronicling America has been constructed to integrate with third-party JavaScript applications, with support for both Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS) and JavaScript Object Notation with padding (JSONP) responses.

Sitemap ProtocolChronicling America follows the Sitemap protocol [10], providing an index of URLs linked from thesite’s robots.txt file.

The National Digital Newspaper Program (NDNP) [1] is a partnership between the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) and the Library of Congress (LC) to create and maintain an Internet-based, freely-accessible, searchable database of U.S. newspaper information and select digitized pages. This database is known as Chronicling America [2].

Awardees select titles, arrange for either in-house or vendor-based digitization to the NDNP specification [4], and complete quality assurance of the data using the LC provided Digital Viewer and Validator (DVV), a JSTOR/Harvard Validation Environment (JHOVE) based tool allowing viewing of NDNP data and validation of select technical aspects of the files [3].

Chronicling America is the website providing access to the NDNP resources, which include: - 140,114 newspaper records - 385 title essays - Almost 5 million digitized pages

Chronicling Americahttp://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/

NEH provides 2-year grants for stateinstitutions (awardees) to digitize 100,000 pages of microfilmed newsprint, published between 1836 and 1922.

To date, 28 states have contributed to the program.

NDNP Digitization Specification

API

Using NDNP Data

Linked DataResource Description Framework (RDF) representations of the resources, using existing and new vocabulary terms, have been employed. A resource map of all newspapers is available for clients interested in harvesting NDNP objects. The concepts of newspaper titles and issues available in the data are described as Title (defined in DCMI Metadata Terms) and Issue (defined in the Bibliographic Ontology). The site also defines concepts not already defined in existing ontologies. This vocabulary includes elements suitable for newspaper information and the NDNP program, including these elements (Awardee, Batch, Page, number, section, sequence).

AggregationsThe OAI-ORE specification allows LC to define aggregations of resources (pages) on the site that compose a single unit. For example, using the OAI-ORE vocabulary, the site can link Page resource to the JPEG2000, PDF, and OCR file counterparts. Batch, Title and Issue resources are related to Pages using the OAI-ORE vocabulary. One can “view HTML source” on Title, Issue, Page and Batch views to discover the referenced RDF/XML file in a link element as an OAI-ORE Resource Map.

More info about the NDNP API is available at:http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/about/api/

Chronicling America has welcomed academic research by providing API documentation on the site as well as joining the list of repositories for the NEH sponsored Digging into Data Challenge [12]. For a 2011 Challenge award, researchers from the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and the University of Toronto will mine the OCR text to examine public opinion and information dissemination during the 1918 Influenza Pandemic. In a visualization project, Stanford researchers used MARC records from the newspaper directory to map the growth of American newspapers [13] (Figure 7). Chronicling America also inspired a visualization project on the evolution of individual newspaper titles through mergers and acquisitions [14]. Linkypedia, a project developed by Ed Summers, shows how Chronicling America content has been reused or linked within Wikipedia [15]. Chronicling America’s raw OCR text has been used in numerous other academic research endeavors.

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5. ,5 cESTABLISHED 1877-jSt- EW SERIES. WASHINGTON, D. 0., THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 10, 1898.

oagVOL. XVIH-N-O. 5-T- 7H0LE NO. ?d0.

PEJSSYLirfiJffl THE UfllTED

HESEHES. STATES GMTOIt.

Career of These Veterans from

Cold Harbor to Appomattox.

Organizations Which Did GallantService Led by Good Officers, Discipline and 'Bravery Saved Them

from Annihilation on Hard-Foug-ht

Fields Memorable Combats.

BY R. E. McBRIDE,Co. C, 190th Pa.

The division known as the PennsylvaniaReserves, which had among its officers duringthe first year of its service such distinguishedsoldiers as Meade, Reynolds, Ord and Sey-

mour, finished its history May 30, 1864, atBethesda Church. The men who had not

ed went home, and the remainingfragments of these regiments were organizedinto two veteran regiments, numbered 190thand 191st, or 1st and 2d Yeteran Reserves,with an aggregate of about 1,429 officers andmen, the former under the command of Col."W. R. Hartshorue, formerly of the 13th Re-

serves; the latter under Col. James Carl, ofthe 6th Reserves. They constituted theThird Brigade, Third Division, Fifth Corps.For some cause Col. Hartshorne was absentuntil after the army readied Petersburg, andthe 190th was commanded by Lieut.-Co- l.

Joseph B. Pattee, while Col. Carl commandedthe brigade until Aug. 19, 1864.

These men participated in the operationsaround Cold Harbor, though fortunatelywithout loss, so far as can now be remem-bered or ascertained, except Serg't Woodard,of Co. A, 190th, who was killed June 3.There may have been other casualties, butthe records of that period are defective.

On June 13 they skirmished near WhiteOak Swamp, with a loss of two killed, 10wounded, one officer and six men missing.In this affair Lieut-Co- l. Pattee's horse wasshot under him. Although the organizationwas so recent that the men had become butlittle acquainted with each other or withtheir officers, they acquitted themselves in acreditable manner. The night of the 13ththey marched toward the James River, andreached a point near Willcox Landing on the14th.

In this movement they started on the after-noon of the 12th, short of provisions, and norations were issued till the afternoon of theloth, except some fresh beef just as they werestarting. We are not certain from the re-marks occasionally dropped by the boys thatthis long fast made them any more religious.

On the 16th they were ferried across theriver io Windmill Poiut, and in the afternoonauarched for Petersburg.

The afternoon of the 17th the Third Divis-ion was in line on the left of the Ninth Corps,the other two divisions being held to meetany attack --which might come from the left.In the lighting of the 17th and 18th the FilthCorps advanced over open and difficultground, exposed to heavy artillery fire, butthe attack was well made, and the enemywas driven back to the position which iheyheld during the subsequent siege. Gen.Grant writes to Meade June 18, 10 p. m.: "Iam perfectly satisfied that all has been donethat could be done.'' The army then in-trenched and awaited developments.

DOING THEIR DUTY.The Veteran Reserves had their part in

these events. The evening of the 18th foundthem on that part of the line near whereFort Haskell was located later, from whichthe spires of Petersburg were plainly visible,bo close to the main works of the enemy thatrifle-bal- ls dropped far to their rear. Theylost one officer and 20 men killed, nine officersand 85 men wounded. Lieut.-Co- l. Pattee wasseverely wounded, and was brevetted Colonelfor gallant conduct. Capt. Robert G. Christ-not- t,

of the 190th, was killed, and Lieut. Ed.Greenfield was mortally wounded.

The Reserves were withdrawn from thispart of the line, and rested for one da', onJune 23. 2sext day they moved to the left,and relieved some men of the Second Corpson the Jerusalem road. Here they remainedtill about July 1, when they were placed onthe Hue west of the road, their right extend-ing to the road and facing the west.

Here they were engaged in work on afort until about the middle of the month,when they went on picket further to the westand south. It was called picket, but in factthey were the only troops along tiiat part of theline. Perhaps some of the readers of TheNational TrJUl'NE do not know that aboutthis time the Army of the Potomac could notmuster 30,000 muskets, so much had its ranksbeen depleted by losses, by the muster-ou- t ofregiments, and by the withdrawal of theSixth Corps for the protection of Washing-ton.

The' were posted In strong rifle-pit- s, andwere sufficient to hold this part of the linewith reasonable security. In the latter partof June the 190th had been armed with theSpencer rifle, and an intrenched skirmish-lin- e

armed with this weapon was a formidableobstacle to any force.

They remained here 18 days. It was aperiod of comparative quiet, but yet of monotonous diucomlort. Ihe works which they heldhad been occupied by the Second Corps, hadbeen taken and retaken, and the field con-tested with such determination that theground was thickly marked with graves.Many of the dead had been so inadequatelyburied that the soil had been washed awayfrom them and left exposed portions of thedecaying bodies. There were swarms of tl ics,pestilential odors, and a thousand presentreminders of "the wicked insanity of war."

During July the loss was three wounded.There was a good deal of sickness, and theonly wonder is that there was not more.Col. Jiartshome returned July 2G, and as--trained command of the 190th.

IJf THE THICK OF IT.

The disaster which is ever memorable inthe history of the Veteran Reserves occurredon Aug. 19. "Warren was ordered to takeand hold the "Weldon Railroad. This wasdone on the 18th and 39th, and on sub-sequent days the rebels made desperateefforts to recover it The wooded andbroken ground of this region was very diff-icult for such operations, and there was muchconfusion and some misunderstanding oforders.

Gen. Crawford's Third Division was onthe right of the corps, with his right ''inthe air," and nothing between him and theJerusalem plank ioad, a distance of about amile. Gen. Bragg was ordered to supportCrawford and cover this gap with skir--

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THE UNITED STATES CAPITOL.Here a Disastrous Explosion and Fire Occurred on Nov. 6, Wrecking Parts of the Building and Injuring Valuable Records.'

miskera. By some misunderstanding hetook position a mile or more to the rear.

Before this mistake could be corrected,Gen. Mahone with three brigades passedthrough the gap and furiously assailed Craw-ford from the rear while other' troops engagedthe front. A desperate conflict ensued, inwhich there was not much opportunity formilitary skill, but which furnished theseverest test of the fighting qualities of bothsides. Regiments and portions of regiments,both rebel and Union, were completelyenveloped by opposing lints, and yet bysome turn of fortune escaped.

Some appear to entertain the opinion thatat this time the soldiers were "weary of thewar, and the fighting was merely a perfunc-tory performance. This idea originatedfrom the Copperhead papers of the Northand from wild-eye- d orators afraid of thedraft who howled for peace at any price,and depicted the awful condition of thearmy as an excuse for their own cowardlyspirit and treasonable utterances. The realcondition was quite the contrary. Thesoldiers fought with as much vim andenthusiasm, with as much skill and asdesperate valor as at any period of the war.The same is true of both tils' "Union and theConfederate army, and this spirit continuedtill the last shot was fired at .Appomattox.

The following occurrence, the account ofwhich is drawn partly from Confederatesources, took place during this struggle forthe "Weldou road.

STIKKIXO IXCIDEXTS.Gen. Uagood's rebel brigade was at one

time almost surrounded, and their surrenderwa3 considered certain. Capt. Dailey, ofCutler's staff, rode among them, seized abattleflag from the hands of its bearer, andordered the men to throw down their arms.Those immediately about him obeyed. Gen.liagood, who was on foot, approached anddemanded back the flag, and that he go backwithin his own lines, telling him that he wasfree to do so. Dailey began to argue thehopelessness of resistance. " Hagood cut himshort, and demanded a categorical reply Yesor No. Dailey was a man of fine presence,with a flowing beard, and Kit with loosenedreins upon a noble-lookin- g bay, that stoodwith head and tail erect and flashing eye anddistended nostrils, quivering in every limbwith excitement, but not moving in histracks. In reply to this abrupt demand therider raised his head proudly, and decidedlyanswered ' No !' " llagood then shot himthrough the body, and he fell from his horse,llagood then mounted the horse and orderedhis men to make a hurried retreat.

Such waslhe situation of the Union troopsthat any effective fire would have been asdestructive to friend as to foe, and so part ofthis force got through, though many of themwere made prisoners.

This incident will serve to show the peculiar conditions of the fight, and also the spiritwith which the battle was fought on bothsides. Men were captured, and before theycould be taken from the field the captorsthemselves were made prisoners. Gen. Craw-ford himself was at one time in the hands ofthe enemy, and escaped by some such turnof fortune.

At last the enemy was beaten at every pointand driven from the field, aud night found ourlines firmly established. The prixe of thecombat, the Weldou road, was held by theUnion forces, and the Confederates were de-prived of another important line of supplies.

TAKEN PRISONERS.

"When this affair began the Reserves wereat the front as skirmishers. They repulseda determined front attack without much diffi-culty or loss, and supposed that all was well,but while their attention was thus engaged arebel line-of-batt- le vaj closing in on theirrear. Jinny of the ollicera and men knewnothing of this until ordered to surrender.Some, however, discovered the situation, andsucceded in evading capture. Nearly three-fourt- hs

of them yielded to the inevitable,and weiti made prisoners. One officer andfour men were killed, one officer and 17 menwounded, 30 officers and 59 1 men were miss-ing. Of those who were captured 251 diedin prison.

About 300 men were left from this disaster.Of the officers who escaped were Capt. Birk-ma-n,

Capt. Kinsey, Lieut. Peacock and Adj'tWright, of the 190th; Capt, Norton andLieut. Slater, of the 191st. Lieut. Steele, of

the 190th, was desperately wounded, andLieut. Henry L. Stock was killed.

On the 21st the Reserves assisted in repuls-ing a stubborn attack of the enemy near theYellow House--, and had a chance to evenmatters up a little by inflicting heavy loss ontheir assailants. This was the only timethey fought from behind intrenchments, ex-cept skirmish-pit- s. Captl Birkmau was incommand.

The same day they were transferred to theFirst Brigade, and on the 12th of the follow-ing month they were transferred to the Sec-ond Division, where they remained till theclose of the war.

Lieut.-Co- l. Pattee, though still sufferingfrom the wound received June 18,. and alsoone received 3 ay 30, returned about Sept. 1and .took command of the two regiments,which acted as a single battalion from thistime till the close of the war. -

Sept. 30 they participated in the battle ofPoplar Springs Church, in which they losttwo men killed, one officer and two menwounded and one missing.

The officer wounded Avas Adj't Wright, aGerman, lfo was struck about the head by amusket-bal- l, and fell to the ground senseless.He was supposed to be killed, but presentlyhe scrambled briskly to his feeb and ex-claimed, with evident confusion of mind:" Py , I votes for Lincoln ! "

In the movement on Hatcher's Run, Oct.27-2-8, they were on the field, but did notbecome engaged, and suffered no loss.

This was the year of the Presidential-election- ,

and the Pennsylvania soldiers voted.The baUot of the Reserves was as follows:Lincoln, 272; McClcllan, 125. Total, 397.On the somewhat violent supposition thatnone of the boys who were under the legalage did any of the voting, the command musthave numbered well beyond 400 at this date.

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boys hoped for a quiet time, but in this theywere mistaken. On Dec 7 Fifth Corpsstarted on the "Weldou raid. The object ofthis was to tear up some more of the Weldouroad and to create a diversion which might

Gen. Butler's expedition against Wil-mington, N. C.

The Notaway River was reached in thoevening. During the night the corps crossedthe river, and pressed on toward the Weldouroad, reaching it not far from where itcrosses the Notaway River. Tho ofdestruction began toward evening, and

during most of the night. Thosewho witnessed the night work, lighted upbonfires of ties, will not soon forget the stir-ring scene as men whirled the rails andattached ties over from the road-be- d withshout and ringing cheer, and then wrenchedthe rails apart and ties from the rails, andbuilt great fire3 of ties, on hich railswere heated and ruined for future use.

Toward morning the work ceased, andgot such sleep and rest as they could

with chill night and their wet blankets.Early in tho morning the work was re-

sumed and continued all day. In the even-ing, but arms and ac--

conferments where they took sapper, thetroops crossed a small stream and tore upthe road to Hicksford, on theMcherrin Jliver.This place vra3 held bjr n considerable forceof infantry and artille,, but no attemptwas made against them, as the expeditionhad now accomplished all that was intended.

Dnring this night "work a man of theReserves was caught under the track as itwas overturned, and instantly killed. Thiswas the only casual tytwhich occurred in thecommand dnring the

This was a night of great suffering for themen. The mud was deep, and a storm ofsleet and snow, driven by a strong wind, ren-dered the tedious hours almost unendurable.

Next morning the ictnrn march began.The was iipfc sufficiently frozen tobear up, and theXdy' march was madethrough the icy siish..iThe mud was sodeep that it camediir atjovc our shoe-top- s,

and with the cola and gritty mud, thechafed feet of thc'mcn rendered marchingone continuous torture. 'jThey struggled onheroically throughjihis clay and the next.This brought them again to .the NotawayRiver, which they 'rcerossed in evening,and camped the night not far from wherethey spent part of the night on their out-ward march.

The weather iiojv grew CDldcr, and bymorning the groiind 'was frozen solid. The

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Reaching the vicinity of Petersburg, thebuilt Winter quarters- - for the second

time, and resumed the usual routine oflife. ' I

AGAINST 'THE REBEL RIGHT.v ;On Feb. 5 Tfcgun another movement

toward the Since the destruc-tion of the Weldou road during the raid ofDecember the rebels had brought supplies by

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wagoiffrom Hicksford to Petersburg by wayof Boyd ton plank raid. Grant deter-mined to break up this line of

The cavalry, under Gregg, was to push rap-idly to Dinwiddie Courthouse. Warren wasto take position half-wa- y between Gregg andHatcher's with two divis-ions of the-Secon- Corps, was to take posi-tion on Hatcher's Run at crossing ofVaughftn road" and at Armstrong's Mill.Below the coufiuence of Hatcher's Run anduravclly Run stream is known as Row-ant- y

Creek. The road to Djnwiddic crossesthis creek-a- t Wm. Perkins's. The crossingwas dispiited by a small 7orce of rebel in-fantry. The corps reached this place about10 a. m., andjfound some "cavalry skirmish-ing with thecnemy, but 'unable to drivethem away. The Thiid Brigade was orderedforward to accomplish the task.

The Reserves, under Pattee, came up at adouble-quic- k, and when about opposite thePerkins buildings were ordered to file rightand deploy skirmishers. As they deployedthey also began to advance, and the timethe rear of the had left the roadthe others were charging across the iieldtoward the enemy. They expected to "rush"

the rebels, but on reaching the creek theyfound it too deep for fording, and the enemyin good rifle-pi- ts on the other bank, about 25yards away.

At first their fire wa3 lively, but soon theybecame rattled, and would scarcely risk theirheads above the pits for a moment. Treeswere chopped down so as to fall across thestream, and on these part of the men crossedwhile the others kept up a rapid fire.' Whenenough of the men were a rnsh wasmade for the pits, and the affair was quicklyended. Some of tho defenders escaped, but27 were captured.

When the work was. about finished the restof tho brigade reached the stream in line-of- -

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battle, and received some of the last bulletsfired by the rebels. Therewas.no need tobring them down, as the Reserves were gettingon very well. They were quite strong enough,and there was no necessity of exposing a largernumber of men to fire of so small a forceof the enemy.

The bridge was rebuilt 1 p. m., and thecorps passed on to the Vaughn road. Theremainder of the afternoon w.as spent in thisvicinity without any evidence of the presenceof the enemy in force, and about 9 p. m.Warren was ordered to the right, whereHumphreys had experienced some hard fight-ing. It required until (J a. m. to reach thepoint designated, as a storm had come on andthe night was dark. The weather had turnedvery" cold, and tho men got neither rest norsleep,

At 12:15 p. m. on 6th Warren receivedorders to make a reconnoissance to the southand west of Hatcher's Run, to ascertain theposition of the enemy. Crawford was on theright with Third Division, Ayres on theleft with the Second Division, and Griffinwas in reserve with the First. The groundwas mostly covered with timber aud thickbrush.

While this advance was in progress somestampeded cavalry ran into Ayrcs's line,throwing the Third Brigade into confusion.The division moved on without waitingthis brigade to get up, and when itmoved on a little later it got in too far to theleft, and became exposed to a flank fire. Itheld its own, however, for nearlj-- two hours,aud was then withdrawn. The Reserveslost nine wonnded, and the total loss of thebrigade was 71.

By the morning of the 7th the storm hadcleared away and the ground was frozen.During the forenoon the Reserves werethrown forward as a reconnoissance, andfound that the enemy had retired withintheir lines, leaving only a thin skirmish-lin- e.

The Union intrenchments were ex-tended to Hatcher's Run at crossing oftheVaughen road. The Second Corps heldthe left of the line, and the Fifth Corps wasmassed in the rear of the left of the Second,and picketing the left of army. Forlima iniiu ims season tne bunt Winterquarters.

Tho 157th added to Col. Pattco'scommand in tho latter part of March, giving 1

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PRINCIPAL FLOOR PLAN OF UNITED STATES CAPITOL.The explosion took place under the Supreme Court apartments, in the sub-baseme- nt in the old part of the East

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him in all about 500 men. The three frag-ments were never actually consolidated, butacted together as a regimental unit.

THE PiNAIi CAMPAIGN.March 29 began the final campaign. The

corps crossed Rowanty Creek at Monk's NeckBridge, the scene of the sharp skirmish.whichthe Reserves had Feb. 5. Again tho ThirdBrigade had the advance. The 210th Pa.was deployed as skirmishers, while the Re-serves were put in line-of-batt- le. This gavethe latter occasion to exercise the greatAmerican privilege of finding fault. Theboys watched the men of the 210th as theydeployed their skirmish-lin- e with deliberateexactness, and criticized every move andgrumbled to their heart's content. Theenemy did not dispute the crossing of thecreek.

The line of march was now the same as onFeb. 5, but on reaching the Quaker road theSecond and Third Divisions moved up itsome distance and formed line-of-batt- le facingwest. The First Division passed up theroad farther toward the Boydton plank road,and about 4 p. m. encountered the enemyand drove him back to where the road crossesHatcher's Run.

When the Second Division formed line-of-batt- le

the 210th Pa. was again deployed asskirmishers, and after some firing sent backone prisoner. This was the only sign ofrebels in this viciuity on the 29th. The Re-serves were deployed later, and remained onskirmish-lin- e till morning.

The left of the army now extended to theBoydton plank road, the left of Griffin hold-ing that road, his right joining the SecondCorps near the Crow House, Crawford on theroad, thus covering the left flank, and Ayresin reserve. The object of subsequent movements was to extend our position farther tothe left, and flank tho rebel position on the"White Oak road.

.The morning of the 30th, while Griffin wasputting his lines in proper shape along hisfront, Ayres was moved across the plank roadto extend our lines to the left. The Reserveswere deployed as skirmishers, and pressed forward until their line, joining the pickets ofthe First Division on the right, and facingthe rebel position along the White Oak roadat a distance of from a half to a quarter of amile, extended almost to Wm. Dabnev's.Here they threw up skirmish-pit- s.

At 4 p. m. Wilcox's Confederate divisionmade an attack on Griffin's front, but waseasily repulsed. In frout of the Reserves therebel fire increased somewhat, but they didnot advance.

A heavy rain storm began on the 29th,which continued till the night of the 30th,rendering the roads almost impassable, andadding greatly to the discomfort of all.

IN A TIGHT PLACE.About 10 a. m. on the 31st the Reserves

were relieved by men of the Third Division,and moved toward the left to rejoin the bri-gade. Before this was accomplished the flankand rear attack began. Col. Pattee promptlygrasped the situation. He halted his command and bronght it to a front, thus facingtoward the picket-pit- s which his men hadheld the past 21 honrs. The men who hadrelieved them were unable to withstand theattack then being made by a brigade fromthe rebel works. The success of this attackwould render still more desperate the positionof the two divisions now assailed on the leftflank and rear.

"Waiting a few moments, whik the bulletspattered like hail-ston- es and shells from thorebel artillery screeched and bellowedthrough the brush, Pattee ordered the mento deploy. At the same time they advancedand weut to work. They seized the nitsalong part of the line, and from these theyeasily clieckecl the advance ot the enemy,but on their left the pits at once became useless uui-itu&- Di niu uuvauce or me enemy ontho flank and rear.

Soon the entire lino was turned to the leftbackward as they faced the foe. They werefinally forced into the shape of an oxbow,the enemy closing in on all sidesvexcept acomparatively nirrow space toward the rear.This space wasai right angles with the linethey at first held. Through this they finallymade their way, but continued the contestwith renewed determination.

They had now reached a point where therebels were on ground a little higher thanthat which they occupied Behind them

(Continued en second iae.)

A Destructive Mre ? the Su-

preme Court Apartments.

Something of the Noble Building whichis the Pride of All Americans ThaGrandest Edifice in the "World De-

tails of the Fire.

The destructive and wholly unexpectedfire which broke out in the Capitol of tha"United States on last Sunday evening attractsthe attention of every American to that grandedifice, around which the history of thaUnited States has centered for more than acentury.

WHAT THE BUILDINO IS.In the opinion of many competent observers

the "United States Capitol is incomparably thafinest building in the world. It is the onlygreat building erected distinctly for a Na-tional Capitol, and for more than a centurythere has been lavished upon it all tha6architectural art could suggest or moneyprocure to make it ideal for its purpose.Differing from all other National Capitohj itstands alone, on a commanding hight, sepa-rated by hundreds of feet of beantiful groundsfrom any other building. The site waachosen by George Washington himself, andcannot be surpassed anywhere. The westernportico- - overlooks the greater part of Wash-ing, with the noble stretch of PennsylvaniaAvenue as far as the Treasury and the "WhiteHouse. In the distance, on the other side ofthe Potomac, rise the beautiful Hights ofArlington.

The southern portico, or House Wing, looksover southeast "Washington, the broad estuaryof the lower Potomac, with Alexandria andMt. Vernon at the limits of the horizon.

The northern portico, or the Senate Wing,gives a view of northeast Washington as faras the eminence crowned by the white massesof the Soldiers' Home.

The east front, and which was intended tobe the main one, and a picture of which wogive, looks out upon the level plain on whichthe eastern part of the city is built. At thoedge of this plain is Anacostia River, andrising above it a line of hills which meet thesky and form the horizon.

The east front received most of the embel-lishment in the earlier construction of thaCapitol. The central portico is intended forthe main entrance, and has 24 ponderous col-umns ofsandstoue, each composed ox a singlestone, and 30 feet high. On the tympanumof the portico 13 a design drawn by JohnQuincy Adams and carved by Persico, a dis-tinguished Roman sculptor. It representsAmerica, witn a smeia ana spear. On thoshield are the letters "TJ. S. A.," and restson a low altar, decorated with a wreath ofoak leaves, and the date, "July 4, 1776."At the feet of America are a large eagle andfigures of Justice and Hope. Fine statues of"War and Peace stand on either side of thamain entrance. Over the door is a basso-relie- vo

of Washington being crowned with alaurel wreath by .Fame and Peace.

Broad stone steps flanked by buttressesascend to the portico. On one of these buttresses is a marble group representing tho"'Discovery of America." On the oppositebuttress is a marble group by Horatio Green-oug- h,

representing "Civilization, or the FirstSettlement of America." The main entrance-i- s

closed by a superb bronze door 19 feefchigh and nine feet wide, designed by Ran-dolph Rogers, and covered with panels repre-senting scenes in the life of Columbus.

On this portico stand the Presidents of thaUnited States when they take the oath ofoffice.

The Senate and House Wings have eachfine marble porticoes, embellished with statelycolumns, bronze doors, and fine groups andreliefs, executed by eminent sculptors.

Over all rises the magnificent dome of thoCapitol, which has no equal in the world forclassic beauty. Eight years were required tobuild it, nearly 4,000 tons of iron, and ifecost $1,250,000. So carefully and thoroughlywas the work done that it is not believedthat it will ever need repairs. The chancresof temperatnre were carefnlly calculated andthe whole mass moves " like the folding andunfolding of a lily." The dome is thicklycovered with white paint every year, and ifcis believed that it will withstand the windsand rains for 1,000 years. Above the domeis a lantern, 50 feet high and 15 feet indiameter. It contains a large reflectinglamp, which is lighted whenever Congress iain session.

On top of the lantern stands a statue ofFreedom, designed by Thos. Crawford, 19feet high, and weighing 14,985 pounds. Iferests upon a globe inscribed " PluribusUnum," and cost $24,000. The figure isthat of a Goddess of Liberty, and its head iscrowned with a helmet surrounded by acirclet of stars, and topped with a bunch ofplumes. The statue was put in place Dec.2, 1863.

OEEENOUGn'S STATUE OF WASHINGTON.Some distance in front of the main en-

trance, and out of reach of the camera whichtook our picture, stands Greenough's cele-brated statue of Washington, which Congressordered in 1832, intending to place it over atomb of Washington to be constructed in thorotunda. But the heirs of Washington de-clined to allow his remains to be, transferredfrom Mt. Vernon, and the statue was placedoutside to help decorate the magnificentgrounds, 'lliese comprise 46 acres, and areas fine a specimen of landscape gardening ascan be found in the world. Beyond thaeastern edge of the Capitol grounds standsthe magnificent Congressional Library, overwhich every visitor" goes into enthusiasticadmiration.

STATISTICS OF THE CAPITOL.The Capitol stands on ground rising 88

feet above the level of the Potomac. Thocorner-ston- e was laid Sept. 18, 1793t byGeorge Washington, with Masouic ceremonies. The original H mgs for the Senateand House were finished in 1811, and con-nected with a wooden passageway. Aug.24, 1814, the British destroyed this and theinterior of the Wings by fire. The damagewas immediately repaired, and the buildiugcompleted according to the original designsin 1S27. The material used was sandstonefrom quarries at A quia Creek, Ya.

July 4, 1S51, the extension was begun bybuilding marble Wings at each end for thaaccommodation of the House and Senate.These were completed and occupied Jan. 4,1859. The old Senate Chamber was given tothe Supreme Court, and the old Hell of thoHouse of Representatives made tho presentStatuary Hall.

The entire length of the building from

--I

METS, MODS, ALTO, MARC, PREMIS, MIX

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Figure 1: NDNP Awardees 2005-2011

http://loc.gov/ndnp/

Figure 2: NDNP Microfilm to Digital Specification at a Glance

Figure 3: Digital Viewer and Validator Tool (DVV)

Figure 4: From Chronicling America: Screen capture and RDF representation of Page 1, November 10, 1898 issue of the National Tribune newspaper. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82016187/1898-11-10/ed-1/seq-1.rdf

LC Newspaper Viewer (Open Source Software)To further the goal of providing open access to historical newspapers, the Library of Congress released an open source version of the software underlying Chronicling America. Coined the LC Newspaper Viewer, the application is architected using Apache Httpd, Django, MySQL, and Apache Solr and is available without restriction (from Sourceforge [16]) for use by other parties wishing to provide access to or view data produced to the NDNP specification.

Current public-facing use of the software includes the University of Oregon [17] (Figure 8), with internal use by several other awardees.

Figure 5: Chronicling America robots.txt file.

TrafficOpening Chronicling America’s data to internet search engines and commercial users greatly increased the project’s visibility and site traffic. In June 2009, the project reached a milestone of one million pages of content, and a site redesign added API access and crawler support. Site traffic doubled overall, and search referrals multiplied fifty-fold. A May 2011 redesign added social media sharing tools, increasing the direct linking capabilities of the site. Chronicling America has also been harvested by commercial users and integrated into proprietary databases. One subscription genealogy site now refers about 5% of total traffic. As detailed in Figures 6 and 7, use of the site continues to increase. From March 2011 to March 2012, total hits to the site increased over 300%. Genealogy sites and search engines that heavily use our API are also among the top referring domains.

Figure 7: Stanford University. Data Visualization: Journalism’s Voyage West.

Figure 8: Historic Oregon Newspapers

Figure 6: Chronicling America Traffic Statistics March 2011 and March 2012

Bots 20%

Other Traffic80%

Bots 11%

Other Traffic 89%

March 2012 Hits

March 2011 Hits

Figure 7: Chronicling America HitsStatistics March 2011 and March 2012

From Microfilm to Digital Images: National Digital ......The National Digital Newspaper Program ALAO TEDSIG 2012 Spring Workshop | May 11, 2012 . Jenni Salamon, Project Coordinator,

Digital Newspaper Tribunkaltim

The National Digital Newspaper Program (NDNP)

Quality Review of Digital Newspapers: Lessons Learned at UNT National Digital Newspaper Program Awardee Conference September 27, 2012

National Digital Newspaper Program 2015 Technical Guidelines for

National Digital Newspaper Program 2021 Technical

Newspaper Digital

National Digital Newspaper Program 2016 Technical ... · Overview of Technical Approach for 2016 -18 NDNP Awards The National Digital Newspaper Program is a long-term effort and the

NDNP at UNT - Digital Library/67531/metadc177420/m2/1/high... · National Digital Newspaper Program Two year grant from NEH 100,000 newspaper images Published on Chronicling America

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National Digital Newspaper Program 2019 Technical ... · The National Digital Newspaper Program supports a consistent technical specification for digital newspaper reproductions and

National Digital Newspaper Program 2015 Technical ...Overview of Technical Approach for 2015-17 NDNP Awards The National Digital Newspaper Program is a long-term effort and the technical

The U.S. National Digital Newspaper Program

National Digital Newspaper Program 2022 Technical

National Digital Newspaper Program 2017 Technical ... · The National Digital Newspaper Program supports a consistent technical specification for digital newspaper reproductions and

National Digital Newspaper Program 2012 Technical ... · Overview of Technical Approach for 2012-14 NDNP Awards The National Digital Newspaper Program is a long-term effort and the

NATIONAL DIGITAL NEWSPAPER PROGRAM - … DIGITAL NEWSPAPER PROGRAM Deadline: ... but the program gives priority to applications from ... Cost sharing consists of the cash …

JPEG 2000 Profile for the National Digital Newspaper Program · JPEG 2000 Profile for the National Digital Newspaper Program Library of Congress Office of Strategic Initiatives Real

National Digital Newspaper Program 2014 Technical Guidelines for Applicants

National Digital Newspaper Program - Notice of Funding

Are “Digital Natives” Dropping Print Newspapers? A National Survey of College Newspaper Advisers

JPEG2000 and the National Digital Newspaper …...NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES NDNP / Chronicling America p.3 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS The National Digital Newspaper Program NEH

Chronicling America, National Digital Newspaper Program ... · Chronicling America, National Digital Newspaper Program, HDNP: Technical Aspects Challenges of Newsprint ... Text OCR’d