nanomaterials in tribology a tutorial - asmefiles.asme.org/divisions/tribology/17450.pdf ·...
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Nanomaterials in TribologyA Tutorial
Hong Liang ([email protected])Mechanical EngineeringTexas A&M University
Presented at the Nanotribology Tutorial/Panel SessionSTLE/ASME International Joint Tribology Conference
October 20-22, 2008, Miami, Florida, USA
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Outline
• Brief Introduction to Nanomaterials
• Nanomaterials in tribology• as friction modifier• for anti-wear
• Future trend
5Top-down vs. bottom-up method
High surface to volume ratio
Methods of synthesis
Physical Process
Chemical Process
Force
Bulk Metal
Metal Particles
Physical Process
Chemical Process
Mn+ Reduction
M(n-1)+
Mo
+
Nanoparticles formation by physical and chemical processes
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M. Faraday (1857) Ist prepared colloidal gold using phosphorous in CS2 and the pink color solution is still stable and kept in RSC, UK
Synthesis methods
Vapor transportWet chemical methodPhotoactivation (UV-light)γ-Radiolysis techniqueLaser pulse techniqueSonochemical method
Gustav Mie
1857
RSC, London
1908
Michael Faraday Gustav Mie
1857
RSC, London
1908
Michael Faraday
Kundu et al., New J Chem. 2003, 27, 656. & J. Phys. Chem. B. 2005, 109, 13166.M. Faraday, Philos. Trans. 1857, 147, 145.G. Frens, Nature 1973, 241, 20.West et al., PNAS., 2003, 100, 13549.
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Step-1Nucleation
M etal Ion M etal (0)Reduction
Mn+ + ne = M0
Step-2Growth
metal
Mn+Mn+
Mn+
Mn+
Reduction
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Step-3
Stabilization
WithoutStabilizer
W i t hS t a b i l i z e r
Agglomeration Stabilization
Micelle
Reverse Micelle Polymers
Thiol : Brust et al., Chem. Comm., 1994, 801.Dendrimer : Esumi et al., Langmuir, 2000, 16, 2604.Surfactants: Kundu et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2005, 127, 17600.
PSS =PAH =
Stabilizer:
Surfactants
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Tribomaterials
Friction reduction
Anti-wear
Lubricant additives
NanoparticulatesThin films/layersNanocomposites
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Single Layer GrapheneSymmetric Double Layer Graphene
Asymmetric Double Layer Graphene
graphite diamond
Crystal structures of materials
Buckyball
OhtaOhta and and BostwickBostwick et al., Science, (2006)et al., Science, (2006)
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Comparison of Mechanical Properties[26][27][28][29][30][31][32]
~2~3.5~0.15Kevlar
15-50~0.65-1~0.2Stainless Steel
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150
170
0.8-0.9
1.2
0.25-0.5
0.15
MWNT
BN
GaN
WS2
1613-531 to 5SWNT
Elongation at Break (%)
Tensile Strength (GPa)
E (TPa)
Materials
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(a) Without film; (b) with NPs.
A Si3N4 ball against Al2O3 flat.
Rapoport, Nanosci. & Nanotech., 2004.
As a solid lubricant for self-lubricating
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As additives to base fluids
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Fric
tion
Coe
ffici
ent
Speed*Viscosity/Load
Crown Ether
Water
Fullerene
Pendleton and Liang et al., in review.
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Fullerene
Tribo-reactions in NPsBefore test After test
Crown Ether
Pendleton and Liang et al., JNR, (2009).
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Wea
r de
pth
(μm
)
Water Water+CE Water+FU
Wea
r de
pth
(μm
)
Water Water+CE Water+FU
Ra
(μm
)
Water Water+CE Water+FU
Wear mechanisms due to nanofluid
Water+CE Water+FU
Wear track Uniform grooves
Original Ti Surface
RandomScratches
Thick layer detached with scatter debris
Wear debris
16μm 16μm 16μm
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0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018Sommerfield number
coef
feci
ent o
f fric
tion
1N-0%C
1N-25%C
1N-50%C
1N-75%C
3N-0%C
3N-25%C
3N-50%C
3N-75%C
5N-0%C
5N-25%C
5N-50%C
5N-75%C
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016Sommerfield number
Coe
ffec
ient
of f
rictio
n
1N-0%C
1N-25%C
1N-50%C
1N-75%C
3N-0%C
3N-25%C
3N-50%C
3N-75%C
5N-0%C
5N-25%C
5N-50%C
5N-75%C
ROD-SHAPED
NANOPARTICLES
SPHERICAL
NANOPARTICLES
Shape effects on friction
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Electrostatic attraction
Positively charged particle
+ negative regions of protein
CORONA
Repulsive force
Positively charged particle
+ positive regions of protein
J. Klein, Proc. Natl Acad Sci USA 104 (2007) 2029-2030,
NP – fluid interaction
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In CMPInterfacial forces in wafer-particle-pad
interfaces
Ff1.4R
Fdrag
Fvdw Fel +F H - bond
ParticleU
+F
Polishing pad
Fapplied
wafer
Ff1.4R
Fdrag
Fvdw Fel +F H - bond
ParticleU
+F
Polishing pad
Fapplied
wafer
• van der Waals • Electrostatic• H-bond• Fluid drag• Friction
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Interfacial forces as a function of particle radius
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Particle diameter (μm)
log-
Forc
e (n
N)
vdw electrostatic H-bond drag force v=0.1m/s drag force v=0.4m/s
Ng & Liang, ASME J. Tribology (2007)
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Modified Stribeck curve for CMP:
Without modification Modified Stribeck curve for rotational Polyurethane pad
0.0000
0.5000
1.0000
1.5000
0 5E-07 0.000001 1.5E-06 0.000002 2.5E-06 0.000003 3.5E-06 0.000004 4.5E-06 0.000005
Sommerfeld
Fric
tion
coef
ficie
nt
Polyurethane-rotating motion
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
0.E+00 2.E-08 4.E-08 6.E-08 8.E-08 1.E-07 1.E-07
Modified Sommerfeld Number
Fric
tion
Coe
ffici
ent
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0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Load ( N)
Mod
ulus
( G
Pa)
Change in composite modulus for the polyurethane pad
)1(' 2α−= − bulkLN EkEComposite modulus:
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Summary
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Fri
cti
on
Co
eff
icie
nt
Speed*Viscosity/Load
Crown Ether
Water
Fullerene