nano biotechnology and bio sensors
TRANSCRIPT
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Introduction and Overview ofBiosensors and Electrochemistry.
Prof. Chenzhong LiNanobioengineering&BioelectronicsLab, Department of BiomedicalEngineering, Florida InternationalUniversity, E-mail: [email protected]
Biosensors and Nano-Bioelectronics
Lecture I
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Outlines
Introduction of the lecture
Terms and definition
Rational of a biosensor Types of biosensor
Applications of biosensors
Electrochemistry and biosensors
Nanotechnology in biosensor
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What is biosensor?
An important player in 21st century engineering will be the
biotraditional engineer, the recipient of a traditional engineerstraining and a modicum of exposure to life science. M.H.Friedman, J. Biomechanical Eng, V123, December 2001
Chemical Sensors:A chemical sensor is a device that transforms chemcial information, rangingfrom the concentration of a specific sample component to total compositionanalysis, into an analytically useful signal IUPAC
Biosensors: are analytical tools for the analysis of bio-material samples togain an understanding of their bio-composition, structure and function byconverting a biological response into an electrical signal. The analyticaldevices composed of a biological recognition element directly interfaced to asignal transducer which together relate the concentration of an analyte (or
group of related analytes) to a measurable response.
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Biosensor Components
Schematic diagram showing the main components of a biosensor. The bio-reaction (a)
converts the substrate to product. This reaction is determined by the transducer(b) whichconverts it to an electrical signal. The output from the transducer is amplified (c), processed(d) and displayed (e).
(http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/biology/enztech/biosensors.html)
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Defining events in the history of biosensor development
First bedside artificial pancreas (Miles)1976
First microbe-based biosensorFirst immunosensor: ovalbumin on a
platinum wireInvention of the pO2 / pCO2 optode
1975
First commercial biosensor: Yellow SpringsInstruments glucose biosensor
1972/5
Invention of the Ion-Selective Field-EffectTransistor (ISFET) (Bergveld)
1970
First potentiometric biosensor: ureaseimmobilised on an ammonia electrode todetect urea
1969
First description of a biosensor: anamperometric enzyme electrode for glucose(Clark)
1962
Invention of the oxygen electrode (Clark)1956
First glass pH electrode1922
First report on the immobilisation of proteins:adsorption of invertase on activated charcoal1916
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Biosensor History (cont.)
BioNMES, Quantum dots, Nanoparticles,Nanocantilever, Nanowire and Nanotube
1999-current
LifeScan purchases Inverness Medical's glucose testingbusiness for $1.3billion2001
Merger of Roche and Boehringer Mannheim to formRoche Diagnostics
1998
Launch of LifeScan FastTake blood glucose biosensor1998
Abbott acquires MediSense for $867 million1996Glucocard launched1996
i-STAT launches hand-held blood analyser1992
Launch of the Pharmacia BIACore SPR-based biosensorsystem
1990
Launch of the MediSense ExacTech blood glucosebiosensor
1987
First mediated amperometric biosensor: ferrocene usedwith glucose oxidase for the detection of glucose
1984
First surface plasmon resonance (SPR) immunosensor1983
First fibre optic-based biosensor for glucose1982
First fibre optic pH sensor for in vivo blood gases
(Peterson)
1980
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Type of Biosensors (by analytes)
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Types of Biosensor (by detection mode)
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Typical Sensing Techniquesfor Biosensors
Fluorescence DNA Microarray
SPR Surface plasmon resonance Impedance spectroscopy SPM (Scanning probe microscopy, AFM, STM) QCM (Quartz crystal microbalance)
SERS (Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy) Electrochemical
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Biosensor Market
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Biomedical Diagnostics
Doctors increasingly rely on testing
Needs: rapid, cheap, and low tech
Done by technicians or patients
Some needs for in-vivooperation, withfeedback
Glucose-based on glucose oxidaseCholesterol - based on cholesterol oxidaseAntigen-antibody sensors - toxic substances, pathogenic bacteriaSmall molecules and ions in living things: H+, K+, Na+, NO, CO2, H2O2
DNA hybridization, sequencing, mutants and damage
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Commercial Glucose Sensors
Biggest biosensor success story!
Diabetic patients monitor blood glucose at home
First made by Clark in 1962, now 5 or morecommercial test systems
Rapid analysis from single drop of blood
Enzyme-electrochemical device on a slide
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Basic Characteristics of a Biosensor
1. LINEARITY: Maximum linear value of the sensorcalibration curve. Linearity of the sensor must be high for
the detection of high substrate concentration.2. SENSITIVITY: The value of the electrode response persubstrate concentration.3. SELECTIVITY: Interference of chemicals must beminimised for obtaining the correct result.
4. RESPONSE TIME: The necessary time for having 95% ofthe response.
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electrode
substrate product
Enzyme
Apply voltage Measure current prop.
to concentration of substrate
Principle of Electrochemical Biosensors
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Electrochemical GlucoseBiosensor
Glucose + O2 Gluconic Acid + H2O2
H2O2 2H+ +O2 +2 e-Pt
0.6 V vs. SHE
GOx
Electrode
GlucoseO2
H2O2
Gluconic Acid
GOxGOx: Glucose Oxidase
The first and the most widespreadly used commercial biosensor:
the blood glucose biosensordeveloped by Leland C. Clarkin1962
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What Is Nanotechnology?What Is Nanotechnology?
(Definition from the NNI)
Research and technology development aimed tounderstand and control matter at dimensions of
approximately 1 - 100 nanometer the nanoscaleAbility to understand, create, and use structures, devices
and systems that have fundamentally new properties andfunctions because of their nanoscale structure
Ability to image, measure, model, and manipulate matter onthe nanoscale to exploit those properties and functions
Ability to integrate those properties and functions intosystems spanning from nano- to macro-scopic scales
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The First Nanotechnology
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Application of Nanotech
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Nanotech in Daily Life
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Tools In Nanotechnology
The main tools used in nanotechnology are four mainmicroscopes
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)
Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
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Applications
Biological Sciences Pharmacy Chemistry/Biochemistry Physics Biomedical Eng. Electrical Eng. Mechanical Eng. Material Eng. Bioinformatics
Nano-Biotechnology
Carbon
nanotubes
Nanomaterials
Fullerene
Nano-
particles
Dendrimers
Biomaterials
Protein/
enzymes
Peptides
Antigens/
antibodies
Neurons
DNA/RNA
Cells
Electronicelements
Electrodes
Field-effect
transistors
Piezoelectric
crystals
STM Tip
Biosensor
Medical
devices
Solar cell
Biofuel cell
Current, Potential, Impedance, Electrical power
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Nano Materials: Carbon Nanotube-Electrodes; MetallicNanoparticles-sensor probes and electrodes; Nanorod-sensorprobes; Magnetic Particles-sensor probes; Nanowires-FET sensingsystem, quantam dot (AsSe, CdSe, etc.)
Nanotechnology will enable us to
design sensors that are muchsmaller, less power hungry, andmore sensitive than current micro- ormacrosensors.
Bio-Nanomaterial Hybrids: DNA-Np; DNA-CNTs; Drug-Nps, Peptide-
CNTs, etc.
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Nano/Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (N/MEMS) for SensorFabrication
BioMEMS/BioNEMS, Lab-on Chip, Microfluidic System, SensorArrays, Implantable Sensor
SnifferSTAR is a nano-enabled chemicalsensor integrated into a micro unmanned aerial
vehicle
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Nanofabrication (Top-Down; Bottom-Up)Nanofabrication
! Nanofabrication methods can be divided into two categories:
Top down approach Micron scale lithography: optical, ultra-violet, FocusedIon BeamElectron-beam lithography 10-100 nm
Bottom up approach
Chemical self-assembly: Man-made synthesis (e.g.carbon nanotubes); DNA SAMs,Biological synthesis (DNA,proteins)
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Nanopore Technology
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Electrochemistry
Introduction
Electrochemistry can be broadly defined as the study of charge-transfer phenomena. As such, the field of electrochemistryincludes a wide range of different chemical and physicalphenomena. These areas include (but are not limited to):battery chemistry, photosynthesis, ion-selective electrodes,
coulometry, and many biochemical processes. Although wideranging, electrochemistry has found many practical applicationsin analytical measurements.