naps 2016 maureen millward - gaelic in scotland
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Gaelic in ScotlandThe Language, Culture and Revival
By Maureen Millward for NAPS, Montreal 2016
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Gaelic in Scotland• History and decline
• Revival today in Scotland and Canada
• Gaelic Culture
• Introduction to the Gaelic Language
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Gaelic in Scotland• Arrived from Ireland in the 5th century
• First spoken in Argyll in the west, Kingdom of Dal Riata
• Belongs to the Celtic language family along with Irish, Manx, Welsh, Cornish and Breton
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The Decline of Gaelic
• In 1800 there were 300,000 monolingual Gaelic speakers.• It is unclear how many bilingual Gaelic/English speakers there were in 1800.• There are 57,000 bilingual speakers today.
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Decline of Gaelic - Reasons• 1500 – Gaelic was at its peak
and then started to decline with the emergence of Scots
• 16th Century - King James VI abolished the use of Gaelic
• 1707 – Union of Scottish & English Parliaments
• Late 18th Century – Highland Clearances began
• 1872 – Education Act, promotion of English & punishment for speaking Gaelic.
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Revival of Gaelic• Gaelic College Sabhal
Mòr Ostaig in the Isle of Skye opened in the 1970s
• Scottish Parliament introduced the Gaelic Language Act in 2005
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Revival of Gaelic• Gaelic Medium Schools
with 3,500 students• Gaelic lessons in school
with 11,000 students• Gaelic nurseries - 989
children• Leisure Activities for
children and adults through the medium of Gaelic
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Gaelic Culture• Clans - Mc/Mac
Surnames (mac = son)• McDonald = son of
Donald• Descendants and
tenants could use the name
• Own tartan
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Gaelic Culture• Traditional music with bagpipes and fiddles
• Gaelic Psalms Singing. Video Clip
• Ceilidh - Video Clip
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Gaelic Culture
• Highland Games
• Whisky• Celtic-inspired
gifts from jewellery to knitwear
• Celtic Music Festivals held every year throughout Scotland
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Gaelic Situation in Canada• Highland Clearances
• 200,000 speakers mid-19th century
• Number of speakers has declined to 2,000 today
• Revival through education
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Characteristics of the Language• 10 Irregular Verbs• Pronunciation
• Broad (a,o,u) and Slender Vowels (i,e) at either side of a consonant
• Four Cases• Verb – Subject - Object
• No direct translation for yes/no• Lenition
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Lenition• Lenition (softening) is a process whereby certain
consonants which appear at the beginning of words are made 'softer'. This is indicated in writing by adding a H after the consonant.
• Usually a preceding word determines whether the following word will lenite.
• Examples:Mac (son) – a mhac (his son) (a vak) - a mac (her son) (a mak)Piuthar (sister) – a phiuthar (his sister) (a few-har)Math (good) - Madainn Mhath (Good morning)
(matan va)
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Addressing PeopleIn Gaelic, people's names change when you talk to
them or call to them. This is called the vocative case.
Màiri (Mary) = Halò a Mhàiri (uh Vaari)Seumas (James) = Halò a Sheumais (uh
Hamish)
Note: Non-Gaelic names don’t usually change.
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Greetings• Feasgar math. (fesgar mah) = Good afternoon/evening• Dè an t-ainm a th’ort? (jay an ten-uhm a horsht?) = What is
your name?• Is mise + Name (is mishuh + name) = I am ......• Ciamar a tha thu? (kimar a how) = How are you?• Glè mhath, tapadh leat (glay va, tah pa lat) = Very well,
thank you• Ciamar a tha thu fhéin? (kimar a hah oo hane) = How are
you yourself?• Chan eil dona. (han eel dona) = Not bad.• Mar sin leat (mar shin lat) = Goodbye
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Weather ExpressionsCiamar a tha an t-sìde? (kimar a ha an tcheeje) = How is the weather?
Tha an t-uisge ann (ha an t-ooshke aon) = It is rainingTha i grianach (ha ee greeanach) = It is sunnyTha i garbh (ha ee garav) = It is windyTha i fuar (ha ee fooar) = It is coldTha i blath (ha ee blaa) = It is warmTha i teth (ha ee chay) = It is hot
A bheil i grianach? (a vel ee greeanach?) - Is it sunny?Tha. Tha i grianach. – Yes. It is sunny.Chan eil. Chan eil i grianach. - No. It is not sunny
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Q&A
Link to Resources: http://www.fluentin3months.com/scottish-gaelic/