nanotechnology: hip or hype?
DESCRIPTION
Presented by: Alya Elhawary and Ashley PietzTRANSCRIPT
Nanotechnology: Hip or Hype?
Alya ElhawaryAshley Pietz
Overview History of Nanotechnology Introduction to Graphene and CNTs Nanotechnology Challenges
What is Nanotechnoloy Nanotechnology is science, engineering
and technology conducted at the nanoscale. This includes the manipulation of matter on an atomic and molecular scale.
History – Pre-modern 4th Century: The Lycurgus Cup (Rome)
is an example of dichroic glass; colloidal gold and silver in the glass allow it to look opaque green when lit from outside but translucent red when light shines through the inside.
13th-18th Centuries: “Damascus” saber blades contained carbon nanotubes and cementite nanowires—an ultrahigh-carbon steel formulation that gave them strength, resilience, the ability to hold a keen edge, and a visible moiré pattern in the steel that give the blades their name.
History - Modern Era 1857: Michael Faraday discovered colloidal “ruby” gold,
demonstrating that nanostructured gold under certain lighting conditions produces different-colored solutions.
1959: Richard Feynman of the California Institute of Technology gave what is considered to be the first lecture on technology and engineering at the atomic scale, "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom" at an American Physical Society meeting at Caltech.
1981: Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer at IBM’s Zurich lab invented the scanning tunneling microscope.
1985: Rice University researchers Harold Kroto, Sean O’Brien, Robert Curl, and Richard Smalley discovered the Buckminsterfullerene (C60), more commonly known as the buckyball, which is a molecule resembling a soccerball in shape and composed entirely of carbon, as are graphite and diamond.
1991: Sumio Iijima of NEC is credited with discovering the carbon nanotube (CNT). CNTs, like buckyballs, are entirely composed of carbon, but in a tubular shape. They exhibit extraordinary properties in terms of strength, electrical and thermal conductivity, among others.
1999: Chad Mirkin at Northwestern University invented dip-pen nanolithography® (DPN®), leading to manufacturable, reproducible “writing” of electronic circuits as well as patterning of biomaterials for cell biology research, nanoencryption, and other applications.
History - New Millennium 1999–early 2000’s: Consumer products making use of
nanotechnology began appearing in the marketplace.
2003: Congress enacted the 21st Century Nanotechnology
Research and Development Act (P.L. 108-153). The act provided a statutory foundation for the NNI (National Nanotechnology Initiative), established programs, assigned agency responsibilities, authorized funding levels, and promoted research to address key issues.
2009–2010: Nadrian Seeman and colleagues at New York University created DNA-like robotic nanoscale assembly devices. Process for creating 3D DNA structures using synthetic sequences of
DNA crystals that can be programmed to self-assemble using “sticky ends” and placement in a set order and orientation.
Carbon NanotubesCarbon nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure.
Applications:• Organic polymers, paints, • LCDs• Nanoelectronics• Electromagnetic shielding• Energy storage• Biosensors
Challenges:• Tuning in of Diameter, Length• Tuning in of purity ~ 60% other carbon
forms• Methods such as filtration reduce Young’s
Modulus – becomes similar to bulk material
Graphene
Applications• LCDs• Water/Air Filtration• Bio-sensing• Clean Energy
Challenges• Properties being both pliable and brittle• Shrinks with increasing T• Melting point and order of phase transition
unknown• High film resistivity of several hundred
Ohms for 80% transparency (solar cell applications)
Graphene is a one-atom thick layer of mineral graphite, arranged in a regular hexagonal pattern.
Steel Comparison
MaterialThermodynami
csPhysics Chemistry
Manufacturing
Health and Safety
Steel Well KnownWell Known and Defined
Well Known and Defined
Well Known and can be
manipulated
Well Understood and Studied for decade
Graphene Unknown Theoretical proofs only
Theoretical Unknown Unknown
Carbon Nanotubes
(single wall)Unknown
Theoretical proofs only
Theoretical Unknown Unknown
Challenges in Commercialization
New manufacturin
g development
Consistency of product
Quality of product
Control of nanoparticle coating and
stable dispersion
Understanding self-assembly
High Purity Yields
Bulk Characteristics
Validation of models
Source: Zhao, Qian Qiu, Arthur Boxman, and Uma Chowdhry. "Nanotechnology in the Chemical industry–opportunities and Challenges." Journal of Nanoparticle Research 5.5-6 (2003): 567-72. Web.
Challenges-Health Concerns
“All things are poison and not without poison; only the dose makes a thing not a poison” –Paracelsus (1493-
1541)Source: Maynard, Andrew D. "Nanotechnology: Assessing the Risks." Nano Today 1.2 (2006): 22-33. Web.
Where Is Nanotechnology Going?
Source: Mazzola, Laura. "Commercializing Nanotechnology." Nature biotechnology 21.10 (2003): 1137-43. Web.
Public Perception Over 80% of Americans know little or
nothing of nanotechnology Will public view it like Nuclear Power, GMOs,
or Stem Cells? So far, public seem in favor of
nanotechnology but may change with further integration to consumer products
Source: Macoubrie, Jane. "Public Perceptions about Nanotechnology: Risks, Benefits and Trust." Journal of Nanoparticle Research 6.4 (2004): 395-405. Web
Future – Hip or Hype?
References Wikipedia http://
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology Center for Responsible Nanotechnology
http://www.crnano.org/whatis.htm National Nanotechnology Initiative
http://nano.gov/
Work Cited1. Ajayan, Pulickel M., and Otto Z. Zhou. "Applications of Carbon
Nanotubes." Carbon Nanotubes.Springer, 2001. 391-425. Web. 2. Baughman, Ray H., Anvar A. Zakhidov, and Walt A. de Heer. "Carbon
Nanotubes--the Route Toward Applications." Science 297.5582 (2002): 787-92. Web.
3. Geim, Andre Konstantin. "Graphene: Status and Prospects." Science 324.5934 (2009): 1530-4. Web.
4. Macoubrie, Jane. "Public Perceptions about Nanotechnology: Risks, Benefits and Trust." Journal of Nanoparticle Research 6.4 (2004): 395-405. Web.
5. Maynard, Andrew D. "Nanotechnology: Assessing the Risks." Nano Today 1.2 (2006): 22-33. Web.
6. Mazzola, Laura. "Commercializing Nanotechnology." Nature biotechnology 21.10 (2003): 1137-43. Web.
7. Sun, Ya-Ping, et al. "Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes: Properties and Applications." Accounts of Chemical Research 35.12 (2002): 1096-104. Web.
8. Zhao, Qian Qiu, Arthur Boxman, and Uma Chowdhry. "Nanotechnology in the Chemical industry–opportunities and Challenges." Journal of Nanoparticle Research 5.5-6 (2003): 567-72. Web.
Back Up
Steel Comparison in Numbers
MaterialYoung's Modulus
(Gpa)
Thermal Conductivity
(@ 25C)
Electrical Conductivity
(@ 20C)
Density (g/cm3)
Price per gram
Common Uses
Steel 200 43 6.99 x 10^6 7.85 $0.0
3
Major component in buildings,
infrastructure, tools, ships, automobiles,
machines, appliances, and weapons.
Graphene 1000 5000 W/mK – 600 W/mK
?
$100 to
$1000
LCDs, Clean Energy Devices, Water/Air filtration, Biosenors
Carbon Nanotubes
(single wall)>1000
2000-3000 W/mK
0.01 to 0.1 S/cm
19-56 x Steel
$95 to
$750
Organic polymers, paints, LCDs,
Nanoelectronics, Electromagnetic shielding, Energy
storage, Biosensors