Nanotechnology in the Delivery of Chemicals to a

Specific Location

February 19, 2010

S3: James Kancewick, Michael Koetting, Bradford Lamb

http://www.pharmainfo.net/files/u2882/nanoparticles_0.jpg

Presentation Overview

1. Overview

2. Pharmaceutical

3. Agricultural

Overview

• What is nanotechnology?

• Vast range of applications

• Debate over special regulation

Overview

• Medical field – Highly selective approach– Nano– Personalized medicine– Implantable delivery

systems– Easy and Cheap

Overview

• Agriculture– Increase nutrient

absorption– Smart delivery systems

“Reversibly Stabilized Multifunctional Dextran Nanoparticles Efficiently Deliver Doxorubicin into the Nuclei of Cancer Cells”

By: Ming, Zhong, et al.

http://www.topnews.in/health/files/cancer-cells1.jpg

Traditional Treatment—Chemotherapy

• Cancer caused by genetic mutations that lead to uninhibited growth

• Chemotherapy treats this by either:– Triggering apoptosis (programmed cell death)– Inhibiting cell division

http://cdin.us/01pics/electron-pics/breast-cancer-cells.jpg

Traditional Treatment—Chemotherapy

• Targets most rapidly dividing cells (usually cancer cells)

• Side effect: other rapidly dividing cells are also affected– Hair– Nails– Intestinal lining

http://www.beasurvivor.com/images/ch12im12.jpg

Nanovehicular Intracellular Targeting

• Uses nanotechnology to deliver anti-cancer drugs to cancerous cells only

• Nanovehicles increase drug specificity by directing drugs to specific locations in the cell (e.g. nucleus) before releasing drug molecule

Nanovehicles for drug delivery in 2006 study from Netherlands

http://www.medgadget.com/archives/img/765467intel.jpg

• Most nanovehicles that have been studied are polymer nanoparticles that deliver the toxins doxorubicin (DOX) or paclitaxel (PTX)

• Benefits– Enhanced aqueous solubility– Preferential accumulation at tumor

sites– Reduced side effects– Increased circulation time

• Issues– Low stability– Premature release of drug compound– Few of the studied compounds are

biodegradable, and therefore not well-suited to medical use

http://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/pub/web/4370_web.jpg

Nanovehicular Intracellular Targeting

Dextran Nanoparticles• Ming, Zhong, et al. developed

dextran nanoparticles by crosslinking dextran and lipoic acid derivatives (Dex-LAs) with catalytic dithiothreitol (DTT)– Highly water soluble– Stable in both dilute and high

salt areas– Biocompatible– Diverse (based on specific

structure)– High drug loading efficiency

(84%)http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/

123189887/abstract

Dextran Nanoparticles• Mechanism

– Nanoparticle self-assembles in water from Dex-LAs

– Binds DOX while in non-reductive environment outside of cells

– Particle/DOX enter cell– Reductive properties of

glutathione (GSH) tripeptides release DOX into nucleus

– GSH is more concentrated in cancerous cells

– Nanoparticles remain in cell and are broken down to safe products dextran and lipoic acid

http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/123189887/abstract

Dextran Nanoparticles

• Nanoparticle cross-linking reduces size of nanoparticles by 10-25%– Easier transport into

cells• Cross-linking was

also found to increase selectivity without adversely affecting drug delivery rate http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/

123189887/abstract

Further Research

• Current nanotechnology based therapy research aids traditional methods– Should find ways to

use nanotechnology to enable better treatment mechanisms

– New drugs that are less destructive and more selective

http://www.fhcrc.org/science/pacr/_private/image_files/student_lab2.jpg

Carbon Nanotubes Are Able ToPenetrate Plant Seed Coat andDramatically Affect Seed Germinationand Plant GrowthMariya Khodakovskaya,†,* Enkeleda Dervishi,†,‡ Meena Mahmood,†,‡ Yang Xu,†,‡ Zhongrui Li,†,‡Fumiya Watanabe,‡ and Alexandru S. Biris†,‡,* Obtained from Nature Online

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/nn900887m

Control Tomato Seed

No carbon Nanotubes

Seed placed in medium

with carbon nanotubes

The results of CNT on Tomato germination

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/nn900887m

Results For Tomato seeds

• Significant shorting of germination time• Increased Germination percentage

rates

• Seedlings with developed cotyledons and root system were recognized as fully germinated in this experiment

12 days 20 days

Regular 32% 71%

Treated 74-82% 90%

Results for Tomato Seeds

• Fresh weight of total biomass (leaves, stems and roots) increased 2.5 fold for carbon nanotube treated seeds.

http://www.landrethseeds.com/photos/Tomato/Tomato%20Pictures/German%20Giant.jpg

Could this work for other plants?

• Yes, and no further research is needed.

http://www.flowerpictures.net/adenium/

images/clark_seeds_3months.jpg

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_UzKDjjtny_o/Sqqn0Em_iDI/AAAAAAAAA2s/8LhE2IqcAzM/s200/Carbon+Nanotubes+Could+Make+Efficient+Solar+C

ells.jpg

Other Areas Of Agriculture Nanotechnology Applications

• Precision Farming– Sensors

• Smart delivery systems– pesticides and

herbicides

http://www.treehugger.com/20100112-corn-field.jpg

Questions?

Sources• Li, Yu-Ling, Li Zhu, Zhaozhong Liu, Ru Cheng, Fenghua Meng,

Jing-Hao Cui, Shun-Jun Ji, and Zhiyuan Zhong. "Reversibly Stabilized Multifunctional Dextran Nanoparticles Efficiently Deliver Doxorubicin into the Nuclei of Cancer Cells." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 48.52 (2009): 9914-918. Wiley Interscience. Wiley, 24 Nov. 2009. Web. 12 Feb. 2010. <http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/123189887/abstract>.

• Khodakovskaya, Mariya, Enkeleda Dervishi, Meena Mahmoud, Yang Xu, Zhongrui Li, Fumiya Watanabe, and Alexandru S. Biris. "Carbon Nanotubes Are Able To Penetrate Plant Seed Coat and Dramatically Affect Seed Germination and Plant Growth." ACS Nano 3.10 (2009): 3221-227. ACS Publications. ACS, 22 Nov. 2009. Web. 12 Feb. 2010. <http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nn900887m>.

Group S3 Rebuttal

• On the whole, comments were generally very positive.

• Most negative comments centered on the presentation having too much info on some slides. The topics discussed were very information dense and thus mandated a lot of details be presented; however, we agree that some slides could have been split up into two slides for easier viewing.

Group S1Review of Nanotechnology Use in

Delivery of Chemicals

Group S1

Notes on Presentation

Positive Notes• James was very enthusiastic

and interested in topic• Good use of model• The slide on chemotherapy

was very educational• Michael was very

knowledgeable on background chemistry

Opportunities for Improvement

• Need more background information– Introduction was too short

• Too much text on some slides– Information was good– Needs to be spread out

Group S1

Group S2Review of Nanotechnology Use in

Delivery of ChemicalsChris Heflin

Rachael HoukMike Jones

The Good

• Really liked the use of the fruit to demonstrate the principles

• Lots of pictures that helped explain the topic• Presenters appeared enthusiastic and

knowledgeable

The Not-So-Good

• No mention of further research areas• Failed to address toxicity• Could mention that the paper didn’t talk

about the fruit produced, only the plant during gemination

Scott MarwilDanielle MillerJoshua Moreno

Group S4Review of Nanotechnology Use

in Delivery of Chemicals

Things Done Well

Very good job with the illustrations and the animations especially the model about the nanotubes that was presented

The group did a good job of answering the classes questions in a full and in-depth manner

The group members presenting knew the material and did an good job relaying that knowledge onto the rest of the class

Things That Need Improvement

The overall presentation was actually very good and not a lot of improvements are needed

One thing I do think needs changing is that the conclusion wasn’t that good. The introduction was fantastic but the conclusion left the listener hanging. The questions did help wrap things up though and the group presenting did a good job answering questions.

Group S5Review of Nanotechnology Use in

Delivery of Chemicals

Pradip RijalJason SavatskyTrevor SeidelLaura Young

Presentation Review

• The groups power presentation and visuals were very well done.

• The oral presentation was solid and it was very easy to understand them.

• The group clearly learned from other groups mistakes and was able to not make the same mistakes.

• Some of the slides were a little wordy and detracted from the oral presentation.

Critique by Group S6

Michael Trevathan, Daniel Arnold, John Baumhardt, and Michael Tran

Presented by S3

Group S6Review of Nanotechnology Use

in Delivery of Chemicals

Summary

It was creative to use straws and fruits to demonstrate how carbon nano-tubes are used in the agricultural industry

It was excellent to discuss more than one application for a single technology: medicinal applications and agricultural applications.

The use of pictures and graphs were very well done and they were a great supplement to the text.

The negative impact on humans resulting from the use of nanoparticles in agriculture should have been discussed.

Summary

There was too much information on each Dextran slide to be able to understand all the information.

It was difficult to read the axes on some of the graphs – they could have been placed on their own slide.

Overall, it was a very insightful and educating presentation.