nanyang technological university - singapore

NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ART, DESIGN AND MEDIA

SINGAPORE

Designed by : CPG Consultants

Project 1 : Case Study: Identifying innovative passive design strategies

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

NATURAL AND MAN-MADE FACTOR

CLIMATE ANALYSIS

SUN ANALYSIS WIND ANALYSIS THERMAL ANALYSIS

CONCEPT ANALYSIS

REFERENCES

1 - 4

5 - 10

11 - 13

14 - 19

20 - 22

23 - 28

29 - 32

33 - 36

TITLE PAGE NO.

INTRODUCTION : The Building “ we were awe with the design and creation of green roof building”

Project:

Location:

Case Study: Identifying innovative passive design strategies

Nanyang Technological University, School of Art Media and Design,

Singapore

Architect: Designed by CPG Consultants

“As a group, we constantly push the frontier of infrastructural and architectural design trends to meet the needs of modern facilities and their usage. Thus, one of our most distinctive design niches is environmentalism. The team is concerned and mindful of the impact modern infrastructure can have on the environment and we are hence, constantly producing solutions that enable us to co-exist with nature in harmony.“CPG Consultants, Green Approach

Introduction

Nanyang Technological University is one of

the largest public universities in Singapore

which boasts a 200 hectare campus. Each

school has their own building on the

campus ground. One of the new building

inside the campus ground was built for

its School of Art, Design and Media. The

building is a green building designed and

built by CPG consultants which caters

to the environment by means of passive

design relative to the tropical climate and

is recognised by Singapore’s Green Mark

System (Davis, 2012).

Climate

Climatically both Singapore and Malaysia

are a hot and humid country; Singapore, a

city-state, lies 1° north of the equator. This

essentially contributes to it having a tropical

rain forest climate along with its maritime

exposure. Due to the country being

Nanyang Technological

University’s School of Art, Design and

Media achieved the Green Mark Platinum

Award (refer to Image 3) from the

Building and Construction Authority for

adopting best practices in environmental

sustainability (Green Mark).

Green Certification

surrounded by water, its temperature has

minimal fluctuations, negating the four

seasons (Bruno, 2011).

1

TopImage 1: View of the building as occupants walk up the stairs to the top of the green roof

MiddleImage 2: View of the stairs leading up to the open courtyard. Entrance to the build-ing from the courtyard can be seen.

BottomImage 3: Building and Construction Authority Green Mark Logo

1 2

This unique building is situated in Singapore, specifically in the 200-hectare Yun-

nan campus, adjacent to the Jurong West district of Singapore. It is situated at

a crossroad between Nanyang Avenue and Lien Ying Chow Drive and is flanked

by the Simtech Valley Block. The building is used mostly during the day when

the students and staffs occupy it and is left empty during the night. It is spaced

apart from nearby buildings as it houses the School of Art, Design and Media.

SITE LOCATIONTopImage 4: Site Plan of Nanyang Technological University, School of Art, Design & Media

3 4

Plans, Sections ,drawings

Image 5Floor plan of Nanyang Technological University School of Art, Design and Media

Image 6Cross Section of Nanyang Technological University School of Art, Design and Media

3 4

NATURAL AND MAN MADE FACTORS“ Components that affecting the comforbality of the building “

5

Dense voysiamatre l la grass tur fThe grass turf helps to absorb Singapore’s intense sun which

decreases the temperature of the air surrounding the university.

Moreover, thus eco-friendly attribute enhances the outdoor gathering

spaces of the university.

TopImage 7:Photograph of the dense voysiamatrella grass turf

5

Exposed Facade The facade of the building is an expansive curtain wall facades of

high-performance, double-glazed glass. It is longitudinally oriented

east-west and more north and south exposures.

The glass curtain walls maximizes interior daylight while minimizing

heat penetration. Double-glazed windows are windows with two

sheets of glass separated by an air tight gap. This creates an insulation

barrier and helps prevent heat loss in winter and heat gain in summer.

The combination of high insulation frame, twin compression seals

and double glazed units gives a level of thermal efficiency that is

unsurpassed. Double glazing is designed to minimize heat transfer.

TopImage 8: Photograph of the Curtain wall facade

6

Almond Shape CourtyardThe courtyard expands access to daylight and cooling effect. It

provides natural light into interior spaces as well as in providing cooling

properties from the water attributes exuding a serene environment and

emanating a refreshing breeze that cools the courtyard.

TopImage 9: Photo-graph of the exterior scenery including the courtyard

6 7

Raw Concrete Mater ia ls and Fin ishesConcrete is high energy efficient. Its thermal mass or ability helps in

absorbing and retaining heat which helps in cutting heating and cooling

bills. Moreover, concrete’s reflectivity properties minimizes the affects

the produces urban heat island as it absorbs less heat and reflects

more solar radiation.

TopImage 10: Photo-graph of the material that been used in the building which is concrete and glass

8

Curved Green Roof The curved green roof that casts in heavily ribbed, reinforced concrete

which also forms the double curve layoutThe green roof reduces solar gain and slows run off during Singapore’s

frequent downpour. The turfs are irrigated using rainwater collected in

the storage tank. Moisture retention materials are installed beneath the

soil helps keep the grass consistently damp that creates a surrounding

temperature that is not too hot. This helps in creating a thermal

environment that is comfortable for the occupants of the university.

TopImage 11: Photo-graph of the curved green roof in the site

8 9

Pictures Taken ofSite

Image 12Panoramic View of Nanyang Technological University School of Art, Media and Design

Image 13User and Library Space in Nanyang Technological University School of Art, Design and Media

Image 14User and Space in the Interior Nanyang Technological University School of Art, Design and Media.

Image 15Concrete Material on the wall of Nanyang Technological University School of Art, Design and Media

Image 16Staircase along Green Roof on Nanyang Technological University School of Art, Design and Media

10

CLIMATE ANALYSIS“The basic precedent study to analyse is the climate”

Climate Data

Climate Location Singapore

Figure 1Annual Relative Humidity for Singa-pore

Figure 2Annual Maximum Temperature for Singapore

HUMIDITY

TEMPERATURE

11 12

Figure 3Annual Minimum Temperature of Singapore

Figure 4AverageTemperature ofSingapore

11 12

Singapore’s climate is character-

ised by uniform temperature and pres-

sure, high humidity and abundant rainfall

because of its geographical location and

maritime exposure. Relative humidity is

in the range of 70% - 80%.

Buildings constructed in high humidity

locations need to have dehumidification

capability to avoid moisture build up

inside the building, causing discomfort

and moulds.

Humidity

Singapore maintains its tem-

perature throughout the year with little

changes between its maximum and

minimum temperature. The average

temperature is between 23 degrees

Celsius and 31 degrees Celsius. April

is the warmest month, January is

coolest month and November is the

wettest month.

In terms of building design,

exposed heavy construction materials

with low heat conductivity materials

is highly favourable such as concrete

which reduces heat gain into the build-

ing and store cooling energy.

Temperature

Image 17On Site Sketch of Nanyang Technological Univeristy

13

SUN ANALYSIS“Sources that can’t be avoid as it always shine bright on the day”

13

Sunpath Case Studies

Image 18January 8th 11:15 a.m

Image 19May 4th11:30 a.m

14 15

Image 20September 25th12:45 p.m

Image 21November 30th 15:00 p.m

14 15

Upon completion of our research,

we have found out that the consultants

took a lot of measures to design this

building in accordance with the natural

sun orientation as their idea were to

build an open space university (2014).

Referring to the site plan, this building is

located in the housing area with a

proper development from the

Singapore’s government. As it is

situated far from the main city, there is

no natural shading from the surrounding

building except for the location natural

vegetation. Thus, the consultants built

this building with a proper orientation

by placing the facades facing north

and south to minimize solar gain. After

achieving the right orientation for build-

ing, the facade is fixed with glass curtain

walls.

Benefits from Site Context

During our site visit, we felt

really comfortable when we were

inside the building and also in the

courtyard. According to D.K Ching,

taking advantage of the land or

ecology of the building is one way to

enhance green building’s factor. Thus,

the purpose of almond-shaped courtyard in the middle of the

building is to provide natural lighting into the interior. Next, the consultant

took advantage of the sun orientation

by designing a green roof. According

to Alwitra GMBH.co, the purpose of

the green roof is to bring out the

aesthetic value of the building from

other conventional multi - storey

buildings, in the campus and in the city

(2013). Moreover, the green roof

functions to cool the building

environment by absorbing Singapore’s

intense sun and slowing runoff during

Singapore’s downpour (2014).

Image 22

Site PlanRed Box : Nanyang Technological Universtiy Campus

Blue Box : House / Residential Area

Black Box : Nanyang Technological University School of Art, Design and Media

16

Absorb Singapore's

Intense Sun

The Image 19 until Image 21

is a proof of the sun orientation on

the Nanyang Technological University

School of Art, Design and Media. The

date and time was set through the

analysis of Singapore’s season which

are North-East Monsoon Season,Pre

South-West Monsoon, South-West

Monsoon Season and Pre North-East

Monsoon. The consultant achieved their

intention to make use of the

building orientation, green roof and etc

to overcome the Singapore’s intense

sun. As the curtain glass wall is

orientated to the north and south, there

is no full exposure from the sun as it is

only direct to the courtyard. Next, since

the green roof is on top of the building, it

is fully exposed to every direction of the

sun to oppose the Sun heat.

Sun Path Case Studies

Beauty to the users

and surrounding

Building Material which is glass curtain

that allows natural lighting to enter the

building.

Image 23

Sketches of Nanyang Technolog-ical University School of Art, Design and Media’s Elevation that shows the Function of the building that coorperate with the sun analysis information.

16 17

- The facades of the building are facaing north and south to minimize solar gain

- High Efficiency discharge lights are adopted throughout the building. (2013)

Opening of the building facade from the Glass Wall

Top Image 24 Sketches of floor plan of the site which shows the building orientation.

BottomImage 25Perspective sketch of site to show the placement of courtyard and focus view on the glass wall

18 19

Design Profile

Building Profile Building Name Nanyang Technological University School of Art, Design and Media

Architect Designed by CPG Consultants

LocationBuilding Type

Singapore

School / University

Square Foot 215,000 sqft

Solar Design Profile Latitude 1.3

Heating Degree Days mean ambient temperatures of around 26-27°C year around

Cooling Degree DaysConservation Strategies

N/A

Energy Conservation in East Asia

Passive Solar Strategies

building position, open facade of the building, placement couryard with fountain, shading

Active Solar Strategies

Green Roof System

Other renewable energy strategies

None

High Performance Strategies

High Performance glazing and envelope, High Performance elevation, High performance roof

18 19

WIND ANALYSIS“The Ventilation”

20

TopImage 26

The courtyard of Nanyang Technological University

The northeast monsoon season, from

December to the beginning of March,

is when north-easterly winds prevail.

Whereas, the southwest monsoon

season from June through September,

is when south-easterly or south-west-

erly winds blow. (Figure 5) Due to the

2 monsoon seasons and the location of

Nanyang Technology University which

is relatively near to the sea, the amount

and speed of wind flows are higher and

faster compared to the other months

and locations.(Image 27) For the

building itself, the verdant turfed roof

and the courtyard are the two spaces

that would be well ventilated.

( Image 29 ).

Sun Path Case StudiesThe sliding doors and opened windows

are also allowed the air ventilation to

flow throughout the building. Winds

are incorporated onto the roof and also

the courtyard to allow students to feel

cooled. Moreover, the presence of wind

helps to lower down the temperature

outside while the majority of interiors

such as the counter area, halls, classes,

studios, admission centre, and so on are

ventilated by using air conditioners.

( Image 29 ). However, the air

conditioning are switched off after 11pm

every day. It is to be eco-friendly.For

Nanyang Technology University, the

wind flows helped to improve the

thermal comfort.

20

Sunpath Case Studies

Figure 5The wind diagram shows the wind speed, the wind direction in Singapore

Image 27The google map picture showing the short distance between the sea andNanyang Technological University

21 22

Wind Symbol

Image 28Sketch of wind movement in Nanyang Technological University

Image 29Ventilation across Nanyang Technological Universtity School of Art, Design and Media

21 22

THERMAL ANALYSIS“Comfortability”

23

When people are displeased with

their thermal environment, not only is it

a potential health hazard, it also impacts

on their ability to function effectively,

their happiness/satisfaction at work, the

likelihood they will remain a customer

and so on.

BS EN ISO 7730 defines thermal

comfort as ‘…that condition of mind

which expresses satisfaction with the

thermal environment. ie the condition

when someone is not feeling either too

hot or too cold.

The human thermal environment

is not straight forward and cannot be

stated in degrees. Nor can it be

reasonably be defined by adequate

temperature ranges. It is a personal

experience dependent on a countless

number of criteria and can be different

from one person to another within the

same space.

Thermal Comfort Analysis

For example, a person walking up stairs

in a cold environment whilst wearing a

coat might feel too hot, whilst someone

sat still in a shirt in the same environ-

ment might feel too cold.

The Health and Safety Executive

propose that an environment can be

said to attain ‘reasonable comfort’ when

at least 80% of its dwellers are thermally

at ease. This means that thermal

comfort can be assessed simply by

surveying inhabitants to find out whether

they are unhappy with their thermal

environment.

At one degree above the equator,

the climate in Singapore is typically

tropical; hot and humid throughout the

year. The temperature usually lingers

around 30 degrees Celsius (86 degrees

Fahrenheit) with 75 per cent humidity.

Rainfall is slightly higher during the

winter with a monthly average of 260

millimeters (10 inches) and summer

months averaging 170 millimeters (six

and a half inches).

23

Climate proportion to Thermal Analysis

Figure 6Singapore Climate Graph

Figure 7Singapore Climate table

24

Enlivened by fountains, cascad-

ing water and a “floating” performance

platform, the reflecting pond of the

building’s interior courtyard both creates

ambience and cools a pleasant commu-

nal area in the center.

The main green feature of

the building still remains the iconic

curved green roof.

A living or green roof is a roof that

is substantially covered with vegetation.

These have positive effects on buildings

by reducing the stress on the roof sur-

face and increasing their life, improving

thermal comfort and reducing noise

transmission inside the building,

reducing the urban heat island effect,

reducing storm water runoff,

re-oxygenating the air and removing

airborne toxins, recycling nutrients, and

providing habitat for living organisms, all

of this while creating peaceful

environments. Therefore, green roofs do

have an immediate effect on the thermal

comfort of a building.

Indoor temperature reduces in

the buildings having green roofs with the

increasing of the soil thickness.( Image 31 ) There is a significant influence of

soil thicknesses in green roof for

improving the indoor temperatures in the

upper floors of buildings. However, soil

thickness does not effect on the indoor

temperature in the ground floor. The

latter is affected by the curvilinear plan

form of the building,creating an

TopImage 30

Zone Floor Plan ofNanyang Technological University

24 25

opening in the center which hosts a

cooling courtyard. The green roof is

applied here on NTU, which has upper

floors, exposed to the direct sun light

throughout the day time as a passive

element. Studies and experiments car-

ried out by professionals have shown

that the indoor thermal performance of

a green roof is better than the traditional

roofs. As a reason of aging of buildings,

the absorptivity of traditional roof mate-

rials increase. However, in a well main-

tained green roof, this remains same as

newly constructed green roof.

The glass curtain wall is an-

other feature which adds on to the

thermal comfort of NTU.

Windows are complex and fas-

cinating elements in the material of

a building. They allow light and fresh

air and provide views that link interior

spaces with the outdoors. Unfortunately,

windows can be a maincause of un-

desirable heat gain in hot weather and

significant heat loss in cold weather.

Windows can have a severe

impact on the heating and cooling loads

of a building. Up to 40% of a building’s

heating energy can be lost and up to

87% of its heat gained through win-

dows. (http://www.yourhome.gov.au/

passive-design/glazing)

Improving windows’ thermal per-

formance reduces energy costs, green-

house gas emissions and improves

TopImage 31

sections showing air flow, red is warm, blue is cool

26 27

thermal comfort within.

Careful selection of window glaz-

ing greatly increases thermal comfort for

people near to windows, especially large

windows. The sense of comfort is not

just determined by air temperature: the

temperature of surrounding surfaces has

a great impact.

The goal should be to attain an inside

glass surface temperature as close as

possible to the preferred room air tem-

perature. This means glass that is nei-

ther cold in winter nor hot in summer.

Although we lacked the time to

do an in depth mathematical thermal

behavior room-by-room analysis/mea-

surement of the entire building, we did

get to measure the dry bulb temperature

from certain areas of the building, out-

side to inside the double glazed glassed

walls.

Room/Area Outside Main Entrance

Inside Main Entrance

Inside corridor to library

Inside middle of library

Library-window side facing courtyard

Corridors on Floor below roof

On top of grass roof

Temperature Recorded/ ˚C

33

31

29.8

25.6

30.9

Avg. 31.2

Avg. 32.3

TopFigure 8

Table of on site tem-perature recordings of some spaces

27

TopImage 32

‘’heat map’’ of the NTU in section – darkest red is hottest darkest blue is coldest

• The building is oriented with its facades facing north and south to

minimize solar gain. During the day, the sun shines mostly on the green roof

from east to west.

• High efficiency discharge lights are adopted throughout the building,

more light less heat gain.

• High performance double glazed glass wall in place

• The rain water collection system is fitted on the green roof for

irrigation, this further keeps the coolness of the roof/inner roof area

• The rain sensors are installed on the green roof to automate the

irrigation process whereby irrigation is ceased when it rains.

• The curved building is embracing a courtyard with water features and

plants. The reflection of the trees and nature can been seen on the all-glass

exterior.

Some key features playing a role in the efficient thermal comfort of the building

28

CONCEPT ANALYSIS“The Conclusion of Our Analysis”

One of the main features of Nanyang Technological University that can be noticed is the exterior

glass curtain walling. It is utilizing passive solar design to help maximize natural lighting by using proper

orientation of the building and providing appropriate shading to reduce overheating.

The building is specifically orientated facing the north and south ( Picture 1 ). This is to minimize

the solar gain and heat load in the morning. The glass exterior facade allows natural views and sunlight

into the building, allowing visual exchange between indoor and outdoor spaces. This give an amazing

experience while being in the building and enjoying the surrounding at the same time.

The glasses are double-glazed to reduce heat penetration into the building, while allowing

maximum interior daylight to pass through ( Picture 2 ). It helps to reduce the temperature transfer

between exterior and interior spaces. Glass openings are also placed throughout the interior walls to

provide natural sunlight diffusing through each space. This allows continuity of lighting throughout the

building ( Picture 3 ).

Strategic window placements for rooms and toilets that are placed underground enhancenatural

lighting into the building. This allows sunlight to illuminate the spaces inside ( Picture 4 ). By adopting

this, usage of electricity is reduced to minimal. The window openings also provide natural views in be-

tween spaces ( Picture 5 ).

Another passive design feature that is adopted by the building is the green roofing system

( Picture 6 ). This feature helps to moderate the temperature of a building by reducing solar gain, and

generally improving air quality of the surrounding.

Nanyang Technological University uses the extensive green roofing system due to the depth of

growing medium used, which is up to six inches or less ( Picture 7 ). Other characteristics that define

this green roof are its lower plant diversity and plant weight. By using the extensive green roof,

maintenance and cost of the building is reduced.

Green roofmainly helps in reducing the urban heat island effect, especially during the daytime. It

insulates the building by having moisture retention materials installed beneath the soil. The thickness of

soil used directly affects the indoor temperature of the building, as increase in soil thickness helps

reduce the temperature within the building. This is effective and can clearly be seen on the upper floors

of the building ( Picture 8 ). The roof provides savings benefit on heating and cooling systems.

Besides that the grass used on the roofs collects rainwater during heavy downpour for

landscaping irrigation ( Picture 9 ). This feature also contributes in the coolness of the roof area, as it

allows the grass to be consistently damp and gives off a cooling effect. A green roof not only provides a

beautiful landscape but it also enhances air quality by trapping air pollutants and re-oxygenating the air.

GREEN ROOFING SYSTEM

Passive Solar Design

29 30

TopImage 33

Sketch of building orientation.

MiddleImage 34

Sketch of double-glazed glass.

Bottom Image 35

Sketch of glass openings in interior spaces.

30

TopImage 36

Sketch of window placement for under-ground lighting.

MiddleImage 37

Sketch of natural views for under-ground spaces.

BottomImage 38

Sketch of green roofing system found on the building.

31 32

TopImage 39

Sketch of extensive green roofing components.

MiddleImage 40

Sketch of indoor temperature of upper floors.

Bottom Image 41

Sketch of rainwater collection through green roofing system.

31 32

REFERENCE LIST Balogh, A. (2014). What Makes Concrete a Sustainable Building Material? Retrieved May, 5, 2014 from http://www.concretenetwork.com/concrete/greenbuildinginformation/what_makes.html

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Ching, D.K. (2014) Green Building Illustrated, pg 32. Canada: John Wiley & Sons Inc. Jason & April Ruggles (2008). Sim City: Singapore | Jason & April Ruggles. Retrieved April 29, 2014, from http://jasonruggles.com/2009/09/15/sim-city-singapore/

Davis, M. (2012). Green Roofs at Nanyang Technological University’s School of Art, Design, and Media. Retrieved from ARCH20: http://www.arch2o.com/green-roofs-at-nanyang-technological-universitys-school-of-art-design-and-media-cpg-consultants/

Double Glazing- The next step to energy efficiency. (2014). Retrieved May, 5, 2014from http://www.armadacanberra.com/double-glazed-overview.html

Exquisite Reflecting Pools fora Fluid and Tranquil Home. (2009). Retrieved May, 5, 2014from http://www.decoist.com/2013-12-09/reflecting-pools-ideas/

Fauzi, M. A., Malek, N. A., & Othman, J. Evaluation of Green Roof System for Green Building Proj-ects in Malaysia. International Journal of Environment, 7.Retrieved , from http://waset.org/publi-cations/1385/evaluation-of-green-roof-system-for-green-building-projects-in-malaysia

Green Mark. (n.d.). Green Mark Buildings Directory. Retrieved from BCAGreenMark: http://www.greenmark.sg/property-detail.php?id=464

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Kriscenski, A. (2012, July 12). A Swirling Green Roof Tops Gorgeous Nanyang Technical Univer-sity in Singapore. . Retrieved April 27, 2014, from http://inhabitat.com/amazing-green-roof-art-school-in-singapore/

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The Six Basic Factors.(n.d). Retrieved April 28, 2014, from http://www.hse.gov.uk/temperature/thermal/factors.htm

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Wind Finder (n.d.). Tide calendars / prediction Singapore Changi - Windfinder. Retrieved May 4, 2014, from http://www.windfinder.com/tide/singapore_changi

33 34

IMAGE REFERENCE

Image 1 : retrieved by http://jasonruggles.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/nanyang-technological-university.jpg

Image 2 : retrieved by http://www.streetdirectory.com/stock_images/travel/simg_show/12573075510024/1/school_of_art_design_and_media_nanyang_technological_university_ntu/ Image 3 : retrived by http://www.bca.gov.sg/greenmark/images/gm.jpg

Image 4 : retrieved by Google Map

Image 5 : retrieved by http://www.bodew.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/Site-plan-Nanyang-Technological-University-in-Singapore-design.jpg

Image 6 : retrieved by http://www.free-d.nl:8080/uploads/default/scale_1024x768_q100/4ad7d444171d8ad49ab9ee9010a579331bc5574a.jpg

Image 7 : Photograph taken by Adila ZAAS


Image 9 :Photograph taken by Adila ZAAS


Image 11 : Retrieved by http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-KiAVogA6ERk/TlfAiTkrNmI/AAAAAAAAA1U/ioWdX1nzBok/s1600/IMG_3542.JPG





Image 16 : Photograph taken by Adila ZAAS Image 17 : Sketched by Zhafri Azman

Image 18 : Ecotech Analysis by Adila ZAAS




Image 22 : Retrieved by Google Map

Image 23 : Sketched by Adila ZAAS

Image 24 : Sketched by Adila ZAAS 33 34

Image 25 : Sketched by Adila ZAAS

Image 26 : Photograph taken by Kee Ting Ting

Image 27 : retrieved by https://www.google.com.my/maps/@3.0302815,101.5852174,13z?hl=en

Image 28 : Sketch by Kee Ting Ting Image 29 : Edited by Kee Ting Ting

Image 30 : Retrieved by http://www.free-d.nl:8080/uploads/default/scale_1024x768_q100/0322691596b2655523756a460cd564b33f152355.jpg

Image 31 : Edited and sketch by Trevor Nico

Image 32 : Edited and sketch by Trevor Nico

Image 33 : drawn and sketch by Sharifah Diyana









35 36

FIGURE REFERENCE

Figure 1 : Ecotech graph by Zhafri Azman




Figure 5 : Retrieved by http://www.windfinder.com/tide/singapore_changi

Figure 6 : Retrieved by http://travelixe.com/info/singapore/singapore-weather

Figure 7 : Retrieved by http://images.climate-data.org/location/4766/climate-table.png

Figure 8 : Created by Trevor Nico

COVER PAGE REFERENCE

Cover page 1 : Photograph taken by Adila ZAAS

Cover page 2 : Introduction : The Building Photograph taken by Adila ZAAS

Cover page 3 : Natural and Man Made Factor Photograph taken by Adila ZAAS

Cover page 4 : Climate Analysis Retrieved by http://www.marketresearchsingapore.com/images/singapore-map.jpg

Cover page 5 : Sun Analysis Retrieved by http://www.solaripedia.com/images/large/3419.jpg

Cover page 6 : Wind Analysis Photograph taken by Kee Ting Ting

Cover page 7 : Thermal Analysis Photograph taken by Trevor Nico

Cover page 8 : Concept Analysis Photograph taken by Nur Adila ZAAS

35 36

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