national aeronautics and space administration 1 08/28/2008 smap-1 jpl/caltech proprietary. not for...

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National Aeronautics and Space Administration

08/28/2008 SMAP-1JPL/Caltech proprietary. Not for public release or redistribution. For planning and discussion purposes only.


Soil Moisture Active and Passive (SMAP) Mission

Biodiversity &Ecosystem Forecasting

Team Meeting

May 7, 2009

Jared K. EntinProgram Scientist &

Terrestrial Hydrology Program Manager

http://smap.jpl.nasa.gov/

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• Global mapping of Soil Moisture and Freeze/Thaw state to:

Understand processes that link the terrestrial water, energy & carbon cycles Estimate global water and energy fluxes at the land surface Quantify net carbon flux in boreal landscapes Enhance weather and climate forecast skill Develop improved flood prediction and drought monitoring capability

Mission Science ObjectivesMission Science Objectives

Primary Controls on Land Evaporation and Biosphere Primary Productivity

Freeze/Thaw

Radiation

Soil Moisture

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SMAP Science and ApplicationsSMAP Science and Applications

“…the SMAP mission is ready for “fast-track” towards launch as early as 2012, when there are few scheduled Earth missions. The readiness of the SMAP mission also enables gap-filling observations to meet key NPOESS community needs (soil moisture is “Key Parameter,” see 4.1.6.1.6 in IORD-II Document).”

Decadal Survey Panels Cited SMAP Applications

Water Resources and Hydrological Cycle1. Floods and Drought Forecasts2. Available Water Resources Assessment3. Link Terrestrial Water, Energy and Carbon Cycles

Climate / Weather 1. Longer-Term and More Reliable Atmospheric Forecasts

Human Health and Security1. Heat Stress and Drought2. Vector-Borne and Water-Borne Infectious Disease

Land-Use, Ecosystems, and Biodiversity

1. Ecosystem Response (Variability and Change)2. Agricultural and Ecosystem Productivity3. Wild-Fires4. Mineral Dust Production

SMAP in Decadal Survey

SMAP is one of four missions recommended by the NRC Earth Science Decadal Survey for launch in the 2010-2013 time frame

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SMAP Mission ConceptSMAP Mission Concept

• Orbit:

Sun-synchronous, 6 am/pm orbit 670 km altitude

• Instruments:

L-band (1.26 GHz) radar High resolution, moderate accuracy soil moisture Freeze/thaw state detection SAR mode: 3 km resolution Real-aperture mode: 30 x 6 km resolution

L-band (1.4 GHz) radiometer Moderate resolution, high accuracy soil moisture 40 km resolution

Shared instrument antenna 6-m diameter deployable mesh antenna Conical scan at 14.6 rpm Constant incidence angle: 40 degrees

1000 km-wide swath Swath and orbit enable 2-3 day revisit

• Mission Development Schedule Phase A start: September

2008 SRR/MDR: February

2009 PDR: December

2009 CDR: December

2010 SIR: October 2011 Instrument Delivery April 2012 LRD: March 2013

• Mission operations duration: 3 years

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National Aeronautics and Space Administration SMAP Data Will Enable Reliable Estimates of Changes to SMAP Data Will Enable Reliable Estimates of Changes to

Future Water AvailabilityFuture Water Availability

Changes to water availability is a critical practical impact of global warming on society. How will global change affect water supply and food production?Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) climate model projections by region:

Without SMAP data we cannot tell which hydrology models are accurate.With SMAP data we will be able to make reliable determination of future changes in available water. Li et al., (2007): Evaluation of IPCC AR4 soil moisture simulations for the

second half of the twentieth century, Journal of Geophysical Research, 112.

Models disagree on whether there will be MORE or LESS water compared to today

Models agree on direction of temperature change

SMAP-5

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Change in Temperature [C] Change in Soil Moisture [%]6

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National Aeronautics and Space Administration ““Link Terrestrial Water, Energy and Carbon Link Terrestrial Water, Energy and Carbon

Cycle Processes”Cycle Processes”

Do Climate Models Correctly Represent the Landsurface Control on Water and Energy Fluxes?

What Are the Regional Water Cycle Impacts of Climate Variability?

Landscape Freeze/Thaw Dynamics Drive Boreal Carbon Balance[The Missing Carbon Sink Problem].

Water and Energy Cycle

Soil Moisture Controls the Rate of Continental Water and Cycles

Carbon Cycle

Are Northern Land Masses Sources or Sinks for Atmospheric Carbon?

Surface Soil Moisture [% Volume] Measured by L-Band Radiometer

Campbell Yolo Clay Field Experiment Site, California

Soi

l Eva

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““Quantify Net Carbon Flux in Boreal Landscapes”Quantify Net Carbon Flux in Boreal Landscapes”

Primary thaw day (DOY)

McDonald et al. (2004): Variability in springtime thaw in the terrestrial high latitudes: Monitoring a major control on the biospheric assimilation of atmospheric CO2 with spaceborne microwave remote sensing. Earth Interactions 8(20), 1-23.

SMAP will complement atmospheric CO2 monitoring by providing important information on the land surface processes that control land-atmosphere carbon source/sink dynamics. It will provide more than 8-fold increase in spatial resolution over existing spaceborne sensors.

(r = 0.550; P = 0.042)

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1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000

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SSM/I thaw date CO2 Spring drawdown

(r = 0.550; P = 0.042)

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1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000

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SSM/I thaw date CO2 Spring drawdown

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Annual comparison of pan-Arctic thaw date and high latitude growing season onset inferred from atmospheric CO2 samples, 1988 – 2001

Mean growing season onset for 1988 – 2002 derived from coarse resolution SSM/I data

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“Extend Weather and Climate Forecast Skill”

Predictability of seasonal climate is dependent on boundary conditions such as sea surface temperature (SST) and soil moisture – Soil moisture is particularly important over continental interiors.

Difference in Summer Rainfall: 1993 (flood) minus

1988 (drought) years

Observations

Prediction driven by SST and soil moisture

Prediction driven by SST

-5 0 +5 Rainfall Difference [mm/day]

(Schubert et al., 2002)With Realistic Soil Moisture

24-Hours Ahead High-Resolution

Atmospheric Model Forecasts

Observed Rainfall0000Z to 0400Z 13/7/96(Chen et al., 2001)

Buffalo CreekBasin

High resolution soil moisture data will improve numerical weather prediction (NWP) over continents by accurately initializing land surface states

Without Realistic Soil Moisture

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National Aeronautics and Space Administration ““Develop Improved Flood and Drought Develop Improved Flood and Drought

Prediction Capability”Prediction Capability”

“…delivery of flash-flood guidance to weather forecast offices are centrally dependent on the availability of soil moisture estimates and observations.”

“SMAP will provide realistic and reliable soil moisture observations that will potentially open a new era in drought monitoring and decision-support.”

Decadal Survey:

• Current Status: Indirect soil moisture indices are based on rainfall and air temperature (by county or ~30 km)

• SMAP Capability: Direct soil moisture measurements – global, 3-day, 10 km resolution

NOAA National Weather Service Operational Flash Flood Guidance (FFG)

Operational Drought Indices Produced by NOAA and National Drought Mitigation Center (NDMC)

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Applications and User EngagementApplications and User Engagement

Droughts Floods/Landslides Agriculture Weather/Climate Human Health

• By providing direct measurements of soil moisture and freeze/thaw state, SMAP will enable a variety of societal benefits:

• Near-term SMAP applications outreach will be focused on: 1. Developing a community of end-users, stakeholders, and decision makers that

understand SMAP capabilities and are interested in using SMAP products in their application (SMAP Community of Practice).

2. Developing an assessment of current application benefits / requirements and needs for SMAP products (survey).

3. Identifying a handful of “early adopters” who will partner to optimize their use of SMAP products, possibly even before launch as part of the extended OSSE activities (“targeted partners”).

4. Providing information about SMAP to the broad user community

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DoD RelevanceDoD Relevance

Naval Ice Center will use experiment data for high resolution mapping of marine and littoral ice cover and ice characteristics

Air Force Weather Agency will use experiment data to

1. Initialize Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) model for aviation weather, severe weather and fog forecasts

2. Input into Dust Transport Model (DTM)

US Army Space and Missile Defense Command, Army Research Laboratory, G-2, Corps of Engineers,

and Marine Corps will use experiment data to validate and improve tools to evaluate threat and friendly mobility

1. Cross Country Mobility (CCM) 2. Tri-Service Integrated Weather Effects Decision Aid (IWEDA) 3. Battlespace Terrain Reasoning / Awareness (BTRA) 4. Opportune Landing System (OLS)

5. Integrated air and space operations support

Documentation1. AFSPC weather information key EDR2. JROC IORD-II EDR: KPP 4.1.6.1.6 (Category 1-A)

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100 km 10 km 1 km

Day

Week

Month ALOS SAR

Aquarius

SMOS SMAP Radar-Radiometer

ClimateClimate ApplicationsApplications

Weather ApplicationsWeather Applications

CarbonCarbon CycleCycle ApplicationsApplications

Resolved Spatial Scales

Res

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Radio

met

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RadarEvolution of L-Band Sensing

SMAP Mission UniquenessSMAP Mission Uniqueness

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Science L1 RequirementsScience L1 Requirements

DS Objective Application Science Product

Requirement Weather Forecast

Initialization of Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) Hydrometeorology

Boundary and Initial Conditions for Seasonal Climate Prediction Models Climate Prediction Test ing Land Surface Models in General Circulation Models

Hydroclimatology

Seasonal Precipitation Prediction Regional Drought Monitoring

Drought and Agriculture Monitoring Crop Outlook

Hydroclimatology

River Forecast Model Initialization Flash Flood Guidance (FFG) Flood Forecast NWP Initialization for Precipitation Forecast

Hydrometeorology

Seasonal Heat Stress Outlook Hydroclimatology Near-Term Air Te mperature and Heat Stress Forecast Hydrometeorology Disease Vector Seasonal Outlook Hydroclimatology

Human Health

Disease Vector Near-Term Forecast (NWP) Hydrometeorology Boreal Carbon Source/Sink

Timing of seasonal Freeze/Thaw Transitions Carbon Cycle

Baseline Mission Duration Requirement is 3 Years (Decadal Survey)

RequirementHydro-

MeteorologyHydro-

ClimatologyCarbon Cycle

Baseline Mission Minimum Mission

Soil Moisture

Freeze/ Thaw

Soil Moisture

Freeze/Thaw

Resolution 4-15 km 50-100 km 1-10 km 10 km 3 km 10 km 10 km

Refresh Rate 2-3 days 3-4 days 2-3 days(1) 3 days 2 days(1) 3 days 3 days(1)

Accuracy 4-6% 4-6% 80-70% 4% 80% 6% 70%

(1)North of 45°N latitude

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Science ProductsScience Products

Data Product Description

L1B_S0_LoRes Low Resolution Radar σo in Time Order

L1C_S0_HiRes High Resolution Radar σo on Earth Grid

L1B_TB Radiometer TB in Time Order

L1C_TB Radiometer TB on Earth Grid

L2/3_F/T_HiRes Freeze/Thaw State on Earth Grid

L2/3_SM_HiRes Radar Soil Moisture on Earth Grid

L2/3_SM_40km Radiometer Soil Moisture on Earth Grid

L2/3_SM_A/P Radar/Radiometer Soil Moisture on Earth Grid

L4_F/T Freeze/Thaw Model Assimilation on Earth Grid

L4_4DDA Soil Moisture Model Assimilation on Earth Grid

Global Mapping L-Band Radar and Radiometer

High-Resolution and Frequent-Revisit Science Data

Observations+Model Value Added Science Data

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Science Definition Team (SDT)Science Definition Team (SDT)

Dara Entekhabi (MIT) – Sci Team LeadEni Njoku (JPL) – Proj SciPeggy O’Neill (GSFC) – Dep Proj Sci

Wade Crow (USDA ARS) SM AssimilationTom Jackson (USDA ARS) Cal/Val & Algorithm Joel Johnson (Ohio St. U) RFI & SM AlgorithmJohn Kimball (U-Mt) Frz/thw Alg. & Carbon Cycle SciRandy Koster (GSFC) Wea/Clim model initializationKyle McDonald (JPL) Frz/thw Alg. & Carbon Cycle SciMahta Moghaddam (U Mich) Algorithms & Carbon Cycle SciSusan Moran (USDA ARS) Applications (Flood/Drought) Rolf Reichle (GSFC) SM Assim. & W/C initializationJ. C. Shi (UCSB) SM Retrieval Algorithm Leung Tsang (U Wash) SM Retrieval AlgorithmJacob van Zyl (JPL) SM Retrieval Algorithm


Accurately Constraining Root-Zone Soil Moisture Estimates using Remotely-Sensed Surface Soil Moisture Observations

Red areas indicate regions where the assimilation of AMSR-E surface soil moisture retrievals correct the RMSE impact of TRMM rainfall errors on modeled root-zone soil moisture predictions.

Given potentially large errors in satellite-based rainfall products, results suggest a role for SMAP soil moisture retrievals in global ecologic applications requiring root-zone soil moisture information.

Research funded by the NASA Applied Sciences Program (W. Crow, PI). Figures taken from Bolten, Crow, Zhan, Jackson and Reynolds, “Evaluating the utility of remotely-sensed soil moisture for agricultural drought applications,” IEEE Selected Topics is Applied Remote Sensing, in revision, 2009.

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SMAP-17

Project StatusProject Status

• Project entered Phase A on September 24, 2008

• Held SMAP Field Experiment in Oct, 2008 to assess Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) at L-band and test mitigation strategies

• Science Definition Team was selected in Oct 2008 – held 1st meeting in Nov.

• 1st meetings held in Nov’08, Mar’09, and in late July’09

• Project is making good progress on key Phase A trade studies and requirements and system interface definition as appropriate for Mission Design Review

• Project submitted Level one requirements to ESM and HQ

• Concluded major flight system architecture trades

• Initiated dynamics team, developed initial flight system dynamics and pointing model

• SDT completed an RFI risk assessment and has formally recommended to incorporate additional risk mitigation features.

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SMAP-18

Community InvolvementCommunity Involvement

• SMAP has a public website

• SMAP science leadership have engaged operational applications communities

• NOAA NCEP/NWP & NWS Office of Hydrology Development, ECMWF, AFWA have expressed specific and strong interest in using SMAP data

• NOAA has established a SMAP working team & high-priority study topics

• SMAP held an Open Meeting at IGARSS, July ‘08; 50 people attended

• SMAP was well represented at the October Hydrology Workshop

• SMAP SDT Working Groups are established Applications, RFI, Algorithms, Cal/Val; informal meetings were held at Fall AGU (Dec’08)

• Planning future SMAP-related workshops, e.g., on Cal/Val & Algorithms (June 2009).

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SMAP-19

Issues – Future PlansIssues – Future Plans

• SMAP has no technology readiness issues

• SMAP Science Project plans

• Algorithm testbed

• Data assimilation framework for level 4s & operational requirements

• Using SMOS data as prototype for algorithm testing

• Algorithm refinement through field campaigns.

• SMAP is one of the first decadal survey missions to be implemented. Some of its issues can be raised to be considered at programmatic level

• Data latency requirements for science versus operational community desire

• Ground network capability to handle data volume

• Desire for common infrastructure

Connected

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Algorithm TestbedAlgorithm Testbed

HiHi--ResResLSM Input LSM Input

ParametersParameters

Surface TempSurface Temp

Soil TextureSoil Texture

VegetationVegetation

::::

Orbital/Orbital/instrument instrument SamplingSampling

Forward ModelsForward Models(Radar/Radiometer)(Radar/Radiometer)

TBTB σσoo

Instrument NoiseInstrument Noise(Radar/Radiometer)(Radar/Radiometer)

Inverse ModelsInverse Models(Radar/Radiometer)(Radar/Radiometer)

Retrieved Soil MoistureRetrieved Soil Moisture““TruthTruth”” Soil MoistureSoil MoistureError Error

AnalysisAnalysis

HiHi--ResResLSM Input LSM Input

ParametersParameters

Surface TempSurface Temp

Soil TextureSoil Texture

VegetationVegetation

::::

Orbital/Orbital/instrument instrument SamplingSampling

Forward ModelsForward Models(Radar/Radiometer)(Radar/Radiometer)

TBTB σσoo

Instrument NoiseInstrument Noise(Radar/Radiometer)(Radar/Radiometer)

Inverse ModelsInverse Models(Radar/Radiometer)(Radar/Radiometer)

Retrieved Soil MoistureRetrieved Soil Moisture““TruthTruth”” Soil MoistureSoil MoistureError Error

AnalysisAnalysis

Will help evaluate the relative merits of different microwave models, retrieval algorithms, and ancillary data for meeting SMAP’s soil moisture and freeze/thaw science objectives, based on a common set of input and processing conditions.

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Applications and User EngagementApplications and User Engagement

Near-term SMAP applications outreach will be focused on:

1. Develop an assessment of current application benefits / requirements for SMAP products (The Survey).

2. Develop a community of end-users that understand SMAP capabilities and are interested in using SMAP

products in their application (SMAP Community of Practice).

3. Target partners who can work with SMAP project during pre-launch period. Possibly use the

SMAP Algorithm Test-Bed for assessment of impact on their applications. (Targeted Partners): - NWP (NCEP, ECMWF, AFWA, Met Canada)

- Operational Hydrology (NWS HRL)- Drought NIDS- DoD (ERDC, AFWA)

4. Provide information about SMAP to the Broad User Community (Web page, brochures, papers)

5. Develop New User communities:

- Ecological services - Inundation (biogeochemical cycles and flood)

- Sea-ice - Hurricane tracking

- NWP ocean surface high winds - NPOESS gap-fill and MIS/VIIRS algorithm development

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Thank You

http://smap.jpl.nasa.gov

Email: [email protected]

national aeronautics and space administration 1 08/28/2008 smap-1 jpl/caltech proprietary. not for...

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