nano impact: working towards solutions that benefit...
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Nano Impact:Working Towards Solutions
that Benefit SocietyMark Tuominen Professor of Physics
Why do we pursue nanoscienceand nanotechnology?
• To help solve major societal issues: energy,water, health, sustainability, knowledge andothers
• To make better products: smaller, cheaper,faster and more effective.
• To explore and gain greater scientificunderstanding
Global Grand Challenges
2008 NAE Grand Challenges
The Medici Effect at Work:Interdisciplinary Teamwork
in Nanotechnology
• Physics• Chemistry• Biology• Materials Science• Polymer Science• Electrical Engineering• Chemical Engineering• Mechanical Engineering• Medicine• And others
• Electronics• Materials• Health/Biotech• Chemical• Environmental• Energy• Food• Aerospace• Automotive• Security• Forest products
nano.gov
NSF Center for HierarchicalManufacturing
Research Education Outreach
A Center on Nanomanufacturing at UMass
Nanomanufacturing- the essential link betweenlaboratory innovations andnanotechnology products.
Currently: "Nano" in the ManufacturingValue Chain
Nano-manufacturedfeedstockmaterial
Value-addedprocesses ProductValue-added
processes
Nano-manufacturingvalue-addedprocess
Initialfeedstock &value-addedprocesses
ProductValue-addedprocesses
or
A Working Definition
Nanomanufacturing - the use ofprocesses that control matter atthe nanoscale for reproducible,commercial-scale production.
Factors Influencing the CommercialImplementation of Nanomanufacturing
Processes• Built on robust science and technology• Value of physical properties and impact on performance• Statistical distributions of properties• Knowledge of process-property relationships (for design and mfg)• Reproducibility and reliability• Useful standards (ISO & others)• Availability of suitable process and metrology tools• Compatibility of NM process with surround mfg processes• Trained workforce• Manufacturing cost and mode (in-house or outsource)• EHS throughout life cycle• Scalability and extensibility
Current NM technologies are at varied levels of maturity Many at infancy; data/information is sparse
NanoMFGProcessesMaterials
Metrology
Workforce
EHS
Information
Tools
Education
Standards Economic
Nanomanufacturing System
NanomanufacturingStakeholders
AcademicCenters
IndustryGovernment
Labs &Agencies
Four NSF NanomanufacturingResearch Centers
– Center for Hierarchical Manufacturing (CHM)- UMass Amherst/UPR/MHC/Binghamton
– Center for High-Rate Nanomanufacturing (CHN)- Northeastern/UMass Lowell/UNH
– Center for Scalable and Integrated Nanomanufacturing (SINAM)- UC Berkeley/UCLA/UCSD/Stanford/UNC Charlotte
– Center for Nanoscale Chemical-Electrical-Mechanical ManufacturingSystems (Nano-CEMMS)- UIUC/CalTech/NC A&T
Portfolio ofNanomanufacturing Technologies
(CHM, CHN, SINAM, Nano-CEMMS)Processes, expertise and facilities for:• Materials and patterning via self-assembly• Micro/nanofluidic fabrication• Advanced nanoscale lithographies• High-rate, high-volume bottom-up assembly• Synthesis for bionanotechnology• Nano deposition and etching process• Nanoscale integration• Systems engineering and scale-up• Machine tool approaches• Safety
An open access network for the advancementof nanomanufacturing R&D and education
– Cooperative activities (real-space)– Informatics (cyber-space)
Mission: A catalyst -- to support and develop communitiesof practice in nanomanufacturing.
www.nanomanufacturing.org
nanomanufacturing.org
Nanoinformatics
• Nanotechnology meets Information Technology
• The development of effective mechanisms for collecting,sharing, visualizing, modeling and analyzing data andinformation relevant to the nanoscale science andengineering community.
• The utilization of information and communicationtechnologies that help to launch and support efficientcommunities of practice.
Nano-informatics: Some MajorNanotech Research Communities
Nanomanufacturing
Environmental,Health & Safety
FundamentalResearch
SocietalImpact
Modeling & Simulation
NationalInfrastructure
Health & Life Sciences
Metrology
Commercialization
Education
Energy
Materials
2009 Nanomanufacturing SummitMay 27-29, 2009
Boston Massachusetts
Mike RocoNational Science Foundation
Estimation of Annual Implications of Federal Investment in Nanotechnology R&D (2008)
* The corresponding R&D in 2008 is about 10 times larger than in 1998
** Est. taxes 20%
$1.5B* federal R&D: NNI
~$1.9B industry R&D
$B industry operating cost
~$70B** Final Products
~140,000
Jobs***
~$14B Taxes
~$1.9B ind. R&D
*** Est. $500,000/yr/job
(M. Roco, 2009) M.C. Roco, 5/27/2009
WORLDWIDE MARKET INCORPORATING NANOTECNOLOGY (2000-2015)
(Estimation made in 2000
after international study in > 20 countries; data standing in 2008)
1
10
100
1000
10000
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
YEAR
MARKET
INCORPORATI
NG
NANOTE
CHNOLO
GY ($
B)
Total $B
Deutche BankLux Research
Mith. Res. Inst.
Passive nanostructuresActive nanostructures
Systems of NS
Annual rate of increase about 25%
Rudimentary Complex
$1T products by 2015
Reference: MC Roco and WS Bainbridge, Springer, 2001
~ $120B products NT in the main stream~ $40B
products
Final products incorporating
nano (2000)
MC Roco, 5/27/2009
Generations of Products and Productive Processes Timeline for beginning of industrial prototyping and
nanotechnology commercialization
(2000-2020)
11stst::
Passive nanostructures
(1st
generation products)
Ex: coatings, nanoparticles, nanostructured metals, polymers, ceramics
22ndnd: Active nanostructures
Ex: 3D transistors, amplifiers, targeted drugs, actuators, adaptive structures
33rdrd: Systems of nanosystems Ex: guided assembling; 3D networking and new
hierarchical architectures, robotics, evolutionary
44thth:
Molecular
nanosystems Ex: molecular devices ‘by design’, atomic design, emerging functions
~
2010
~
2005
~ 20002000
Incr
ease
d C
ompl
exity
, Dy
nam
ics, T
rans
disc
iplin
arity
~ 20152015-- 20202020
CMU
Converging technologies Ex: nano-bio-info from nanoscale, cognitive technologies; large complex systems from nanoscale
Reference: AIChE Journal, Vol. 50 (5), 2004
Dan HerrSemiconductor Research
Corporation
23Source: Kurzweil 1999 – Moravec 1998
1900 1920 1940 1960
IE-5
IE-3
IE+0
IE+3
IE+6
IE+9
IE+12
Co
mp
uta
tio
ns p
er
se
co
nd
IntegratedCircuit
DiscreteTransistor
VacuumTube
Electro-Mechanical
Mechanical
202020001980
Nanotechnology
NRI Goal: Continue the Curve . . .
$1000 Buys:
4
Scaling Drives the Industry
Smaller features Better performance & cost/function
More apps Larger market
Neil RobertsonHitachi Global Storage
Technologies
10May 09© 2008 Hitachi Global Storage Technologies
Master Pattern Lithography Roadmap
E-beam lithography e-beam prepattern + block copolymer self-assembly
400 1600140012001000800600 20001800
rotary stage e-beam
e-beam + density multiplier
Pattern density (Gbit/sq. inch)
1 Tbit/in2 pattern clean-up
1X density
4X density
Write at twice the period…
…and self-assembly fills in the missing dots
720 Gbit/in2 (30 nm period):Holes etched in Si master mold
(Leica VB-6 100 kV w/ PMMA, cold ultrasonic develop; RIE pattern transfer)
13May 09© 2008 Hitachi Global Storage Technologies
Pattern Density Multiplication (4:1 Guiding)
E-beam pre-pattern Block Copolymer Dot Size Distribution
σs=35nm2
σp=22nm2
σs=39nm2
σp=13nm2
78 nm period 39 nm period
54 nm period 27 nm period
R. Ruiz, H. Kang, F. A. Detcheverry, E. Dobisz, D. S. Kercher, T. R. Albrecht, J. J. de Pablo, P. F. Nealey, Science 2008, 321, 936.
8May 09© 2008 Hitachi Global Storage Technologies
Bit Patterned Media: A Potential Fabrication Overview
Template Fabrication Media Fabrication Process
Deposition of magnetic layers
Nanoimprint
Pattern Transfer(i.e. Etching)
Planarization
Lube and Burnish
Inspection
Rotary Stage E-BeamPatterning
DirectedSelf-Assembly
Incoming disk substrateExisting Processes
New Processes
TemplateReplication
Master TemplateFabrication
10,000 replicated nanoimprint templates1 master (e-beam +
self-assembly)100,000,000 patterned disks
Anil PatriNational Institutes of Health
2
Human Burden of Cancer
1,444,920 Americans were diagnosed
with cancer in 2007
559,650 Americans died of cancer
in 2007
$206.3 billion was spent on healthcare
cost for cancer in 2006
21.9
180.7
48.1
586.8
193.9
53.3
190.1231.5
100
200
300
400
500
600
Heart
Diseases
Cerebrovascular
Diseases
Pneumonia/
InfluenzaCancer
1950
2003
De
ath
Ra
te P
er
10
0,0
00
Unlike Other Major Disease Killers, Cancer
Continues to Take the Nearly Same Toll
As In 1950
Source for 2005 deaths and diagnoses: American Cancer Society (ACS) 2005 Cancer Facts &
Figures; Atlanta, Georgia; Source for 2003 age-adjusted death rate: National Center for Health
Statistics, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CHS Public-use file for 2003 deaths.
Need Better Therapies !
Human Burden of Cancer
1,444,920 Americans were diagnosed
with cancer in 2007
559,650 Americans died of cancer
in 2007
$206.3 billion was spent on healthcare
cost for cancer in 2006
Human Burden of Cancer
44
Going Small for Big Advances
Cancer Nanotechnology
• Screening• Increased sensitivity
• Early Detection of Cancer
• Solubility• Carrier for therapeutics
• Improved PK and PD of Drug
• Multifunctional capability• Imaging and targeted drug delivery
• Active and passive targeting• Ligands, EPR
• Reduced systemic toxicity
Solubility Stability Specificity = Toxicity Efficacy
Sharon SmithLockheed Martin
Aeronautics
3
Chris HartshornLux Research
8
Nanomaterials
Nanotechnology value chain for power tools
Nanointermediates Nano‐enabled products
10
0%2%4%6%8%
10%12%14%16%
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Profit margin
Nanomaterials Nanointermediates Nano-enabled products
Target nanointermediates for the most profit
29
Nanointermediates still pay off…
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Profit margin
Manufacturing and materials Electronics and IT
Healthcare and life sciences Energy and environment
Ed CupoliUniversity of Albany
cnse.albany.edu
The Traditional Role of Academia
6/1/2009
3
Source: National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Statistics, Science and Engineering Indicators 2008.
Academic Research Composition
In 2006 U.S. academic
institutions spent $48 billion
on R&D.
• Academia accounts for:
• 57% of all basic research
• 12% of all applied research
• 1% of all development
• Typically academic institutions
commercialize their research via
Technology Transfer Offices or
Entrepreneurship.
• Industry has a limited role in most
academic models: 5.7% of academic
research is funded by industries.
~75%
Basic
~4%
Development
~21%
Applied
cnse.albany.edu
Education
Economic Development
Workforce Development
6/1/2009
8
The university of the future is a critical element in the
development of educational, technological and workforce
infrastructures
• Provide top quality education
• Develop the workforce
needed for the 21st century
• Become a catalyst for
economic growth