nano tech no log 1
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nanoparticles will circulate
through the body, detect cancer-
associated molecular changes,
assist with imaging release a
therapeutic agent and then
monitor the effectiveness of the
intervention.
WHAT IS CANCER?
Cancer: cancer is not just
one disease but rather a group of
diseases.
• All forms of cancer cause
cells in the body to change
and grow out of control.
• Most types of cancer cells
form a lump or mass
called a tumor .
• The tumor can invade and
destroy healthy tissue.
Cells from the tumor can
break away and travel to
other parts of the body.
There they can continue to
grow.
• This spreading process is
called metastasis. When
cancer spreads, it is still
named after the part of the
body where it started. For
example, if breast cancer
spreads to the lungs, it is
still breast cancer, not
lung cancer
WHAT IF YOU COULD
CURE CANCER ?
• Advances in
Nanotechnology could
help:
• Find cancer
sooner.Improve the
quality of ultrasound wave
images. Reduce the need
for a biopsy.Increase the
probability of beating
cancer at an early stage.
FORMATION OF
CANCER CELLS
Cell division is the
process by which a parent cell
divides into two or more
daughter cells. Cell division is
usually a small segment of a
larger cell cycle. This type of
cell division in eukaryotes is
known as mitosis, and leaves
the daughter cell capable of
dividing again..A human
being's body experiences
about 10,000 trillion cell
divisions in a lifetime.
Apoptosis is the process of
programmed cell death (PCD)
that may occur in multicellular
organisms. Biochemical
events lead to characteristic
cell changes (morphology)
and death. These changes
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include blebbing, loss of cell
membrane asymmetry and
attachment, cell shrinkage,
nuclear fragmentation,
chromatin condensation,
and chromosomal DNA
fragmentation.
Cancers are caused by a series
of mutations. Each mutation
alters the behavior of the cell
somewhat.Cancer is
fundamentally a disease of
regulation of tissue growth. In
order for a normal cell to
transform into a cancer cell,
genes which regulate cell
growth and differentiation must
be altered. Genetic changes can
occur at many levels, from gain
or loss of entire chromosomes to
a mutation affecting a single
DNA nucleotide. There are two
broad categories of genes which
are affected by these changes.
Oncogenes may be normal
genes which are expressed at
inappropriately high levels, or
altered genes which have novel
properties. In either case,
expression of these genes
promotes the malignant
phenotype of cancer cells.
Tumor suppressor genes are
genes which inhibit cell
division, survival, or other
properties of cancer cells.
Tumor suppressor genes are
often disabled by cancer-
promoting genetic changes.
Typically, changes in many
genes are required to transform
a normal cell into a cancer
cell.There is a diverse
classification scheme for the
various genomic changes which
may contribute to the generation
of cancer cells. Most of these
changes are mutations, or
changes in the nucleotide
sequence of genomic DNA.
Aneuploidy, the presence of an
abnormal number of
chromosomes, is one genomic
change which is not a mutation,
and may involve either gain or
loss of one or more
chromosomes through errors in
mitosis.Large-scale mutations
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and/or destroy them.in the past
a common belief was that
cancer cells failed to be
recognized and destroyed
because of a weakness in the
immune system. However,
more recent research has
shown that the failure to
recognize cancer cells is
caused by the lack of
particular co-stimulated
molecules that aid in the way
antigens react with
lymphocytes. noncancerous
cells can help the cell cycle
grow, while cancer cells can
no longer do that.
Nanotechnology may also
be useful for developing
ways to eradicate cancer
cells without harming
healthy, neighboring
cells. Scientists hope to
use nanotechnology to
create therapeutic agents
that target specific cells
and deliver their toxin in
a controlled, time-
released manner.
DESIGNING A
NANOROBOT
The nanorobots that
we describe here will be
floating freely inside the
body exploring and
detect the cancerous
cells.so,while designing
such a nanorobot for
cancer detection and
cancer treatment the
main factors that are to
considered are;
A.Technique used:
The creation of
nanodevices can be done
using any of the two
technique that are
available.They are
1.Top_down
approach
Top-down
approach (is also known as step-
wise design) Separating the low
level work from the higher level
abstractions leads to a modular
design.Modular design means
development can be self
contained.Having "skeleton"
code illustrates clearly how low
level modules integrate.Fewer
operations errors (to reduce
errors, because each module has
to be processed separately, so
programmers get large amount
of time for processing). Much
less time consuming (each
programmer is only involved in
a part of the big project). Very
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surpervising physician
can easily send new
commands or parameters
to nanorobots already at
work inside the body.
Each nanorobot has
its own power supply
,computer & sensors thus
can receive the
physicians message via
acoustic sensors,then
compute and implement
the appropriate response.
The other half of the
process is getting
messages back out of the
body,from the working
nanodevices out to the
physician.This can also be
done acoustically.
However, onboard power
requirements for micron
scale acoustic wave
generators in water
dictate a maximum
practical transmission
range of at most a few
hundred microns for each
individual nanorobot.
Therefore it is
convenient to establish
an internal
communication netrwork
that can collect local
messages and pass them
along to a central
locating, which the
physician can them
monitor using sensitive
ultrasound detectors to
receive the messages.
H.Tracking
A navigational
network may be installed
in the body with station
keeping navigational
elements providing high
positional accuracy to all
passing nanorobots that
interrogate them,wanting
to know their
location.Physical positions
can be reported
continuously using an in
via communication
network.
HOW CANCER CELLS
ARE DETECTED
CANTILEVER
METHOD
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envision letting these
nanoshells seek out their
cancerous targets, then
applying near-infrared
light. In laboratory
cultures, the heat
generated by the light-
absorbing nanoshells has
successfully killed
tumor cells while leaving
neighboring cells intact.
Nanoshells have metallic
outer layer and silica core
Selectively attracted to
cancer shells either
through a phenomena
called enhanced
permeation retention or
due to some molecules
coated on the shells The
nanoshells are heated
with an external energy
source killing the cancer
cells
TECTO
DEND
RIMER
USED
IN
CANC
ER
TREAT
MENT
Research is being done
on a number of
nanoparticles created to
facilitate drug delivery.
One such molecule with
potential to link
treatment with detection
and diagnosis is known as
a dendrimer. Dendrimers
are man-made molecules
about the size of an
average protein, and
have a branching shape.
This shape gives them
vast amounts of surface
area to which scientists
can attach therapeutic
agents or other
biologically active
molecules. A single
dendrimer can carry a
molecule that recognizes
cancer cells, a
therapeutic agent to kill
those cells, and a
molecule that recognizes
the signals of cell death.
Researchers hope to
manipulate dendrimers to
release their contents
only in the presence of
certain trigger molecules
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. Diagnosis and
Imaging
Nanobiotech scientists
have successfully produced
microchips that are coated with
human molecules. The chip is
designed to emit an electrical
impulse signal when the
molecules detect signs of a
disease. Special sensor nanobots
can be inserted into the blood
under the skin where they check
blood contents and warn of any
possible diseases. They can also
be used to monitor the sugar
level in the blood. Advantages
of using such nanobots are that
they are very cheap to produce
and easily portable.
Targeted drug delivery
Nanoparticles containing
drugs are coated with
targeting agents (e.g.
conjugated antibodies). The
nanoparticles circulate
through the blood vessels
and reach the target
cells.Drugs are released
directly into the targeted
cells
Drug developement
The drug carriers have
walls that are just 5-10 atoms
thick and the inner drug-filled
cell is usually 50-100
nanometers wide. When they
detect signs of the disease, thin
wires in their walls emit an
electrical pulse which causes the
walls to dissolve and the drug to
be released. “Putting drugs into
nanostructures increases the
solubility quite substantially”
ADVANTAGE
• In the medical world,
nanotechnology is alsoseen as a boon since
these can help with
creating what is called
smart drugs. These help
cure people faster and
without the side effects
that other traditional
drugs have. You willalso find that the
research of
nanotechnology in
medicine is now
focusing on areas like
tissue regeneration,
bone repair, immunity
and even cures for such
ailments like cancer,
diabetes, and other life
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