national check payments certification check products copyright© 2013 by the electronic check...
TRANSCRIPT
National Check Payments Certification
Check Products
Copyright© 2013 by the Electronic Check Clearing House Organization
NCP 2014 ExamECCHO Training Series
Session 9
March 27, 20142:00 pm ET (1:00 pm CT; 11:00 am PT)
All sessions 90-min.
2National Check Payments Certification
NOTICESThis training course may provide an introduction to or summary of various aspects of check payments and the legal and rules framework for check image exchange. Responsibility for compliance with image exchange rules, and/or the legal, operational and regulatory requirements applicable to check image exchange, remains at all times with the financial institution participating in check image exchange and/or the individual or company using a check image exchange service.
This presentation and the information contained herein is not intended as legal or compliance advice or recommendation to any person or company. This document could include technical inaccuracies or typographical errors and individual users are responsible for verifying any information found in this presentation and related “live” webinar or webinar playback. Financial institutions should consult with their legal counsel regarding legal and operational requirements applicable to any check image exchange program they may offer or in which they participate.
These program training materials may not be reproduced or published, in whole or in part, without the express permission of ECCHO.
Copyright© 2013 by the Electronic Check Clearing House Organization(Certain contributed content subject to third party copyrights)
3National Check Payments Certification
Session Overview
• Types of Checks• Check Products• Remote Deposit Capture• Check Conversion
–Common ACH SEC Codes
4National Check Payments Certification
Types of Checks• Check: Defined in Regulation CC as a negotiable demand
draft– Defined as item in UCC– Eligible for image exchange and creation as substitute checks
• Cashier’s Check: Direct obligation of bank• Certified Check: Ordinary check presented by drawer to
Paying Bank for “certification”• Government Check: Instrument payable on demand and
drawn by U.S. government on itself – Generally regarded as checks, even though they are not
drawn on bank
5National Check Payments Certification
Types of Checks
• Money Order: Draft purchased from financial institution, post office or sales agent to pay a debt or transfer funds
• Traveler’s Check: Payable on demand and drawn on or payable at or through a bank– Requires, as a condition of payment, a countersignature
by person whose specimen signature appears on instrument
• Payable-Through Draft: Drawn on issuer, not bank– Not an order on the payable through bank to pay
instrument– Designates bank to present draft to drawee for payment
6National Check Payments Certification
Types of Checks
• Warrant: Issued by state or local government agencies–Treated as checks if payable on demand–Registered Warrants: Promise to pay (not a check)
Example: State of California issued registered warrants several years ago to pay state’s obligations
• Remotely Created Check (RCC)–Holder of account authorizes payee to draw check on
account but does not sign check• Substitute Check
–Negotiable instrument created by Check 21 ActProperly prepared substitute check is legal equivalent of
original item for all purposes
7National Check Payments Certification
Non-Cash Item
• Item that would otherwise be a check, except that–A passbook, certificate or other document is attached– It is accompanied by special instructions
Such as a request for special advice of payment or dishonor–Consists of more than a single thickness of paper
Except a check that qualifies for handling by automated check processing equipment or
– It has not been preprinted or post-encoded in magnetic ink with the routing number of the paying bank
– It is a Foreign item
8National Check Payments Certification
Remotely Created Checks• Checks created “remotely” by a payee, under the authority
of the account holder
• Defined in Reg CC– Warranty by BOFD established in Reg CC– Claim process through rules and OC 3
• Banks and customers manage risk– BOFD know your customer
• Perception all RCCs are fraudulent– Publicized cases in recent years with significant enforcement
and judgment amounts– Examiners have issued updates to regulatory guidance for RCCs
over the years
9National Check Payments Certification
Remotely Created Checks• Legitimate reasons to create RCCs
–Created for consumer and corporate accounts • RCC commercial uses may include:
–Pre-authorized draftsPay a creditorBill payment services
–ACH administrative returns–Purchase item via telephone or internet–Collect return check fees
• Benefits of Remotely Created Checks (RCCs)–Economical–Fast clearing–Convenient –Same day posting
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Apply Your Knowledge
• Can the Drawer Customer make this “Rule 8” claim for the Unauthorized RCC?
Rule 8 Claim
Intermediary / Collecting Bank Paying Bank
Payee / Company
Creates RCC with permission of
Payee to Pay Late Utility Bill to
Avoid Late Fee
IMAGEIMAGE
Deposit Statement
Note: Banks are all ECCHO Members
Remotely Created
Check (RCC)
Bank A – Has Authorization
(BOFD)
Unauthorized Remotely
Created Check
Drawer Customer
11National Check Payments Certification
Apply Your Knowledge
• Unauthorized RCC: What two ways may be used to handle under ECCHO Rules?
Rule 8 Claim
Intermediary / Collecting Bank Paying Bank
Merchant Creates and
Deposits the RCC
IMAGEIMAGE
Deposit Statement
Note: Banks are all ECCHO Members
Remotely Created
Check (RCC)
Bank A (BOFD)
Unauthorized Remotely
Created Check
Drawer Customer
Unauthorized RCC
Adjustment
Adjustmentto
Bank A
Check Products
13National Check Payments Certification
Check Products
• Lockbox Services• Account Reconciliation Products (ARP) • Controlled Disbursements• Image Cash Letter (ICL)• Remote Deposit Capture
14National Check Payments Certification
Lockbox
• Lockbox Services–Bank or third party receives mail at a specified
post office box–Processes enclosed remittances–Deposits to Payee’s account–Benefits:
May allow for faster collectionInformation vehiclePayments concentration
15National Check Payments Certification
Lockbox
• Types of lockbox services–Retail Lockbox – Characterized by large number
of relatively small dollar remittances usually from consumers
–Wholesale Lockbox – Characterized by small to moderate number of large dollar remittances usually from businesses
16National Check Payments Certification
Account Reconciliation (ARP)
• Account Reconciliation Products (ARP) –Product dates back to when banks offered to reconcile
customer bank statement Initially banks offered fully reconciled statement of checks
paid and deposits madeThen banks sorted paid checks in check number orderNext customer notify banks of checks written and banks
supply statement listing activity, including checks outstanding
–Goal of productIncrease amount of information availableDecrease amount of work in company’s accounting dept.
17National Check Payments Certification
Account Reconciliation (ARP)• ARP Services Provide Wide Range of Reporting
– Access to reports through automated means– Offered for multiple accounts / Schedule defined by customer
Daily, weekly, monthly• Range of Reconciliation Products
– Full ReconciliationCustomer provides bank data on checks issuedBank matches data against checks clearedCustomer receives reconciliation reports including checks paid,
outstanding items and exceptions – Partial Reconciliation
Customer receives report of items paid sorted by customer’s instructions– Deposit Reconciliation
Allows customer to maintain one accountHave deposits from multiple business locations
18National Check Payments Certification
Account Reconciliation (ARP)• Positive Pay
– Automatically matches each check presented against list of checks issued
– Payee Positive Pay matches payee name from issue file to payee name on check
• Reverse Positive Pay– Bank sends that file to the company, where the company compares
the information to its internal records• Positive pay type services excellent fraud deterrent products • CD-ROM Products
– Banks may provide customers with check images via CDUsed by customers with large check volumes
– Banks index images for retrieval process– Service eliminates need to store paper checks
Reduces difficulty in retrieving checks for research
19National Check Payments Certification
Controlled Disbursement
• Previously known as Remote Disbursement–Numerous changes to payment system and
regulations have impacted Controlled Disbursement
• Today – with increased speed of clearing checks, customers use Controlled Disbursement services to “control” information about amount to fund on each day
20National Check Payments Certification
Controlled Disbursement
• Product provides customer with information early each day of total amount of checks that will clear–Customers fund account for amount of checks posted
that day–Early notification of day’s funding requirement
eliminates idle balances–Customers can invest surplus funds or obtain additional
funds, if needed–Money markets active and investment rates attractive in
morningShort term investment rates generally move downward late in
morning
21National Check Payments Certification
Controlled Disbursement
• Benefits of Controlled Disbursement include–Reduction of idle balances–Timely notification of daily funds need–Increased interest income from short term
borrowing–Reduced borrowing costs
• Key benefit – Potential fraud reduction–Early information–Know what items are coming in to be posted
today against your account
22National Check Payments Certification
Image Cash Letter
SENDING BANKTRUNCATING BANK
(BOFD) RECEIVING BANKCUSTOMER
IMAGECASH LETTER
DEPOSITCHECK
STORE CHECKS
Truncation: Stop processing of physical paper item(s) and forward electronic image(s) and MICR data
PAYING BANK
Image Cash Letter: Digital images of paper cash letter; includes both the MICR data record and the transmitted check images
Forward Collection
IMAGECASH LETTER
23National Check Payments Certification
Image Cash Letter (ICL)
• Image Cash Letter (ICL)–File containing digital images of paper cash
letter–Includes MICR data records, indorsement
records and check images–Electronic cash letter structure with same
general information as paper cash letter–Formatted to industry standard X9.100-187
Contains and transports image and MICR data captured from paper check
24National Check Payments Certification
Image Cash Letter (ICL)• Used to transmit checks between:
– Customers and banks– Banks and Federal Reserve
• May be offered as a product by banks to corporate / correspondent bank customers for delivery of check deposits to banks– ICL: Typically used for significant volume of checks
Sent to/from banks and processors– RDC: Typically used for smaller volumes of checks
Banks may used same terminology– Terminology – ICL originally used to differentiate between paper and
image cash lettersBanks have expanded usage Some banks used to define a specific product/service offeringSome use term generically
25National Check Payments Certification
Image Cash Letter (ICL)
• Ideal for companies with centralized in-house receipt processing–Examples:
In-house lockbox at utility companyCorrespondent bank with in-house check processing
operations–Customer has ability to capture/transmit MICR data
and check imagesBanks offering product may:
o Require customer to create formatted file or o Provide customer with software to reformat o Accept the data for the bank to reformat
26National Check Payments Certification
Image Cash Letter (ICL)• Benefits to customer
– Reduced transportation costs– Reduce or eliminate trips to deposit checks– More efficient back-office processing– Later deposit cutoff time allowing more checks deposited on day of
receipt – Faster return processing and notification due to faster initial
deposits and clearing– Secure, private and safe electronic connections with banks
• Cost savings to the customer– Consolidation of operations– Consolidation of reconciliation– Larger balances in centralized account– Elimination of multiple accounts and need to concentrate funds
27National Check Payments Certification
Remote Deposit Capture
Customer pays Merchant with a paper check
1Merchant scans paper checks to create image file
2Merchant sends electronic file to bank for processing
3
• Branch Capture: Image capture of paper checks at a branch location (or capture at image-enabled ATMs)
• Corporate/Merchant Capture: Image capture of paper checks at a corporate customer’s location; Paper retention / destruction by customer
• Consumer Capture: Image capture of paper checks at a consumer customer’s location; Paper retention / destruction by customer
28National Check Payments Certification
Remote Deposit Capture• Overview/Purpose:
– Remote Deposit Capture (RDC): Process of scanning and transmitting checks to service provider/financial institution to electronically capture deposit for clearing and posting
– Purpose: To speed up / electronify the deposit process by truncating paper early in collection process (at customer site)
• Financial Institution decisions may include:– Image vs. ACH– Vendor choice– Support for required training
• Customer Requirements can include:– PC with Internet connection– Check scanner– Service provider/depository bank– Mobile device
29National Check Payments Certification
Remote Deposit Capture• General Benefits
– Reduced transportation time and costs– Increased processing efficiencies– Potential for consolidating relationships
• Benefits for Corporate Customers And Merchants– Accelerated clearings and better deposit availability– Convenience and enhanced cash flow– Reduced return item risk
• Benefits For Financial Institutions– Opportunities to expand customer footprint– Ability to offer new products– Customers with multiple locations can consolidate deposits into
one account– Customer can make deposits 24 hours a day
30National Check Payments Certification
Remote Deposit Capture
• RDC Controls–Establish procedures to properly separate,
handle and secure physical checksAvoid accidentally reimaging the checksAvoid sending imaged check out in a paper cash
letterAvoid having checks stolen and mishandled
–Retention of original truncated checksCorporations need to decide which checks to keep
and retention period(s) based on risk tolerance
31National Check Payments Certification
Remote Deposit Capture• Potential Risks
– Introduces new risks such as presenting duplicate items– Warranties protect against duplicates
ECCHO Rules, Reg CC, Federal Reserve’s OC3 and Regulation J– Similar risks for both merchant and consumer capture
• Risk Mitigation– Bank should have RDC customer agreements
Follow FFIEC Guidance– Follow “Know Your Customer” guidelines– Teller procedures to examine checks for stale dates or stamps or
other information indicating item previously “franked” or indorsedTeller training
– Utilize technology for duplicate detection and prevention
32National Check Payments Certification
Remote Deposit Capture• Repair Considerations
– Must accurately represent entire MICR line• Issues
– Even with enhanced MICR reading software, manual keying by operators will occur
– Consider how MICR repair will be handled by merchants using RDC applications
– Make sure this is covered in agreements• RDC Agreements
– Bank pass back risks that are out of financial institution’s control back to customerDestruction of checksWarranty claims (encoding errors)Indemnity claims (better image or original item)
33National Check Payments Certification
FFIEC Guidance
• FFIEC – Federal Financial Institution Examination Council Guidelines issued January 2009– Examination manual issued February 2010
• Addresses necessary elements of RDC risk management process in electronic environment– Focuses on:
• RDC deployed at customer location• Mobile banking• Automated clearing house (ACH) check conversions
– Review and understand FFIEC Guidance regarding agreements
Check Conversion
35
ACH “Check Conversion”
• Electronic debit to a consumer’s checking account that is initiated via check–Converted to an ACH transaction and processed
using the ACH Network–Governed by Reg E and NACHA Rules and other law–May be governed by check law (RCK)
• Examples covered in this section include:–ARC: Accounts Receivable Entries–BOC: Back Office Conversion–POP: Point-of-Purchase–RCK: Re-Presented Check Entries
National Check Payments Certification
36National Check Payments Certification
Eligible for “Conversion”• Contain pre-printed serial number• Must not have been previously negotiated or voided• Have RT, account number and check serial number encoded
in magnetic ink• Must not contain Aux On-Us field• Amount of $25,000 or less
– Less than $2,500 for RCK• Be completed and signed by the consumer
– Required for ARC and BOC– POP: Check becomes “source document” / Returned to customer
• RCK – if previously presented:– No more than twice in paper form (if initial RCK); or– No more than once in paper; once as RCK if reinitiated as RCK– Two representments allowed; three total presentments
37National Check Payments Certification
Ineligible for “Conversion”• Contain Aux on-us field in MICR line• Check payable to a person other than Originator (3rd party
check)• Draft that does not contain the signature of receiver (demand
draft / remotely created check)• Obligations of financial institution
– Travelers check, cashiers check, official check, money order• Check provided by a lender to access:
– Credit card account– Home equity line or other form of credit
• Checks drawn on an investment company• Government checks (state or local)• Check drawn on US Treasury, Federal Reserve Bank or FHLB• Checks in foreign currency
38
Notice Language
• “When you provide a check as payment, you authorize us either to use the information from your check to make a one-time electronic fund transfer from your account or to process the payment as a check transaction. For inquiries, please call <retailer phone number>.”–Note: Need <retailer phone number> for BOC only
• Notice language comes from Reg E
National Check Payments Certification
39
Accounts Receivable Entries (ARC)• Enables Originator to convert checks received via U.S. mail or
dropbox– Single-entry ACH debit for payment of goods or services
• Originator retains the check– No destruction timeframe
• Authorization: Prior to receiving check, Biller must provide notice to customer that receipt of check will be authorization for ACH debit– Check will be used as source document – MICR line information captured using MICR reader
Dollar amount can be key-entered• Retention: Check is retained by biller
– Secure storage until destruction– 2 year retention of copyNational Check Payments Certification
40National Check Payments Certification
Utility Company(Mail or Drop Box)
ODFIOriginating Depositary
Financial Institution
MICR Data Sent to ODFI
Accounts Receivable Entries (ARC)Customer /Receiver
notified future utility bill payments may be coverted to ACH.
Customer mails the
next monthly bill payment to Utility Company/Drop Box
Checks Scanned / MICR Data Captured
ACH Debit ACH Debit
RDFIReceiving Depositary Financial Institution
ACH Network Operators(Fed or EPN)
Customer / Receiver
41National Check Payments Certification
Back Office Conversion (BOC)
• Allows Originators to convert checks to ACH debits during back office processing
• Checks accepted at point-of-sale, or manned bill payment locations– Creates single-entry ACH debit
• Authorization obtained via notice and receipt of check– Notice prior to the receipt of each check– Posted in prominent and conspicuous location AND – Copy of notice provided to Receiver at time of transaction
• Retention: Check is retained by biller– Retains source document for back office processing– Secure storage until destruction
2 year retention of copy
42National Check Payments Certification
Back Office Conversion
ODFIOriginating Depositary
Financial Institution
ACH Debit ACH Debit
RDFIReceiving Depositary Financial Institution
ACH Network Operators(Fed or EPN)
MICR Information Captured in Merchant’s Back office and sent to ODFI
Check presented in person at
merchant locationReceipt goes
backto Customer
Merchant/Originator
Consumer/Customer
NOTICE must be posted /
visible
43
Point-of-Purchase Entries (POP)
• Convert check received for goods or services at point of purchase or manned bill pay location
• Single-entry ACH debit transaction• Authorization: Originator obtains customer’s
written authorization–Customer may not revoke authorization–Copy of authorization, voided check, and receipt
must be given to customerShould indicate check will not be processed
• Retention: Originator keeps copy of authorization– 2 years following settlement date
National Check Payments Certification
44National Check Payments Certification
Authorization Signed
“Check” and Receipt
handed back to Customer
Electronic Network
Point-of-Purchase Entries (POP)
ODFIOriginating Depositary
Financial Institution
ACH Debit ACH Debit
RDFIReceiving Depositary Financial Institution
ACH Network Operators(Fed or EPN)
Check presented in person at
merchant location
Merchant/Originator
NOTICE must be posted /
visible
MICR Information Captured at Merchant’s
Cash Register
Sent to ODFI
45National Check Payments Certification
Re-Presented Check Entries (RCK)
• Single-entry ACH debit entry replacing paper check after paper check returned for insufficient (NSF) or uncollected (UCF) funds–Consumer checks only, under $2,500
• Covered by NACHA rules and check law–UCC and Reg CC
• Number of Presentments–RCK entry can be presented one or two times
If only one previous check presentmento RCK entry can be transmitted twice
If two previous check presentmentso RCK entry can be sent only once
46National Check Payments Certification
Re-Presented Check Entries (RCK)
• Authorization–Originator must provide notice of RCK policy to
check writer before receiving check–Notice must clearly and conspicuously state
terms of RCK policy • Notice plus receipt of consumer’s
check constitutes authorization –Copy of check must be retained for 7 years
under check law
47National Check Payments Certification
Re-Presented Check Entries (RCK)
NSF check converted to
RCK
Bank of First Deposit / ODFI Paying Bank/RDFI
RCKto
Paying Bank
ACH Network Operators(Fed or EPN)
Merchant/Originator
NSF
Customer purchases goods and pays with
a check
(1)
(2)
(3) (4)
48National Check Payments Certification
ACH Returns• ACH entry that RDFI is unable to post may be returned
– Reason for return, return codes and return deadlines listed in NACHA rules for all SEC codes
• For ARC, BOC, POP, RCK entries listed this section:– May be returned for any valid return reason– Timing: Generally, return must be available to ODFI no later
than opening of business on 2nd banking day following settlement date
– Extended Return Timeframe60-day extended return timeframe Written Statement of Unauthorized Debit (WSUD) required
• Common return reasons for e-check conversion SEC codes listed on next page
49
Return Time FramesReturnCode
Reasonfor
Return Description DeadlineWSUD Req?
R07 Authorization Revoked
For TEL, WEB entries: Customer who previously authorized an entry claims authorization has been revoked from the Originator by the Receiver 60 Days YES
R10
Customer Advises Not Authorized, Improper, ineligible, or part of an incomplete transaction
For ARC, BOC, POP, TEL, WEB entries: Transaction not authorized, wrong amount, debit date before authorization, incomplete transaction, or improper source document 60 Days YES
R37 Source Document Presented for PaymentSource document to which the ARC, BOC, or POP entry relates has been presented for payment. 60 Days YES
R38 Stop Payment on Source Document
ARC and BOC only. A stop payment order has been placed on the source document related to the ARC or BOC entry. 60 Days NO
R39Improper Source Document / Source Document Presented for Payment
RDFI determines the source document used for the ARC, BOC, or POP entry is not an eligible check or the source document was also presented for payment. 24 Hrs NO
R50 State Law Affecting RCK Acceptance
RCK only - RDFI is located in a state that has not adopted UCC 4 (1990) that requires cancelled checks be returned to the receiver.
Transmitted to RDFI's ACH Operator by midnight of the 2nd banking day following the banking day of receipt of presentment notice NO
R51
RCK Item is Ineligible, Notice Not ProvidedSignature Not GenuineIten Altered or Amount Not Accurately Obtained
RCK only - Item related to the RCK entry was not eligible, or Originator did not provide notice, or signature on the item was not genuine, or the item has been altered, or the amount was not accurately obtained from the item. 60 Days YES
R52 Stop Payment on RCK Item RCK only - Stop payment on item related to RCK entry. 60 Days NO
R53RCK Item and ACH Entry Presented for Payment
RCK only - both the item related to the RCK entry and the RCK entry have been presented for payment. 60 Days YES
RCK Entries:
50National Check Payments Certification
Questions
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51National Check Payments Certification
Quiz Questions
• Available online with session handouts• Review each question carefully
–Answer based on what’s been presented–Use additional recommended resources as needed
P.R.E.P. GuideQuestion of the DayOther online exam resources
–Answer Key included–Will review at start of next session
• Save weekly Quiz Handouts–Review Questions and answers–Will reference in Series Review sessions
52National Check Payments Certification
Recommended Resources• FFIEC References:
– FFIEC - Retail Payment Systems Feb-2010: http://ithandbook.ffiec.gov/it-booklets/retail-payment-systems.aspx
– FFIEC – Supplement to Authentication in an Internet Banking Environment – Oct-2005: http://www.ffiec.gov/pdf/Auth-ITS-Final%206-22-11%20%28FFIEC%20Formated%29.pdf
– FFIEC - Supervisory Guidance for Remote Deposit Capture 1/14/2009: http://www.ffiec.gov/pdf/pr011409_rdc_guidance.pdf
• Regulation CC (12 CFR – Part 229): http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=0ed75d38896a339d9b5189ceb4ebe8b9&node=12:3.0.1.1.10&rgn=div5
• P.R.E.P. Guide EXHIBIT 4: ACH Check Conversion and Selected SEC Codes Overview
53National Check Payments Certification
Next Session
• Session #10: April 3– 2:00 pm ET (1:00 pm CT / 11:00 am PT)– All sessions – 90-minutes
• Topic: “Fraud, Risk and Risk Mitigation”– Will discuss:
Types of fraudFraud detection and preventionFFIEC Guidance
Thank You!
Check Products
Electronic Check Clearing House Organization3710 Rawlins Street; Suite 1075
Dallas, Texas 75219
NOTICEThis NCPC Program document contains copyrighted materials of its publisher.
These program training materials may not be reproduced or published, in whole or in part, without the express permission of ECCHO.
Ellen Heffner, NCPDirector and Education Manager [email protected]
Phyllis Meyerson, AAP, CCMExecutive Vice President
pmeyerson@ eccho.org214-273-3202