Namibia’s Second National Biodiversity

STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN

2013 - 2022

REPUBLIC OF NAMIBIAMinistry of Environment and Tourism

© Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Government of the Republic of Namibia

All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.

Published 2014

Ministry of Environment and TourismDepartment of Environmental AffairsPrivate Bag 13346WindhoekNamibiaTel + 264 61 284 2701

“Biodiversity is not only about plants and animals, but it is something

fundamental to our survival and growth as a nation, that cuts across all sectors and

levels in this country”.

Honourable Uahekua Herunga,Minister of Environment and Tourism

Foreword By His Excellency Dr Hifikepunye PohambaPresident of the Republic of Namibia

For Namibia, the conservation of the natural envi-ronment and our ecosystems is a constitutional im-perative. In terms of Article 95(l) our national con-stitution implores the state to ensure sustainable management of biodiversity by taking measures to promote and maintain the welfare of the people including “the maintenance of ecosystems, essen-tial ecological processes and biological diversity of Namibia and utilization of living natural resources on a sustainable basis for the benefit of all Namib-ians, both present and future…”

Since Independence in 1990, Namibia has ratified several International Conventions, including the three United Nations Conventions, which emerged from the 1992 Rio Earth Summit on Biological Di-

versity; Combating Desertification; and Climate Change. These instruments have been instrumental in Na-mibia’s efforts to realign our policies and laws, incorporating international best practices in order to effectively deal with the challenges and constraints related to the proper management of the environment in our country.

The succesful compilation and launch of this National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (2013-2022) is further demonstration of our Government’s commitment to the sustainable management of unique biodiversity and ecosystems. It is a continuation of the good work done as part of the first National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, which was implemented from 2001 to 2010.

The healthy state of our biodiversity is a valuable comparative advantage for Namibia, with the potential to provide immeasurable economic benefits for our people and our country. At present, Namibia’s entire At-lantic coastline of 1500 kilometers is protected under our framework of proclaimed National Parks. Moreo-ver, Namibia is home to other environmental conservation initiatives, including four Ramsar Wetland Sites of international importance, a 12,000 square kilometer Marine Protected Area, and part of the world’s largest Trans-frontier Conservation Area (TFCA) – the Kavango Zambezi TFCA, which was proclaimed in 2012. Na-mibia also possesses the largest free-roaming population of black rhino as well as the largest population of cheetahs in the world. We are pleased that environmental conservation is now an established form of land use in Namibia. In addi-tion to our National Parks, 79 communal conservancies covering almost 19 per cent of the country’s total land surface area, have been registered. Forthermore, approximately 15 percent of freehold land is dedicated to wildlife management. Ongoing research indicates that the populations of different wildlife species in Namibia will continue to increase in the coming years.

Conscious of the critical importance of biodiversity to the socio-economic development of our country, the fo-cus of this Strategy goes beyond the conservation of protected areas and wildlife. Biodiversity and the benefits that can be derived from intact and healthy ecosystems such as clean air and water and productive soils, are the basis of all life. For this reason alone, the importance of biodiversity cannot be over-emphasised.

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In Namibia, we have always considered the three objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) as being mutually reinforcing. We recognize sustainable use of natural resources as the key factor linking con-servation to fair and equitable benefit-sharing. We will, therefore, continue to advance this approach through the implementation period of this Strategy so that biodiversity is placed at the centre of our development ef-forts to achieve sustainable economic growth and poverty alleviation in our country, especially in rural areas. Namibia’s recent ratification of the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit- Sharing signifies our desire to accelerate the fair and equitable distribution of benefits that can be derived from biodiversity, especially by our local communities.

This approach is in line with our drive to achieve our long-term national development strategy, Vision 2030. We are confident that the effective implementation of this National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (2013-2022) will contribute greatly towards the revitalisation of our biodiversity and the realisation of our Vision 2030.

Hifikepunye PohambaPRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF NAMIBIA

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Preface By Honourable Uahekua HerungaMinister of Environment and Tourism .

Our rangelands, marine and freshwater fisheries, forests, and protected areas are the basis of liveli-hood for most of the Namibian population. Maintain-ing and enhancing the health and viability of these assets is crucial for us to achieve our national devel-opment objectives of high and sustained economic growth, employment creation and increased income equality.

Our first National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan has given considerable impetus to sustain-able development in this country. Its implementation has led to the proclamation of four new state pro-tected areas, a first Marine Protected Area and the world’s largest Trans-frontier Conservation Area; an

increase in the number of conservancies from 15 to 79 and the proclamation of 32 community forests; and the continued recovery of wildlife and fishing stocks based on an innovative policy framework and system of quotas and permits. The beneficiation of our communities has been at the heart of this process.

It is the task of NBSAP2 to build on these achievements and tackle the threats and challenges we are facing. These have been well documented in the thorough review process undertaken on NBSAP1, and I am con-fident that NBSAP2 will lead to the continued and enhanced health of our ecosystems as well as improved living conditions among our rural populations. This is encapsulated in our vision for NBSAP2 for “Namibia’s biodiversity to be healthy and resilient to threats, with its conservation and sustainable use as key drivers of poverty alleviation and equitable economic growth, particularly in rural areas”.

The consultative process to develop NBSAP2 has been comprehensive and has guided the need to align NB-SAP2 closely with the CBD Strategic Plan and the associated Aichi Targets. Each of the five Strategic Goals of the CBD is of very high relevance to Namibia and we have refined the Aichi Targets based on our national priorities and threats into 17 targets which we consider to be specific, measurable and attainable. This ap-proach will also streamline our reporting the Convention and provide clear evidence of our national contribu-tion towards the achievement of the Aichi Targets.

NBSAP2 is thus our main vehicle to spearhead action on all matters of biodiversity from the management of all ecosystems and species, to biosystematics and biosafety, to access and benefit-sharing. With this in mind, implementation will be closely coordinated between all stakeholders and I look forward to us partnering together to achieve the important goal of NBSAP2.

Uahekua Herunga,Minister of Environment and Tourism, MP

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe Second National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan is an outcome of a cooperative effort. Many indi-viduals and organisations participated in various capacities. The 2nd NBSAP would not have been possible without numerous contributions from authors, reviewers, MET staff members, funding agencies and many who at one point or another contributed to the document. The compilation of this document brought together a wide range of stakeholders. The Ministry of Environment, as focal point to the Convention on Biological Diversity and coordinator of the document, is extremely grateful to all of them and would like to thank and acknowledge them here for their dedication and long hours.

NBSAP STEERING COMMITTEESpecial thanks are given to the members of the NBSAP2 Steering Committee for coordinating the review of NBSAP1, providing guidance and technical input into the development of the NBSAP2.

AUTHORSWe would like to thank all authors who contributed to this strategy: Samson Mulonga, John Mfune, Nico Wil-lemse, Michale Humavindu, Bryn Canniffe, and Jonas Nghishidi.

REVIEWERSThe Strategy and Action Plan benefited greatly from all of the feedback and comments provided by our re-viewers including NBSAP Steering Committee, Louisa Mupetami,Teofilus Nghitila, Petrus Muteyauli, Kauna Schroder, Nick de Voss, Eric Belvaux, Aina Kambala, Nadine Faschina, Konrad Uebelhoer, Emily Mutota, UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre NBSAP 2.0 Project

FUNDING BODIESThe Ministry of Environment and Tourism further thanks the Biodiversity Management and Climate Change Project (BMCC) implemented by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, commissioned by the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), and the Global Environmental Facility through the United Nations Environment Programme for providing additional financial and technical support to the elaboration of this document.

LANGUAGE EDITOR: Nick De Voss

DESIGN AND LAYOUT: Consumer Graphics

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Biodiversity and the natural environment are of critical importance to Namibia. Natural resource-based sec-tors including mining, fisheries, agriculture and tourism are the basis of the Namibian economy, and around 70 per cent of Namibia’s population is directly dependent on the natural resource base for income; food; medici-nal and health needs; fuel and shelter. This situation demands that biodiversity, and the ecosystem services it provides, are maintained and enhanced as far as possible for sustainable development. Namibia recognizes the essential role of National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs) in this regard.

Namibia implemented its first NBSAP during the period 2001-2010. This was internationally recognised as being one of the best first generation NBSAPs, and it provided a strong foundation for the sustainable man-agement and use of biodiversity in the country. In 2012, Namibia set about the process to develop NBSAP2 to build upon this foundation and to directly tackle the threats and challenges it is facing in this area.

Namibia’s NBSAP2 will cover the period 2013-2022, and its vision is for “Namibia’s biodiversity to be healthy and resilient to threats, and for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity to be key drivers of pov-erty alleviation and equitable economic growth, particularly in rural areas.”

The Paper was developed in a highly participatory manner involving over 400 stakeholders from international experts to on-the-ground managers of natural resources. The consultative process included a detailed review of Namibia’s first NBSAP (2001-2010) which provided valuable lessons and guidance for the formulation of NBSAP2.

One of the key lessons learned was the need for NBSAP2 to be more focused, and this is reflected in a more concise structure. Based on national and regional prioritization exercises, the five strategic goals of the CBD Strategic Plan were considered highly relevant to Namibia, and these provide the overarching framework for NBSAP2. The 20 Aichi Targets were reduced to 17 national targets which are considered to be specific, measurable, attainable, relevant and are time-bound to Namibia. In this way, NBSAP2 is both closely aligned to the CBD Strategic Plan and Aichi Targets (2011-2020), and targeting Namibia’s unique priorities and circum-stances. The Strategic Goals and Targets of NBSAP2 are presented in the table below:

NBSAP2 Goals and Targets Lead GRN AgenciesStrategic Goal A: Address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss bymainstreaming biodiversity across government and society

1. By 2020, at least 75% of surveyed key target groups know the meaning of MET biodiversity and can identify important reasons for biodiversity conservation 2. By 2018, biodiversity values and prioritized ecosystem services are quantified, MET monitored and mainstreamed to support national and sectoral policy-making, planning, budgeting and decision-making frameworks3. By 2018, selected incentives for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use MET and MoF are in place and applied, and the most harmful subsidies are identified and their phase out is initiated

Strategic Goal B: Reduce direct pressures on biodiversity and promote thesustainable use of biological resources4. By 2022, the rate of loss and degradation of natural habitats outside protected MLR / MET areas serving as ecological corridors or containing key biodiversity areas or providing important ecosystem services is minimized through integrated land use planning

NBSAP2 Goals and Targets Lead GRN Agencies

5. By 2022, all living marine and aquatic resources are managed sustainably and MFMR guided by the ecosystem approach6. By 2022, principles of sound rangeland and sustainable forest management, and MAWF good environmental practices in agriculture are applied on at least 50 per cent of all relevant areas7. By 2022, pollution, including from excess nutrients, has been brought to levels MET/MAWF that are not detrimental to biodiversity and ecosystem health and functioning8. By 2015, national review of invasive alien species in Namibia from 2004 is MET updated (including identification of pathways), and by 2018, priority measures are in place to control and manage their impact9. By 2016, ecosystems most vulnerable to climate change and their anthropogenic MET/MAWF pressures are identified, and by 2018, appropriate adaptation measures are developed and implemented in priority areas

Strategic Goal C: Improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species and genetic diversity

10. By 2018, existing terrestrial protected areas (national parks) are conserved, MET / MFMR effectively and equitably managed, within an ecologically representative and well-connected system, and by 2020, coastal and marine areas, of particular importance to biodiversity and ecosystem services, are identified and measures for their protection initiated11. By 2016, threatened and vulnerable species lists are updated and measures MET implemented by 2019 to improve their conservation status 12. By 2020, genetic diversity of cultivated plants and farmed animals is maintained MAWF and enhanced

Strategic Goal D: Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity and ecosystemservices

13. By 2022, ecosystems that provide essential services and contribute to health, MAWF / livelihoods and well-being are safeguarded, and restoration programmes have MME / been initiated for degraded ecosystems covering at least 15 per cent of the MET priority areas 14. By 2015, national legislation giving effect to the Nagoya Protocol is in force and MET by 2018 fully operational to ensure that benefits are fair and equitably shared from the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity

Strategic Goal E: Enhance implementation of NBSAP2 through participatoryplanning, knowledge management and capacity building

15. By 2020, traditional knowledge and the innovations and practices of indigenous MRLGHRD and local communities relevant to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity are recognised, respected and promoted 16. By 2022, knowledge, science base and technologies relating to biodiversity and MET / ecosystem management are improved and made relevant to political MYNSSC / decision-makers MoE

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NBSAP2 Goals and Targets Lead GRN Agencies

17. By 2022, mobilization of financial resources from all sources has been MET / increased compared to the period 2008-2012 to allow for the effective NPC/ implementation of this strategy and action plan MoF

Strategic initiatives were also formulated to guide actions that will ultimately lead Namibia on a path towards the achievement of its 17 targets. There are 38 such strategic initiatives, each with associated activities identified during the NBSAP2 consultative process. The activities also have designated lead agencies and indicators to allow for improved monitoring.

The implementation of NBSAP2 will be coordinated by the Multi-Lateral Environmental Agreements Divi-sion within the Ministry of Environment and Tourism (MET) with the full participation and guidance of the cross-sectoral NBSAP2 steering committee. Independent mid-term and final evaluations of NBSAP2 will be undertaken to ensure that the status of biodiversity in Namibia is effectively tracked and so that Namibia’s contribution towards the achievement of the CBD Strategic Plan (2011-2020) and the Aichi Targets can be effectively measured.

ABS: Access and Benefit- Sharing

BCC: Benguela Current Commission

BCLME: Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem

BMCC: Biodiversity Management and Climate Change Project

BMU: German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature

Conservation and Nuclear Safety

BMZ: German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and

Development

CBD: Convention on Biological Diversity

CBNRM: Community-Based Natural Resource Management

CBO: Community-Based Organisation

CEPA: Communication, Education and Public Awareness

CI: Conservation International

CITES: Convention on Trade in Endangered Species

CoM: Chamber of Mines

CPP: Namibia’s Country Pilot Partnership Programme for

Integrated Sustainable Land Management

CRIAA: Centre for Research, Information, Action Africa

DART: Directorate of Agricultural Research and Training

DEA: Department of Environmental Affairs

DGIS: Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs

DRFN: Desert Research Foundation of Namibia

DWA: Department of Water Affairs

EAF: Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries

EAPAN: Environmental Assessment Professionals of Namibia

EBSA: Ecologically or Biologically Significant Area

EIA: Environmental Impact Assessment

EIF: Environmental Investment Fund of Namibia

EMP: Environmental Management Plan

GCNN: Global Compact Network Namibia

GDP: Gross Domestic Product

GEF: Global Environment Facility

GIS: Geographic Information Systems

GIZ: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale

Zusammenarbeit GmbH

GMOs: Genetically Modified Organisms

GTRC: Gobabeb Training and Research Centre

IBA: Important Bird Area

IBPC: Interim Bioprospecting Committee

Acronyms and Abbreviations

ICZM: Integrated Coastal Zone Management

IPA: Important Plant Area

IPTT: Indigenous Plant Task Team

IRDNC: Integrated Rural Development and Nature

Conservation

IRLUP: Integrated Regional Land-Use Plan

ISOER: Integrated State of the Environment Report

IUCN: International Union for the Conservation of Nature

IWRM: Integrated Water Resources Management

KAZA: Kavango Zambezi (TFCA)

KBA: Key Biodiversity Area

KfW: German Development Bank

KRA: Key Result Area

LAs: Local Authorities

MAWF: Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry

MCA: Millennium Challenge Account

MDGs: Millennium Development Goals

MET: Ministry of Environment and Tourism

MFMR: Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources

MHAI: Ministry of Home Affairs and Immigration

MLR: Ministry of Lands and Resettlement

MME: Ministry of Mines and Energy

MoE: Ministry of Education

MoF: Ministry of Finance

MOLSW: Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare

MPA: Marine Protected Area

MRLGHRD: Ministry of Regional and Local Government,

Housing and Rural Development

MTI: Ministry of Trade and Industry

MWT: Ministry of Works and Tranport

MYNSSC: Ministry of Youth, National Service, Sport and

Culture

NACOMA: Namibian Coast Management and Conservation

Project

NACSO: Namibian Association of CBNRM-Support

Organisations

NAFOLA: Sustainable Management of Namibia’s Forested

Lands

NAMETT: Namibia’s Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool

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NAMPLACE: Namibia Protected Areas Landscape Initiative

NAU: Namibia Agricultural Union

NBAC: National Biosafety Advisory Council

NBC: Namibian Broadcasting Corporation

NBRI: National Botanical Research Institute

NBSAP: National Biodviersity Strategy and Action Plan

NCCI: Namibian Chamber of Commerce and Industry

NCC-SAP: National Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan

NCEI: National Core Environmental Indicators

NCRST: National Commission on Research, Science and

Technology

NDF: Namibia Defence Force

NDP: National Development Plan

NEEN: Namibian Environmental Education Network

NERMU: Namib Ecological and Restoration Monitoring Unit

NGO: Non-Governmental Organisation

NIED: Namibia Institute for Education Development

NNF: Namibia Nature Foundation

NPC: National Planning Commisssion

NPGRC: National Plants Genetic Resources Centre

NSA: Namibia Stastics Agency

NSI: Namibia Standards Institution

OPM: Office of the Prime Minister

PASS: Strengthening the Capacity of the Protected Area

System to Address new Management Challenges (Project)

PLCAs: Protected Landscape Conservation Areas

PoN: Polytechnic of Namibia

PPF: Peace Parks Foundation

RC: Regional Council

REEEI: Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Institute

SADC: Southern African Development Community

SDAC: Sustainable Development Advisory Council

SDC: Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation

SEA: Strategic Environmental Assessment

SEMP: Strategic Environmental Management Plan

SGP: Small Grants Programme

SPAN: Strengthening the Protected Area Network Project

TAs: Traditional Authorities

TFCA: Trans-frontier Conservation Area

UNAM: University of Namibia

UNCCD: United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural

Organisation

UNFCCC: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate

Change

WHC: World Heritage Convention

WWF: World Wide Fund for Nature

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TABLE OF CONTENTS1. INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................................1

1.1 Background Information .............................................................................................................................1 1.2 Namibia’s Biological Diversity .............................................................................................................2 1.2.1 Diversity of Ecosystems .............................................................................................................3 1.2.2 Species Diversity .......................................................................................................................3 1.3 National and Global Biodiversity Perspective ...............................................................................4 1.4 Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Use for Poverty Alleviation in Namibia .....................42. METHODOLOGY TO DEVELOP NBSAP 2 ...............................................................................................6 2.1 Institutional Framework .......................................................................................................................6 2.2 Promoting Participation and Consultation ...........................................................................................7 2.3 Aligning NBSAP 2 with the CBD Strategic Plan and Aichi Targets .....................................................93. OVERVIEW OF NBSAP2 ......................................................................................................................... 11 3.1 Structure ............................................................................................................................................ 11 3.2 Roles and Responsibilities ................................................................................................................ 11 3.3 Key Priorities of NBSAP2 .................................................................................................................. 11 3.3.1 Mainstreaming Biodiversity ...................................................................................................... 14 3.3.2 Improving Communication of Biodiversity-Related Issues ......................................................14 3.3.3 Addressing Critical Threats to Biodiversity ..............................................................................14 3.3.4 Contributing to National Development Objectives ...................................................................15 3.3.5 Strengthening the Policy-Making Framework for Biodiversity Management ...........................15 3.3.6 Generating Reliable Baseline Information ...............................................................................16 3.3.7 Capitalizing on Synergies with the Rio and other Biodiversity-Related Conventions ..............16 3.3.8 Enhancing Regional Cooperation ............................................................................................16 3.3.9 Mainstreaming Gender Considerations ................................................................................... 174. THE NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY ........................................................................................ 17 4.1 STRATEGIC GOAL 1: Address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss by mainstreaming biodiversity across government and society ...........................................................................................18 4.1.1 Target 1: By 2020, at least 75 per cent of surveyed key target groups know the meaning of biodiversity and can identify important reasons for biodiversity conservation .................................18 4.1.2 Target 2: By 2018, biodiversity values and prioritized ecosystem services are quantified, monitored and mainstreamed to support national and sectoral policy-making, planning, budgeting and decision-making frameworks ....................................................................................19 4.1.3 Target 3: By 2018, selected incentives for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use are in place and applied, and the most harmful subsidies are identified and their phase-out is initiated ..............................................................................................................................................20 4.2 STRATEGIC GOAL 2: Reduce the direct pressures on biodiversity and promote the sustainable use of biological resources ............................................................................................20 4.2.1 Target 4: By 2022, the rate of loss and degradation of natural habitats outside protected areas serving as ecological corridors or containing key biodiversity areas or providing important ecosystem services is minimized through integrated land use planning ..........................................21

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4.2.2 Target 5: By 2022, all living marine and aquatic resources are managed sustainably and guided by the ecosystem approach ..................................................................................................21 4.2.3 Target 6: By 2022, Principles of sound rangeland and sustainable forest management, and good environmental practices in agriculture are applied on at least 50 per cent of all relevant areas ....................................................................................................................................22 4.2.4 Target 7: By 2022, pollution, including from excess nutrients, has been brought to levels that are not detrimental to biodiversity and ecosystem health and functioning .......................................23 4.2.5 Target 8: By 2015, National review of invasive alien species in Namibia from 2004 is updated (including identification of pathways), and by 2018, priority measures are in place to control and manage their impact .......................................................................................................24 4.2.6 Target 9: By 2016, ecosystems most vulnerable to climate change and their anthropogenic pressures are identified, and by 2018, appropriate adaptation measures are developed and implemented in priority areas ...................................................................................24 4.3 STRATEGIC GOAL 3: Improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species and genetic diversity ..................................................................................................................25 4.3.1 Target 10: By 2018, existing terrestrial protected areas (national parks) are conserved, effectively and equitably managed, within an ecologically representative and well-connected system, and by 2020, coastal and marine areas, of particular importance to biodiversity and ecosystem services, are identified and measures for their protection initiated ................................25 4.3.2 Target 11: By 2016, threatened and vulnerable species lists are updated and measures implemented by 2019 to improve their conservation status ..............................................................26 4.3.3 Target 12: By 2020, Genetic diversity of cultivated plants and farmed animals is maintained and enhanced .................................................................................................................26 4.4 STRATEGIC GOAL 4: Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity and ecosystem services ........27 4.4.1 Target 13: By 2022, ecosystems that provide essential services and contribute to health, livelihoods and well-being are safeguarded, and restoration programmes have been initiated for degraded ecosystems covering at least 15 per cent of the priority areas ..................................28 4.4.2 Target 14: By 2015, national legislation giving effect to the Nagoya Protocol is in force and by 2018 fully operational to ensure that benefits are fair and equitably shared from the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity .............................................................................29 4.5 STRATEGIC GOAL 5: Enhance implementation of NBSAP2 through participatory planning, knowledge management and capacity building .......................................................................29 4.5.1 Target 15: By 2020, Traditional knowledge and the innovations and practices of indigenous and local communities relevant to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity are recognized, respected and promoted ...............................................................................................29 4.5.2 Target 16: By 2022, knowledge, science base and technologies relating to biodiversity and ecosystem management are improved and made relevant to political decision-makers ...........30 4.5.3 Target 17: By 2022, mobilization of financial resources from all sources has been increased compared to the period 2008-2012 to allow for the effective implementation of this strategy and action plan ....................................................................................................................305. MONITORING AND EVALUATION FRAMEWORK ................................................................................326. THE NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY ACTION PLAN ...................................................................................337. FUNDING PLAN AND STRATEGY .........................................................................................................528. REFERENCES .........................................................................................................................................52Annex 1: LIST OF INTERVIEWED STAKEHOLDERS ...............................................................................54Annex 2: ALIGNMENT OF NBSAP2 WITH THE CBD STRATEGY (2011-2020) ANDAICHI TARGETS ...........................................................................................................................................55Annex 3: ALIGNMENT OF NBSAP2 WITH THE SADC REGIONAL BIODIVERSITY STRATEGYAND ACTION PLAN (B-SAP) ......................................................................................................................58

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background InformationNamibia is one of the few countries in the world that includes a clause in its constitution targeting the sustain-able management of biodiversity. Article 95(L) of the 1990 Constitution requires the State to take measures to promote and maintain the welfare of the people including “the maintenance of ecosystems, essential ecologi-cal processes and biological diversity of Namibia and utilization of living natural resources on a sustainable basis for the benefit of all Namibians, both present and future…”

The three objectives of the CBD, for which this document is the key national level implementing instrument, correspond closely with Article 95 (L), as they seek to promote: 1. The conservation of biological diversity; 2. The sustainable use of its components; and 3. The equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources.

Recognizing the importance of these objectives to its national circumstances, Namibia signed the CBD in 1992 and ratified it in1997. Namibia developed a first NBSAP in 2001, which covered the period 2001-2010. This sought to implement the three objectives of the CBD in an integrated manner and was internationally recognized as one of the best first-generation NBSAPs.

In 2012, Namibia embarked on a process to review implementation of NBSAP1 and to develop a second generation NBSAP that is aligned with the latest national and global trends (in particular, the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 including the Aichi Targets; decision x/2) and good practices, and that can address critical challenges and capitalize on existing areas of comparative advantage in the areas of natural resource management and environmental protection.

1.2 Namibia’s Biological DiversityNamibia’s biodiversity is shaped by a diverse range of factors including climate, topography, geology and human influences. As the most arid country south of the Sahara, lack of rainfall and the high variability of rainfall are perhaps the leading influences on biodiversity. Namibia is characterized by a steep south-west to north-east rainfall gradient. Annual rainfall can be as low as 10mm in the south-west and west, while it aver-ages around 600mm in the north-eastern areas (Mendelsohn et al 2003). A reverse gradient exists in terms of seasonal and daily temperature variations, which are low in the north and north-east and high in the west and south-west.

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As a result, the greatest overall terrestrial species diversity is found in the more tropical areas of north-eastern Namibia, while areas of high endemism are mainly concentrated in the arid and semi-arid west, central and southern parts of the country.

1.2.1 Diversity of EcosystemsNamibia is classified into four terrestrial biomes (Desert; Nama and Succulent Karoo; Acacia Savanna; and Broad-leafed Savanna), and two aquatic biomes (Coastal Marine; and Wetlands). Each biome is affected to different extents by land uses such as rangeland farming, agriculture, wildlife production, tourism and recrea-tion, mining and urban development. Namibia’s variable environmental conditions have also shaped a large diversity of vegetation zones, which have been divided into 29 units. In general, palaeotropical floral elements are found in the north, cold-temperate elements in the south, and transitional elements between the two. The vegetation zones and biomes are shown in detail in Figure 1 below.

Figure 1: The division of Namibia into vegetation zones (l) and biomes (r) (Source: Mendelsohn et al 2003).

(i) Desert Biome• Low rainfall (less than 100mm annually), and lack of surface water• Sparse vegetation dominated by annual grasses and dwarf shrubs• Large habitat diversity including mountains, gravel plains, sandy seas and succulent steppe winter rainfall regions• Coastal fog plays a vital role in supporting many plants and animals• Ephemeral rivers cut across the biome providing linear oases where large trees and water sources support many of the larger mammals and animals • Systems within this biome are extremely sensitive and fragile and prone to long-term degradation with long recovery periods

(ii) Karoo Biome• Annual rainfall is 100-200mm• Vegetation dominated by dwarf shrubs or “Karoo bushes” and annual grass species• Harsh climate with large seasonal and daily temperature variations• The fauna in this biome is species poor but supported vast herds of springbok in the past, which were subsequently reduced by hunting and fencing• Sensitive to over-grazing and degradation which can lead to desertification

Terrestrial Biomes in Namibia

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(iv) Broad-leafed Savanna• Annual rainfall of 450-700mm• High species diversity, especially at the inter face with the wetland biome• Deciduous tree species are characteristic including Zambezi teak, mopane and wild seringa• High numbers of large mammals are present including 70% of Namibia’s elephant population and the majority of the buffalo and hippopotamus populations• Important to transboundary cooperation as ecosystems are shared and species move across national boundaries• Forest fires are a common occurrence in this biome

(iii) Acacia Savanna• Annual rainfall of 250-400mm• Dominated and characterized by a wide variety of grass species and acacia species such as camelthorn and blackthorn• Supports a high concentration of various species which are endemic to the region, and supports large plains game including herd animals and predators• Contains the headwaters and catchments of most ephemeral rivers in Namibia• Vulnerable to inappropriate management and over-use resulting in desertification and bush encroachment

(v) Wetlands• Multiple habitats including perennial rivers, ephemeral rivers, floodplains, pans, sinkholes, estuaries, swamps, marshes, springs and dams• Typically highly productive systems which provide important sources of freshwater and vegetation• Interact with all other biomes• Important to the hydrology of areas through services such as the recharging of aquifers• Provide important sites for breeding and refuge• Vulnerable to over-abstraction of water, alien species and pollution

Aquatic Biomes in Namibia

(vi) Coastal/Marine• Characterized by the cold Benguela current which produces a nutrient-rich upwelling system• Highly productive system which supports some of the highest concentrations of marine life in the world• Multiple habitats including the littoral, shelf and abyssal zones, islands, lagoons and estuaries

Table 1: Brief description of Namibia’s biomes.

1.2.2 Species DiversityAs an arid country, Namibia has a relatively low number of species compared to countries with wetter climates. However, it possesses a high level of endemism, with approximately 20% of described species classified as endemic. Endemism is particularly high in plants, invertebrates, reptiles and frogs in Namibia while it is rela-tively low for mammals, birds and fish (see Table 2 below).

Taxonomic Group Number of described species in Namibia % of species endemic to Namibia Reptiles 254 28% Insects 6,421 24% Plants 4,334 17% Amphibians 50 12% Arachnids 618 11% Fish 114 8% Mammals 229 7% Birds 676 2%

Table 2: Number of described species in Namibia and levels of endemism (Compiled based on information from Simmons and Brown (in press), NNF (undated), and www.biodiversity.org.na ).

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1.3 National and Global Biodiversity PerspectiveNamibia is one of the few dryland countries in the world with internationally recognized biodiversity hotspots. The most significant of these is the Tsau //Khaeb (Sperrgebiet) National Park, situated in the Succulent Karoo floral kingdom in Southern Namibia. The second hotspot is the rugged Namib Escarpment, which is part of Africa’s great western escarpment, and an area of particularly high endemism.

Vegetation types 56 different vegetation types Plants About 1,050 species representing 25% of the entire flora of Namibia on just 3% of the country’s land surface Frogs 16 species Reptiles 100 species Birds 35 coastal and marine species, 60 wetland species 120 terrestrial species Mammals 80 terrestrial species 38 marine species including an estimated 600,000 cape fur seals or 50% of the world’s population Insects and other Great number of insects and other invertebrates, of which probably 90% are not invertebrates described by science A Marine Protected Area covering 13 offshore islands and islets

Table 3: Biodiversity of selected taxonomic groups found in the Tsau //Khaeb National Park (MET 2010).

Some sites of national and global significance in Namibia include its: • Twenty Protected Areas, which cover hugely varied ecosystems and some 17% of the country’s land

mass including the entire 1500km coastline • Two Transfrontier Conservation Areas (TFCAs) – Ai-/Ais / Richtersveld TFCA, and the Kavango Zam-

bezi TFCA (the world’s largest TFCA) • Four Ramsar Wetland Sites of International Importance – Etosha Pan, Walvis Bay Lagoon, Sandwich

Harbour and the Orange River Mouth. All of these sites are located within protected areas. • Nineteen Important Bird Areas (IBAs), 12 of which are located in the coastal zone or on off-shore is-

lands • Forty Important Plant Areas (IPAs), spread across the country.

1.4 Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Use for Poverty Alleviationin NamibiaBiodiversity and the natural environment are of critical importance to Namibia. Natural resource-based sec-tors including mining, fisheries, agriculture and tourism are the basis of the Namibian economy, and around 70% of Namibia’s population is directly dependent on the natural resource base for income; food; medicinal and health needs; fuel and shelter. This situation demands that biodiversity, and the ecosystem services it provides, are maintained and enhanced as far as possible for sustainable development.

The tourism industry, of which National Parks are considered the bedrock, is recognized as the fastest grow-ing sector of the Namibian economy. Travel and tourism was estimated to have accounted for 20.5% of GDP in 2011 (directly and indirectly) (WTTC 2012), and it is a key industry in Namibia linking economic development with poverty alleviation and biodiversity conservation with national parks promoted as engines of growth in the rural areas. This is facilitated by engaging local communities in the management of parks and the sustainable use of natural resources through the granting of tourism and hunting concessions to local communities, usu-ally in partnership with private sector investors.

Conservation has emerged as an increasingly viable land use in Namibia, particularly since rights to the con-ditional use of wildlife were devolved to local communities through conservancies in 1996. It was estimated in

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2012 that conservancies employed around 900 people permanently and 3,500 on a temporary basis, with over N$50 million being generated by conservancies in 2011 (MET 2012b), mainly through trophy hunting, accom-modation establishments, and the harvesting and sale of natural resource products and crafts.

The CBNRM Programme is the only example in Namibia in which the linkages between biodiversity and pov-erty alleviation are systematically measured by collecting periodic data on returns and employment through tourism establishments and activities, trophy hunting, wildlife meat harvesting, medicinal plant collection, and non-timber forest products (NTFPs) amongst others. Although CBNRM covers only some 18 per cent of Na-mibia’s landmass, it gives a clear indication of the role biodiversity can play in poverty alleviation in the rural areas.

The CBNRM Programme has also highlighted the linkages between biodiversity management and gender. Women have been included in biodiversity governance structures and as the main day-to-day managers of biodiversity, women are most affected by biodiversity loss and degradation. For this reason they are a key target group of NBSAP2.

Overall, 42% of Namibia’s landmass was under some form of conservation management in 2012 including through private game parks and nature reserves, tourism concessions, conservancies and community for-ests. One of the main objectives for NBSAP2 is to ensure that the different conservation land uses are drivers of poverty alleviation and contribute to ecosystem resilience in rural areas.

Figure 2: Map showing the 42% of Namibia under conservation management.

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2. METHODOLOGY TO DEVELOP NBSAP 2

2.1 Institutional FrameworkAs focal point to the CBD, the Ministry of Environment and Tourism (MET), through the Department of Envi-ronmental Affairs (DEA), coordinated the elaboration of NBSAP2 during the period March 2012 to December 2013.

A National NBSAP2 Steering Committee was established and convened for the first time in May 2012. The first meeting of the NBSAP2 Steering Committee deliberated on the review process for NBSAP1 and on the best way to elaborate Namibia’s 2nd NBSAP. The Committee was originally established to oversee the formu-lation of NBSAP2 but its mandate has since been extended so that it also coordinates the implementation of NBSAP2, including its monitoring and evaluation.

Namibia’s NBSAP Steering CommitteeTerms of ReferenceCoordinate the review of NBSAP1, provide guidance and technical input into NBSAP2 and oversee the implementation, and monitoring and evaluation of NBSAP2

MembershipGovernment Ministries Ministry of Environment and Tourism (Chair and Secretariat); Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry; Ministry of Education; Ministry of Finance; Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources; Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Ministry of Gender Equality and Child Welfare; Ministry of Mines and Energy; Ministry of Regional and Local Government, Housing and Rural Development; Ministry of Youth, National Service, Sport and Culture; National Planning Commission

Academic Community Polytechnic of Namibia; University of Namibia

Indigenous and Local CommunitiesChief of the Aodaman Traditional Authority

Non-Governmental OrganizationsDesert Research Foundation of Namibia

Private SectorChamber of Mines

Implementing AgenciesUnited Nations Development Programme (UNDP); Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ)

Figure 3: Functions and Membership Structure of the NBSAP Steering Committee.

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2.2 Promoting Participation and ConsultationIn line with the guidance of the CBD Conference of Parties decisions IX/8 and X/2, widespread participation has been promoted in the process to develop NBSAP21. Government ministries; local and regional govern-ment authorities; the scientific community; non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and community-based organisations (CBOs); indigenous and local communities; donor agencies; and the private sector were all closely involved in the NBSAP2 development process. In total, about 400 stakeholders were engaged in the national and regional level consultative process. Individual interviews were also undertaken with key relevant stakeholders2.

The roadmap towards developing NBSAP2, highlighting the major milestone events, is presented in the dia-gram below:

Figure 4: Roadmap followed to develop Namibia’s NBSAP2.

Two national level workshops were held in March and July 2012 to review implementation of NBSAP1 and to provide preliminary inputs to the content and formulation of NBSAP2. The workshops also introduced the Strategic Plan of the CBD (2011-2020) and the Aichi Targets to the participants who were asked to assess and prioritize these targets in terms of their relevance to Namibia’s national circumstances and to identify prelimi-nary activities per each target as considered appropriate.

Some Lessons Learned from NBSAP1Namibia’s first NBSAP1 was internationally recognised as being one of the best first generation NBSAPs. It covered 10 Strategic Themes which in turn encompassed 55 strategic aims and 242 activity-based targets. The review of NBSAP1 indicated that some 80 per cent of these targets were at least partially achieved. NBSAP2 sets about building on areas that were under-achieved but still considered priorities as well as identifying new priority areas for action. Some further key lessons to guide the formulation of NBSAP2 are highlighted below:

1CoP Decision IX/8 calls on Parties to “engage indigenous and local communities and all relevant sectors and stakehold-ers” in biodiversity planning and implementation. CoP Decision X/2 calls on Parties to “Enable participation at all levels to foster the full and effective contributions of women, indigenous and local communities, civic-society organizations, the private sector and stakeholders from all other sectors in the full implementation of the objectives of the Convention and the Strategic Plan”.2See list of interviewees in Annex 1.

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• Mobilisation of Resources: The NBSAP was an important instrument for channelling resources into priority biodiversity areas with a number of donor-funded projects particularly targeting specific priority NBSAP areas such as coastal conservation, the CBNRM Programme and the management of protected areas.

• Coordinating framework for NBSAP1: The coordination framework for the implementation and monitoring and evaluation of NBSAP1, while initially strong and effective, fell away after the end of the donor-funded National Biodiversity Programme in 2005.

• Scope of NBSAP1: NBSAP1 was well-designed and very ambitious in scope, with equal considera-tion given to each of the 3 objectives of the Convention. However, it was arguably over-ambitious and NBSAP2 needs to be more focused and outcome-oriented.

• Capacity for effective implementation of NBSAP1: This was insufficient and is yet to be ad-equately addressed in a number of areas including biosystematics, biotechnology and environmental monitoring.

• Low awareness levels of NBSAP1: Awareness of NBSAP1 was low, including among key imple-menting partners; regional and local stakeholders; and the general public. NBSAP1 was not ac-companied by a Communication, Education and Public Awareness (CEPA) Strategy, which was an impediment to effective implementation.

• Working Groups: The voluntary working groups tasked to formulate and implement specific aspects of NBSAP1 had mixed success. Some such as the Namibia Biotechnology Alliance, the Wetlands Working Group and the Alien Invasive Species Working Group delivered substantive outputs, how-ever almost all failed to last for the duration of NBSAP1. The strong focus on individuals, high rates of staff turnover and their voluntary nature tended to reduce their long term effectiveness.

• Coordination and management of cross-cutting issues: The coordination of areas such as wet-lands, mountain ecosystems and biosystematics was a key challenge in NBSAP1 and needs to be targeted and improved through NBSAP2

. Figure 5: Summary of key lessons from the review of NBSAP1.

A regional consultation process was undertaken to raise awareness of NBSAPs in general at local level, to establish the status quo of existing biodiversity initiatives in the regions and to determine regional priorities and possible interventions in the development and implementation of the NBSAP2. The relevance of the Aichi targets to local circumstances was also assessed in each region. The regional consultative process, which comprised of 5 two-day workshops held to cover regional clusters, was undertaken during October and No-vember 2012.

Some Specific Priorities Identified from the Regions

Zambezi • Rigorous enforcement of inland fisheries legislationErongo • Limit the impact of mining and development on biodiversity-sensitive areasHardap • Preservation of biodiversity sensitive areas!Karas • Creation of livestock breeders associations to prevent genetic erosionKavango East • Strengthen the support of extension services to farmersand West Khomas • Strengthen capacity to control and handle genetically modified organisms • Establishment of green economy enterprises • Encourage harvesting of invasive species by exploring potential economic use • Ensure adherence to Environmental Impact Assessments and Management PlansKunene • Document local indigenous knowledge on conservation and sustainable use of natural resources • Strengthening of wildlife law enforcement capacity • Introduce rangeland management practices in conservancies

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Ohangwena • Expansion of conservation agriculture • Integration of biodiversity issues into school curriculumOmaheke • Introduction of fire breaks and afforestation programme • Conduct research into the traditional uses of biodiversity for medicines • Expansion of nurseries and wildlife sanctuaries • Extend the use of organic fertilisers and pesticidesOmusati • Gazette more areas as conservancies and community forestsOshana • Promote renewable energy technologies • Implementation of the climate change adaptation toolkitsOshikoto • Monitor and assess carbon emissions • Reintroduction of species to their historical habitats • Identification of threatened speciesOtjozondjupa • Identify suitable areas for proclamation as conservancies, community forests and national parks • Promote use of environmentally friendly herbicides and pesticides

Table 4: Some identified NBSAP2 priority activities per region.

A final National Consultative Workshop was held from the 26-27th February 2013 to present the findings from the regional consultative process, and to secure final inputs from the participants into the content of NBSAP2. High level technical stakeholders, parliamentarians and traditional authorities were among the key groups targeted by this workshop. The workshop was quickly followed by a high level segment in which the draft NB-SAP2 was presented to the Permanent Secretaries of relevant ministries and the Chief Executive Officers of relevant parastatals and private sector institutions for their awareness and preliminary approval.

Lastly, a comprehensive internal and external peer review was undertaken on the document. The external peer review was conducted during a regional workshop organized by the NBSAP 2.0 Mainstreaming Biodiver-sity and Development Project from 8-12 July in Uganda.

2.3 Aligning NBSAP2 with the CBD Strategic Plan and Aichi TargetsBased on the results of the outcomes of the national and regional prioritization exercises, it was decided to closely align NBSAP2 with the CBD Strategic Plan and Aichi Targets (2011-2020). The national and regional workshops each revealed that the five strategic goals are of high importance to Namibia, while the twenty Aichi Targets were also considered relevant for Namibia, though some were refined to better suit Namibia’s circumstances. These alterations are presented in Annex 2.

Figure 6: Outcome of prioritization exercises undertaken on the 20 Aichi Targets in each of Namibia’s 13 regions

From the figure 6 it is clear that Strategic Goals A on mainstreaming (targets 1-4); D on benefits (targets 14-16); and E on participatory planning, knowledge management and capacity building were considered most important. Over 50 per cent of Namibia’s 13 regions prior to new demarcations considered all of the 20 Aichi Targets as being highly relevant to their region, with the exception of targets 5, 6 and 103. This is explained by the fact that these targets make specific reference to forests, fisheries and marine ecosystems, which do not feature in most of Namibia’s regions.

3This issue of coral reefs was considered of releatively low importance to Namibia, however climate change is recognized as a key threat to biodiversity needing to be addressed.

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3. OVERVIEW OF NBSAP2

3.1 StructureThe vision of NBSAP2 is for “Namibia’s biodiversity to be healthy and resilient to threats, and the con-servation and sustainable use are key drivers of poverty alleviation and equitable economic growth, particularly in rural areas”.

NBSAP2 has five key strategic objectives, each of which has a number of targets to be achieved by the end of the timeframe of the NBSAP2. There are a total of 17 targets, closely aligned to the Aichi Targets, and each with one or more key performance indicators.

In line with the CBD Strategic Plan (2011-2020), the strategic goals of NBSAP2 are to: 1. Address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss by mainstreaming biodiversity across government

and society 2. Reduce the direct pressures on biodiversity and promote the sustainable use of biological resources 3. Improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species and genetic diversity 4. Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity and ecosystem services 5. Enhance implementation of NBSAP2 through participatory planning, knowledge management and

capacity building

Strategic initiatives are intended to guide actions that will ultimately lead Namibia on a path towards the achievement of these targets. There are 38 such strategic initiatives, each with associated activities identified during the NBSAP2 consultative process. These activities are described as indicative to allow for flexibility, and are not intended to be prescriptive. Other sectoral activities and initiatives contributing to the strategic initiatives and targets are also likely to be developed over the course of the lifespan of NBSAP2.

3.2 Roles and ResponsibilitiesAs the main custodians of Namibia’s land and marine resources, the four main natural resources manage-ment-related ministries – MET; Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry; Ministry of Lands and Resettle-ment; Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources – will be the lead implementers of NBSAP2.

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The other main implementing Ministries include: • Ministry of Youth, National Service, Sport and Culture (MYNSSC) for biosystematics; environmental

education functions; for identifying and managing heritage sites; and for mobilising the youth into bio-diversity conservation.

• Ministry of Mines and Energy in the areas of mining regulation and sustainable energy. • Ministry of Regional and Local Government, Housing and Rural Development for coordinating rural

development. • Ministry of Education for integration of biodiversity issues within curricula and for biodiversity-related

research and science.

Namibia has been one of the most successful countries in Africa in attracting funding for biodiversity-related projects through the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and also benefits from excellent bilateral coopera-tion in the area of biodiversity management with a number of countries. These projects typically play an important role in providing catalytic funding for innovative interventions relating to biodiversity and will di-rectly contribute to the implementation of NBSAP2. A list of the most significant projects and their areas of intervention is below:Project Title Project Objective Action Plan AreaBCLME4 (2008-2015) Strengthen sustainable utilization of marine resources at 2.2; 5.2(GEF) transboundary level. KAZA Project (20085) To sustainably manage the Kavango Zambezi ecosystem, 3.1; 3.2; 4.1; 5.2 its heritage and cultural resources based on best conservation and tourism models for the socio-economic wellbeing of the communities and other stakeholdersAgriculture and Support to Protected Areas, Conservancies and Indigenous 2.3; 3.1; 4.1; Tourism Projects Plants Industry 4.2; 5.2of MCA (2009-2014)SAREP (2010-2015) Promote a transboundary approach to resource management 4.1 and climate resilience to preserve the Okavango basin and provide sustainable and equitable development opportunities for its inhabitantsTNC (2012-2015) To enhance Namibia’s capacity to better deal with climate 2.3; 2.4; 2.6; 3.3(GEF) change risks and create opportunities at individual, institutional and systemic levels.NBSAP2 Resource To improve resource mobilisation for biodiversity conservation 1.2; 5.2; 5.3Mobilisation Project sustainably on the basis of an economic valuation of(2013-2017) (BMU) ecosystem services and their mainstreaming into national governance processesNACOMA Phase II Strengthen conservation, sustainable use and 2.1; 2.2; 2.3; (2013-2018) (GEF) mainstreaming of biodiversity in coastal and marine 2.4; 2.6; 3.1; 5.2 ecosystems in Namibia Namibia National Enhance park management and infrastructure development 3.1Parks Programme in Namibia’s North-Eastern Parks in the KAZA TFCA andPhase III (2013-2016) the Tsau //Khaeb (Sperrgebiet) National Park(KfW) BMCC Project 1. MET increasingly fills new key functions and structures 1.2; 2.1; 2.6; (2013-2020 – in line with policies and legislation (especially EMA) 4.1; 5.2MET/GIZ) Capacity development for community-based natural 2. resource management in a changing climate in selected pilot regions 3. Cross-sectoral mainstreaming of biodiversity, adaptation to climate change and a green economy

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PASS Project Strengthen the Protected Area system of Namibia and 3.1; 3.2; 5.2(2014-2019) (GEF) ensure sustainable finance through improving current systems for revenue generation, introduction of innovative revenue generation mechanisms; and cost effective enforcement through application of the Enforcement Economics ModelNAFOLA (2014-2019) To maintain current dry forests and the ecosystem goods 2.3; 5.2(GEF) and services they provide, in over 500,000 ha of forest lands, through wide-scale adoption of SLM, SFM and other improved technologiesConservation and To increase the capacities of the Benguela Current 2.2; 5.2Sustainable Use Commission and its member states for enhancedof the BCLME sustainable management of the BCLME’s marine(2014-2019) (BMU) biodiversity and natural resources, making use of EBSAs and Marine Spatial Planning toolsIntegrated National Support MET in the planning, development and 3.1Park Management management of an integrated coastal park from theProgramme (2014-) Orange River to the Kunene River(KfW)

Table 5: The crucial role of Namibia’s supporting projects.

Other important supporting agencies for mainstreaming and implementation of biodiversity-related initiatives include the tertiary institutions as the generators and purveyors of scientific knowledge; CSOs and donor agencies as on-the-ground implementers and often pilot practitioners of good practices; the Ministry of Infor-mation, Communication and Technology and the media for dissemination of information; and cross-sectoral bodies such as the NBSAP2 steering committee, the Indigenous Plants Taskforce Team, the Namibia Envi-ronmental Education Network (NEEN) and the Sustainable Development Advisory Council which can convey the importance of biodiversity to different sectors and facilitate improved coordination of activities.

The Role of CSOsA number of CSOs are highly active on-the-ground in Namibia, working closely with communities on a wide variety of environmental issues. CSOs thus have a very important role to play in the implementation of NBSAP2 in areas such as awareness raising; capacity building for good practices; support to participa-tory governance and decision-making; research and development; and value addition to natural resources. Among the most prominent CSOs for biodiversity management are the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), Desert Research Foundation of Namibia (DRFN), Namibia Nature Foundation (NNF), Integrated Rural De-velopment and Nature Conservation (IRDNC), Centre for Research, Information, Action Africa (CRIAA), and the umbrella body - Namibian Association of CBNRM Support Organizations (NACSO).

A key target group of NBSAP2 is those institutions and stakeholders which are not typically directly respon-sible for biodiversity management but which have important planning functions or undertake activities which impact heavily on the environment. In Namibia, of particular importance in this regard, are the:

Office of the Prime Minister (OPM): for integrating biodiversity into the strategic plans of all relevant line ministries.

Ministry of Finance (MoF): for allocating appropriate funds for biodiversity-related activities and for integrat-ing these activities in longer term financial planning and budgeting frameworks.

4All acronyms in this table are described in full on page IV5 KAZA is being supported by a range of partners including the BMZ through KfW; SDC; USAID; PPF; CI; WWF; and DGIS

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National Planning Commission (NPC): for the integration of biodiversity-related activities into national plan-ning frameworks (also Namibia’s main instruments for poverty reduction) and donor-funded programmes.

Parliamentarians: for mobilizing political will and support towards implementation of NBSAP2. Parliamen-tarians can play a particularly strong role towards biodiversity management through supportive law-making, budgetary allocations, oversight, promoting international cooperation and awareness raising.

Traditional Authorities: for the promotion of biodiversity conservation on communal lands and for regulating access to traditional knowledge.

Regional Councils and Local Authorities: Regional councils for planning in Namibia’s political regions, and Local Authorities for environmentally-friendly approaches to critical urban functions impacting on biodiversity such as waste management, transport, housing, water and sanitation provision.

Private Sector: The private sector has an essential role to play, both in investing in biodiversity-related op-portunities and in promoting sustainable consumption and production. The Namibia Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Chamber of Mines and commercial banks are obvious targets as are companies promoting value addition to natural resources and Namibia’s various tourism associations. Namibia’s large number of private game reserves, as well as the investment by many private companies in low-impact, high quality eco-tourism, also represent key elements of biodiversity conservation and sustainable use in Namibia. It is estimated that almost four per cent of Namibia’s landmass is used as private game parks and nature reserves (MET 2013).

3.3 Key Priorities of NBSAP2NBSAP2 has been formulated to capitalize on its comparative advantage in terms of biodiversity status and potential and to channel efforts and resources into tackling the threats to biodiversity it is facing. The following key priorities for NBSAP2 are:

3.3.1 Mainstreaming Biodiversity The need to mainstream biodiversity at all levels of government and society is recognized as a cornerstone of NBSAP2 (see mainstreaming strategy in section 1 of Action Plan).

3.3.2 Improving Communication of Biodiversity-Related Issues Low levels of awareness of biodiversity were identified as a critical challenge during the NBSAP2 consultative process. A CEPA Strategy was thus developed to promote behavioural change and for mainstreaming the im-portance of biodiversity among the Namibian population, (see the summarised CEPA strategy under section 1.1 of Action Plan, full version is available on www.met.gov.na)

3.3.3 Addressing Critical Threats to Biodiversity NBSAP2 is geared towards tackling the critical threats to biodiversity that Namibia is facing. These threats can undermine the economic and social development of the country. It is a strategic priority of NBSAP2 to address these threats in a holistic manner through a range of measures and mechanisms. The most critical threats to biodiversity in Namibia are highlighted in Table 8 below6.

6 These threats are not listed in order of severity.

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Unsustainable Water Uses Mainly through large scale irrigation (particularly in North-Eastern Regions), pollution (in and adjacent to urban areas), damming and over- abstraction of groundwaterExpansion of urban areas Leading to increasing demand for resources and services, and increasingand increasing types and volumes of waste and pollutionindustrialization Threats and impacts of Mainly through increased variability drought and flood events; shifts in Climate Change vegetation types and species distribution; and effects on vulnerable ecosystems such as the Benguela Current Large Marine EcosystemRapid expansion of Mining Expansion of mining and prospecting especially in ecologically sensitiveand Prospecting areas (including off-shore) and through habitat loss and destruction; infrastructural development; increased demand for water and electricity; and the long term impacts of contaminated wasteUnsustainable Land Leading to soil erosion, land degradation, deforestation and bushManagement Practices encroachmentUncontrolled bush fires In 2011, uncontrolled fires destroyed and damaged around 370,000 hectares of vegetation. Bush fires are also a major threat to national parks such as Etosha, Namib Naukluft and those in the north-east.Alien Invasive Species Lead to species loss and ecosystem simplification and breakdown Illegal harvesting and Leads to loss of biological diversity and loss of income arising fromtrade of wildlife and forest inequitable benefit sharing from wildlife, forest and plant resourcesand plant resources Human Wildlife Conflict Increases damages to community livelihoods in terms of crop destruction, water point damage and livestock mortalities and even threats to human life

Table 6: Critical threats to biodiversity in Namibia.

3.3.4 Contributing to National Development ObjectivesThe conservation of biodiversity is prominently addressed in Namibia’s long-term development strategy - Vi-sion 2030 - with a dedicated Chapter on the Sustainable Utilisation of Natural Resources and Environmental Sustainability.

A focused 4th National Development Plan (NDP4) is under implementation from 2012-2017. NDP4 has three main objectives, which include high and sustained economic growth; employment creation; and increased income equality. Biodiversity, through the nature-based tourism sector is already an important provider of em-ployment, while the potential for it to contribute further to employment creation and reduced income inequality through biodiversity-based enterprises is still largely untapped.

NDP4 further focuses on the following sectors for economic growth: agriculture, tourism and manufacturing. Biodiversity management has an important contribution to make towards these objectives and economic prior-ity areas. Strategic initiatives in NDP4 to promote conservation agriculture and implement a debushing pro-gramme are good examples of national commitment to sustainable agriculture and the restoration of degraded lands, while the maintenance and development of national parks and increased investment in communal areas are outlined as key strategies under the tourism development sector. Value addition, improved market access, the establishment of testing centres and beneficiation for local people are considered cornerstones to increase the contribution of manufacturing to the economy. Each of these areas is highly relevant also for the development of biotrade in Namibia.

3.3.5 Strengthening the Policy-Making Framework for Biodiversity ManagementNamibia has an excellent policy and legislative framework for biodiversity conservation and broader environ-mental management, however implementation and enforcement of this framework is a challenge. NBSAP2

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will target the enhanced implementation of this framework, with particular emphasis on the: • Environmental Management Act of 2007 for the improved regulation of activities having a harmful im-

pact on the environment through EIAs and SEAs. • Access and Benefit Sharing Bill of 2012 which is expected to be gazetted in 2014. • Protected Areas and Wildlife Management Bill which will provide a legal framework for the mainte-

nance of ecosystems, essential ecological processes and the biological diversity of Namibia, and the utilization of living natural resources on a sustainable basis for the benefit of Namibians, and to pro-mote the mutually beneficial co-existence of humans with wildlife.

• National Rangeland Policy and Strategy of 2012 which seeks to enable rangeland managers to man-age their rangelands in such a way so that productivity and biodiversity are restored and maintained.

• National Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan of 2013 which aims to increase climate change resilience and optimize opportunities towards sustainable development.

• Third National Action Programme to Combat Desertification of 2014 which seeks to reverse and pre-vent desertification/ land degradation and to mitigate the effects of drought in affected areas to support poverty reduction and environmental sustainability.

3.3.6 Generating Reliable Baseline InformationBaseline information is lacking in a number of critical areas including awareness of biodiversity, the value of biodiversity and ecosystem services for the economy and society, as well as the extent of bio-physical factors such as land degradation and biodiversity loss. The establishment of such baseline information is a key NB-SAP2 priority, particularly during the first four years, so that the status quo on these issues can be established and subsequent trends can be monitored and positively influenced.

3.3.7 Capitalizing on Synergies with the Rio and other Biodiversity-Related ConventionsNamibia is a Party to the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, the Convention on Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), the International Treaty on Plant and Genetic Resources (ITPGR), the World Heritage Convention (WHC) as well as the two other Rio Conventions on Climate Change and Deser-tification. These Conventions are clearly closely linked and NBSAP2 seeks to integrate the objectives and actions of these Conventions under its umbrella.

The different national focal points to each Convention were closely engaged in the consultative process to formulate NBSAP2, which in turn has contributed towards the integration of Convention-specific targets, objectives and commitments into NBSAP2. This will further create synergies in the monitoring process and national reporting requirements to each Convention. Examples of thematic areas in which Convention-specific targets, objectives and commitments have been integrated into NBSAP2 are presented in the diagram below:

Figure 7: Thematic areas for synergies through NBSAP2.

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3.3.8 Enhancing Regional CooperationNamibia recognizes the critical importance of the transboundary management of natural resources, which is guided by SADC protocols on energy, tourism, fisheries, watercourses, wildlife and law enforcement, and for-estry. This is further promoted in NBSAP2, particularly with regard to the improved management of Namibia’s two TFCAs (KAZA and the /Ai-/Ais Richtersveld TFCA); the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem; and the transboundary river commissions such as OKACOM and the Orange-Senqhu Basin Commission. The NBSAP2 also seeks to identify new areas of cooperation at the regional level. Although the SADC Regional Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan is structured differently to the CBD Strategic Plan and Aichi Targets, Namibia has sought to align its NBSAP2 with this document and this alignment is represented in Annex 37.

3.3.9 Mainstreaming Gender ConsiderationsWomen are sometimes known as the “invisible” managers and users of natural resources in Namibia. Despite the fact that they are the main managers of these resources on a daily basis, they often play a limited role in decision-making processes and in the sharing of benefits from their efforts. Empowerment of women is however occurring in the natural resources management sector and is being actively promoted through the CBNRM Programme, and targeted support through funding mechanisms such as the Environmental Invest-ment Fund and the Small Grants Programme of UNDP.

NBSAP2 promotes the full participation of women in the planning and implementation of biodiversity-related initiatives as well as in the areas of capacity building; value addition and enterprise development; and benefit-sharing.

7 The alignment of Namibia’s NBSAP2 with the SADC Regional Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan is presented inAnnex 3.

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4. THE NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY

4.1 STRATEGIC GOAL 1: Address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss by main-streaming biodiversity across government and society The need to integrate the conservation of biodiversity at all levels of government and society is a cornerstone of NBSAP2. After participation in the NBSAP 2.0 Project and consulting with the Good Practice Guides Series of the CBD, Namibia is pursuing a two-phase approach to achieve its mainstreaming vision for a “society in which biodiversity issues and concerns are the responsibility of all citizens and are recognized by all sectors of government, private sector and civil society”.

The mainstreaming approach emphasizes : • Making and communicating the business case for biodiversity with focus on poverty alleviation, with

the aim to improve understanding among decision and policy-makers and the private sector of the linkages between biodiversity, poverty and economic development

• Integrating biodiversity considerations into national, regional, local and sectoral policies, plans, strate-gies and budgets

In order to effectively mainstream biodiversity across government and society and to address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss, the following elements are considered critical: • Improved communication, education and public awareness on issues relating to biodiversity • Valuations of ecosystem services to inform decision-making about the values of nature and the in-

tegration of biodiversity into national and sectoral policy-making, planning, budgeting and decision-making frameworks

• Development of a wide range of economic incentives to promote biodiversity conservation and sus-tainable use of natural resources

4.1.1 Target 1: By 2020, at least 75% of surveyed key target groups know the meaning of biodiversity and can identify important reasons for biodiversity conservation

Key Performance Indicator: Results of surveys for pre-defined target groups using the Biodiversity Barometer Tool

Strategic Initiative: 1.1.1 Raise public awareness of the meaning and value of conservation of biodiversity and wise use of biodiversity by target groups

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1.1.2 Promote understanding and clarify values of biodiversity and development of positive attitude towards conservation and use of biodiversity

1.1.3 Raise adequate funding to facilitate communication and dissemination of NBSAP2

1.1.4 Foster international cooperation and networking to enhance communication of the values of biodiversity conservation and sustainable use

With awareness raising being a strong tool for behavioural change and for mainstreaming the importance of biodiversity among the Namibian population, it was considered an important priority to develop a Com-munication, Education and Public Awareness (CEPA) strategy for NBSAP28.

The ultimate goal of the CEPA Strategy is “to achieve a positive change in the behaviour of stakehold-ers towards biodiversity, based on effectively demonstrating its value and importance to Namibian society”. It is further expected that the CEPA Strategy will offer a more structured and integrated approach to implementation of environment-related awareness raising in Namibia.

Of key importance is that identified priority target groups and sectors are reached by the strategic stake-holders so that they can implement activities towards the conservation and sustainable utilisation of biodi-versity. Priority target groups include technical experts and decision-makers in respective line ministries, regional councils, local authorities and traditional authorities; politicians and high level stakeholders; private sector players; resource managers on-the-ground; and the youth and women’s groups. This will require the use of an array of different media and resource material.

The Division of Environmental Information and Natural Resource Economics within the MET will be the lead agency to coordinate implementation of the CEPA Strategy. As Secretariat to the multi-stakeholder Namibia Environmental Education Network (NEEN), it is well positioned to fulfil this function.

The CEPA strategy focuses on five key strategic themes, each with corresponding strategic aims: (i) Awareness(ii) Education(iii) Participation and Implementation(iv) Funding(v) International Cooperation and Networking

4.1.2 Target 2: By 2018, biodiversity values and prioritized ecosystem services are quantified, monitored and mainstreamed to support national and sectoral policy-making, planning, budgeting and decision-making frameworks

Key Performance Indicators: • SEA regulations gazetted• Integration of biodiversity issues within NDP5 • Integration of biodiversity into sectoral, regional and local plans and respective budgetary allocations

8 The CEPA Strategy is summarized in section 1.1 of the action plan and the full CEPA Strategy may be downloaded from www.met.gov.na.

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Strategic Initiatives:1.2.1 Contextualize and apply biodiversity and ecosystem services valuation tools to quantify and monitor the environmental, economic and social value of biodiversity

1.2.2 Integrate biodiversity and ecosystem services valuations into decision-making and to de-velop a business case for biodiversity

Biodiversity is often only associated with conservation through national parks and rare and endangered spe-cies. This understanding fails to cover the deeper concept that biodiversity underpins our survival and well-being, especially when around 70% of Namibia’s population is dependent on the natural resource base for their livelihood needs in terms of income, food, fuel, medicine and shelter.

The valuation of biodiversity and the critical ecosystem services it provides is thus an important priority for NBSAP2 as a mainstreaming tool to create awareness and to influence policy makers and planners. Natural resource accounts have been completed for wildlife, forestry, tourism and water use, and these have shed light on the economic importance of these assets. These will be built on and absorbed in a new approach dedicated to the valuation of biodiversity as a whole and its variety of ecosystem services, the results of which will be disseminated and integrated into national, sectoral and local planning frameworks and budgets.

4.1.3 Target 3: By 2018, selected incentives for biodiversity conservation and sustain-able use are in place and applied, and the most harmful subsidies are identified and their phase out is initiated

Key Performance Indicators: • List of assessed subsidies and measurement of magnitude of negative impact on biodiversity • List of analysed incentives and measurement of their potential positive impact on biodiversity• Environmental fiscal policy framework

Strategic Initiatives:1.3.1 Analyze existing and identify potential incentives to encourage biodiversity conservation and sustainable use and discourage activities that impact negatively on biodiversity

1.3.2 Introduce environmental taxes and levies and market-based instruments as part of an Environmental Fiscal Reform Framework

A diverse range of subsidies and incentives are in place in Namibia to address sectoral problems and to pro-mote economic growth and self-sufficiency. An assessment of the impacts of these different subsidies on the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity has not been undertaken, and should be an important step towards removing or reforming harmful subsidies and for the development and application of positive incen-tives.

The process to develop an Environmental Fiscal Reform Framework is also underway in Namibia, part of which is aiming at the introduction of environmental taxes and levies for environmentally harmful activities and the generation of market-based revenue streams as a source of long-term and sustainable funding for positive environmental investments. This will form a key part of the process to develop positive biodiversity incentives.

4.2 STRATEGIC GOAL 2: Reduce the direct pressures on biodiversity and promote the sustainable use of biological resources

Given Namibia’s fragile and extremely variable environment, adaptive management of all natural resources based on sound scientific data and integrated decision-making needs to be promoted. This will help to reduce the pressures of development from agriculture and industrialization on biodiversity and guide the sustainable

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utilisation of all natural resources. The critical elements considered necessary to achieve this strategic objec-tive are: • The use of integrated decision-making platforms and science-based decision-support tools to guide

all critical aspects of development • Strengthened application of the ecosystem approach to fisheries management • Increased adoption of sustainable land and forest management approaches • Measures and mechanisms to reduce the impact from pollution and waste on biodiversity.

4.2.1 Target 4: By 2022, the rate of loss and degradation of natural habitats outside protected areas serving as ecological corridors or containing key biodiversity areas or providing important ecosystem services is minimized through integrated land use planning

Key Performance Indicators: • Participatory Integrated Regional Land Use Plans with SEA approved by Cabinet for all Regions• Delineation of ecological corridors • Criteria for key biodiversity areas

Strategic Initiatives:2.1.1: Strengthen the application of decision-support tools for environmental management and protection through improved land and resource use decisions and land use planning

2.1.2: Strengthen institutional capacity at all levels to promote informed and integrated decision-making, harmonised policy frameworks and coordinated action on issues relating to land use planning

Namibia is home to a relatively large number of pristine natural habitats, many of which are home to high lev-els of species endemism and species richness, as well as being providers of essential ecosystem services. These areas are threatened to differing extents by various economic, demographic and social pressures. For example, land and sea-based mining activities threaten habitats (often in protected areas) in the Namib escarpment and marine ecosystems; forests in the north and north-eastern areas are vulnerable to illegal log-ging, population pressure and land-use change; and wetlands, including perennial and ephemeral rivers, are vulnerable to the over-abstraction of water from farming as well as pollution.

Preventing the loss of these sensitive habitats requires that the underlying causes are addressed through an integrated approach to development. Emphasis needs to be based on the following tools to prevent the loss of high biodiversity value habitats: • Integrated Land Use Planning • Mapping and protection of key biodiversity areas (KBAs) • The use of EIAs and SEAs to guide development decision-making, as well as the wider enforcement

of the Environmental Management Act of 2007 • Integrated mechanisms for natural resource governance at different levels including Integrated Coast-

al Zone Management (ICZM) as well as Communal Land Boards and expert working groups on biodi-versity sensitive areas

4.2.2 Target 5: By 2022, all living marine and aquatic resources are managed sustain-ably and guided by the ecosystem approach

Key Performance Indicators: • Stocks of commercial fisheries resources at sustainable levels as proven by scientific data

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• Marine Spatial Planning for the greater Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem• Ecologically and Biodiversity Significant Areas identified as well as protection measures• Effective Monitoring, Control and Surveillance System in place for inland aquatic resources• Income generated from aquaculture and mariculture industries

Strategic Initiatives: 2.2.1: Ensure that all living marine resources are conserved and utilized sustainably based on ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF) principles

2.2.2: Ensure optimal utilization and conservation of inland aquatic resources

2.2.3: Promote the sustainable management of the aquaculture and mariculture industries as vehicles for socio-economic development

The fishing sector has accounted for just over six per cent of GDP since 1994 and employs approximately 13,000 people directly (MET 2012a). Namibia’s 1500km coastline falls within the nutrient rich Benguela Cur-rent System, in which nutrient upwelling allows for huge shoals of pelagic and demersal fish, the bulk of which are exported. Overfishing was rampant in Namibia in the colonial era, particularly in the 1960s and 1970s. This led to the collapse of populations of several economically important fish species. The post-independent Namibian government has put in place a number of measures to reverse this trend and to ensure the long-term conservation, management and sustainable use of marine resources and coastal habitats. Nevertheless, fish and aquatic invertebrate stocks as well as aquatic plants are threatened by habitat loss and alteration due to off-shore mining and exploration; land-based pollution; invasive species; and climate change impacts.

An important part of NBSAP2 will be to build on the positive measures that have been undertaken by the Min-istry of Fisheries and Marine Resources since Independence. Of particular relevance are the increased use of the ecosystem approach; the elimination of destructive fishing practices; the establishment of representative networks of marine protected areas; the transboundary management of marine resources through the Ben-guela Current Commission; the use of closed seasons and minimum mesh sizes; strict by-catch regulations; and improved capacity to monitor, control and survey these measures. While many of these approaches are well-established in marine ecosystems, the need for them to be extended to inland fisheries was recom-mended during the national NBSAP1 review workshop in July 2012.

The sustainable development of the aquaculture industry, guided by the Aquaculture Act of 2002, was identi-fied in Vision 2030 as a priority area to enhance food security, generate employment and improve livelihoods in rural areas. The Aquaculture Act contains strong measures to ensure that this industry grows in a respon-sible manner, which will also be promoted through NBSAP2.

4.2.3 Target 6: By 2022, Principles of sound rangeland and sustainable forest man-agement, and good environmental practices in agriculture are applied on at least 50 per cent of all relevant areas

Key Performance Indicators: • Status of agriculture and rangeland report• Implemented Management Plans for Community Forests• Environmental Impact Assessments and Environmental Management Plans for large scale agricultural developments• Changes in vegetative / land use cover

Strategic Initiatives:2.3.1: Strengthen sound agricultural and rangeland management practices which minimize the

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negative impacts of agricultural / livestock production on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning

2.3.2: Implement sustainable forest management practices in existing and new community forests to enhance conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity

2.3.3: Increase community support to enhance livelihood options through biodiversity-based enterprises

Agriculture and forestry are critical sectors for sustainable resource use and poverty reduction in the rural areas. An estimated 71 per cent of Namibia’s land area is used as rangeland for cattle ranching and small-stock farming (Mendelsohn 2006), much of which is recognized as heavily degraded (MAWF 2012). Crop cultivation is vital to subsistence farmers in the northern regions and is being promoted on a commercial scale through the Green Scheme Programme. Forest resources are an asset for communities, mainly in the north and north-eastern regions, and forests are the source of many of Namibia’s increasingly important indigenous plant products.

Desertification and drought are key drivers of biodiversity loss in Namibia and with climate change set to lead to increased rainfall variability and instances of extreme events, the threat to ecosystems and species diver-sity is increasing and requires coordinated action. Unsustainable land management practices compound this threat leading to problems such as bush encroachment by invader species; the disappearance of perennial grasses; and the prevalence of bare soils which inhibit nutrient cycling, water infiltration, seedling development and other essential ecological processes.

These practices need to be changed so that land and ecosystems maintain their productivity and integrity and species loss is avoided over the long-term. Identified good management practices compatible with the ecosystem approach such as rotational grazing, conservation agriculture, and community forestry will be pro-moted, strengthened and expanded under this target. This is also an area of synergy with Namibia’s National Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (NCC-SAP) and the Third National Action Programme (NAP3) to the UNCCD.

4.2.4 Target 7: By 2022, pollution, including from excess nutrients, has been brought to levels that are not detrimental to biodiversity and ecosystem health and function-ing

Key Performance Indicators: • Compliance with Environmental Management Plans (mining companies)• Trends in water quality in aquatic ecosystems (dams, rivers and Ramsar Sites)• Presence / absence of key indicator species• Pollution standards in place, respected and enforced

Strategic Initiatives:2.4.1: Monitor and manage levels of pollution through a range of effective measures

2.4.2: Manage all forms of waste in an effective and efficient manner to reduce its negative impact on the environment

Although Namibia is not heavily industrialised, pollution was considered extremely relevant to Namibia during the NBSAP1 review workshop in July 2012. Pollution of water, the expanding number of intensive irrigation schemes, and the use and disposal of chemicals were considered as major concerns as well as the rapid and uncontrolled urbanization that is taking place.

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The legislative framework and development of standards for the management of waste and for the control of pollution is inadequate in Namibia, and this needs to be the starting point for tackling this issue. Institutional capacity and cooperation to address this issue is another critical constraint that needs to be addressed, as is the upgrading of infrastructure to store, handle and dispose of waste satisfactorily.

4.2.5 Target 8: By 2015, National review of invasive alien species in Namibia from 2004 is updated (including identification of pathways), and by 2018, priority measures are in place to control and manage their impact

Key Performance Indicators: • Updated National Review• Management Plans implemented to control most threatening alien invasive species

Strategic Initiative:2.5.1: Develop mechanisms and measures to prevent the establishment and introduction of alien invasive species and to control or eradicate existing alien invasive species

A variety of sectors deals with alien invasive species in Namibia, and these different sectors need to be coordinated to tackle this problem, which has been identified as a significant threat to biodiversity. A 2004 report identified and described Namibia’s 15 most important invasive alien plant species as well as 11 alien animal species, which have the potential to become extremely invasive in Namibia. This report will be updated through NBSAP2.

There is also a lack of experts in this area and inadequate research and understanding of the issue among the general public. Under NBSAP2, a working group of existing experts and key stakeholders will be established to coordinate action on this issue.

4.2.6 Target 9: By 2016, ecosystems most vulnerable to climate change and their an-thropogenic pressures are identified, and by 2018 appropriate adaptation measures are developed and implemented in priority areas

Key Performance Indicators: • Report on the vulnerability of Namibian ecosystems to climate change and associated anthropogenic pressures• Evaluation of implementation of appropriate measures

Strategic Initiative:2.6.1: Undertake vulnerability assessment and develop relevant adaptation measures to enhance climate change resilience of priority ecosystems

Namibia’s ecosystems and biodiversity are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Climate change has the potential to reverse the country’s development goals and is likely to have severe effects on agricultural production, food security, fisheries and tourism (MET 2013). The effects of increased rainfall vari-ability and an increase in the number of extreme events will place further stress on ecosystems, and these effects will also impact on species distribution, composition and migration. Human population pressure will further exacerbate this stress, particularly in peri-urban areas and in northern Namibia.

In line with Namibia’s NCC-SAP, the main thrust of this target is to identify the ecosystems most vulnerable to climate change and to identify and implement appropriate measures to make these ecosystems less vulner-able to the impacts of climate change over the short to medium-term. These assessments will also serve to pinpoint adaptation measures based on nature itself, i.e. ecosystem-based adaptation.

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4.3 STRATEGIC GOAL 3: Improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosys-tems, species and genetic diversity

This Strategic Goal deals with the conservation of the three main elements of biodiversity – ecosystems, species diversity and genetic diversity. Namibia’s protected area network and well-conserved species form the backbone of the fast-growing tourism industry, while genetic diversity, particularly in terms of crops and livestock, offers opportunities for more climate resilient agriculture and improved food security. Thus each ele-ment of biodiversity will be promoted to improve the socio-economic situation of Namibian society.

4.3.1 Target 10: By 2018, existing terrestrial protected areas (national parks) are con-served, effectively and equitably managed, within an ecologically representative and well-connected system, and by 2020 coastal and marine areas9, of particular impor-tance to biodiversity and ecosystem services, are identified and measures for their protection initiated

Key Performance Indicators: • Approved management plans for all national parks• Management Effectiveness of Namibia’s terrestrial protected areas (national parks)• Sustainable Financing Plans for Protected Area System• Number of protected areas with connectivity corridors and managed buffer zones• Trends in revenue and employment generated through the protected area network

Strategic Initiatives:3.1.1: Ensure that all protected areas are managed using participatory and science-based site planning processes that incorporate clear biodiversity objectives, targets, management strategies and monitoring programmes

3.1.2: Enhance the infrastructure and natural resource base of all protected areas to make them attractive destinations for tourists and tourism investors and to improve the working environment for staff

3.1.3: Consolidate integrated park management to enable it to generate economic benefits, tackle human wildlife conflicts and contribute to biodiversity protection integrated into the wider landscape

Protected areas are a proven method for safeguarding habitats and species and important ecosystem ser-vices. Namibia is home to a diverse range of protected areas including national parks; transfrontier conser-vation areas; conservancies; freehold management units; private game reserves; tourism concessions; and marine protected areas10. Many of these land uses also border each other, which offers good opportunities for improved connectivity and integrated park management approaches.

National Parks cover approximately 18 per cent of the country’s landmass, while other forms of protected areas together bring some 43 per cent of Namibia under some form of conservation. Thus, the main focus for Namibia under NBSAP2 is to strengthen and consolidate the management of existing protected areas. Specific

9 The coastal and marine element of the target is dealt with in section 2.2 of the Action Plan10This section focuses mainly on national parks and TFCAs.

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emphasis will be placed on improving ecological connectivity; engaging and benefiting local communities; upgrading infrastructure; monitoring and evaluation of management effectiveness; eco-tourism approaches; and building the capacity of protected area staff.

4.3.2 Target 11: By 2016, threatened and vulnerable species lists are updated and measures implemented by 2019 to improve their conservation status

Key Performance Indicators: • Number of Species Management Plans under implementation • Conservation status of threatened and vulnerable species

Strategic Initiatives:3.2.1 Enhance the management of threatened and vulnerable species, and improve their conservation status

3.2.2: Strengthen the framework for law enforcement and implementation with regard to the illegal trade in fauna and flora and derived products

Threatened and vulnerable plant and animal species are the main focus of this target. Namibia has performed quite well in terms of the in-situ and ex-situ conservation of wildlife and plants. Management and recovery plans have been initiated for a number of species and taxa. Research programmes of the MET’s Directorate of Natural Resources Management have driven the in-situ conservation of wildlife while ex-situ conservation of plants has been greatly improved with targeted programmes through the National Plant Genetic Resources Centre (NPGRC).

However, there is a critical need to strengthen human and infrastructural capacity of institutions such as the NPGRC and the National Museum so that the ecological and management needs and conservation status of threatened and endemic species are better known. Research and knowledge of micro-organisms, many marine organisms and endophytes and extremophytes is also lacking.

The illegal trade of wildlife products and unregulated harvesting of plant and plant products are further major concerns for which improved law enforcement is necessary. The MET-PASS project is promoting a more ho-listic approach to law enforcement of wildlife crime, looking specifically at improving aspects of intelligence, interception and prosecution. There may be useful lessons from this project for similar approaches to reduce illegal trade in plant and animal resources.

4.3.3 Target 12: By 2020, Genetic diversity of cultivated plants and farmed animals is maintained and enhanced

Key Performance Indicators: • Strategy to develop and promote indigenous livestock breeds and crop varieties for adoption by local farmers • Operational institutional framework in place to implement and enforce Biosafety Act of 2006

Strategic Initiatives:3.3.1: Maintain and enhance the genetic diversity of livestock and crop species through effective in-situ and ex-situ conservation measures and the safe use of biotechnology to improve food security and climate resilience of agriculture

3.3.2: Strengthen capacity and institutional frameworks so that they are equipped to implement and enforce the provisions of the Biosafety Act of 2006

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Namibia’s plant and animal genetic resources are particularly important for the sustainable development of Namibia’s agriculture industry and to improve food security, especially given the predicted impacts of climate change on the agriculture sector. Indigenous breeds of livestock and crops have been replaced to a large ex-tent by exotic breeds and crops which are often poorly adapted to Namibia’s harsh farming environment. The MAWF has sought to address this situation, however this process is at a relatively early stage, especially in terms of livestock breeds. Particular emphasis needs to be placed on characterizing and conserving livestock and crop breeds; breeds inventories and monitoring; and developing and promoting indigenous breeds for adoption by local farmers.

Namibia has developed a legislative framework to promote the safe use of biotechnology and the manage-ment of living modified organisms through the Biosafety Act in 2006. The legal and administrative basis to implement this Act has been identified as a challenge as well as human resources and infrastructural capacity, and insufficient awareness of the issue among the wider population. These challenges will be targeted directly through NBSAP2.

4.4 STRATEGIC GOAL 4: Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity and ecosystem servicesNamibia has consistently linked the need for conservation with the generation of benefits for its people through the sustainable use of biodiversity. The devolution of rights and management over resources such as water, wildlife and forests to the community level has been an important step in this process. Conservancies are proving that wildlife will be well conserved once benefits from this conservation reach the local community. This section focuses on increased beneficiation to local communities from biodiversity and ecosystem ser-vices with particular focus on the CBNRM Programme, the management of wetlands, restoration of degraded ecosystems, and capitalising on the opportunities from biotrade and bioprospecting.

4.4.1 Target 13: By 2022, ecosystems that provide essential services and contribute to health, livelihoods and well-being are safeguarded, and restoration programmes have been initiated for degraded ecosystems covering at least 15 per cent of the pri-ority areas

Key Performance Indicators: • Area under sustainable CBNRM and benefits to involved communities• Enforcement of agreements reached under the different transboundary water commissions• Implementation of Integrated Water Resources Management Plan• Area of degraded ecosystems and identified priority areas for action• Number of rehabilitation and restoration programmes and area covered

Strategic Initiatives:4.1.1: Consolidate and further strengthen the implementation of the CBNRM Policy and Programmes

4.1.2: Foster the implementation of integrated water management plans, including restoration and protection of critical wetlands systems, and taking into account transboundary issues

4.1.3: Undertake the rehabilitation and restoration of land degraded through unsustainable land management practices and establish biodiversity offsets

Namibia’s CBNRM Programme has led to the establishment of 79 conservancies on 18 per cent of the coun-try’s landmass. Conservancies are delivering substantial benefits to communities in the form of income gen-eration from tourism and biotrade as well as employment, while also improving wildlife populations across the

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country. An estimated 23 of these conservancies were financially self-sufficient in 2011 and the Programme will be further strengthened during the lifespan of NBSAP2 to ensure its viability over the long term.

Due to Namibia’s high level of aridity, wetlands are a critical refuge for biodiversity and provider of essential ecosystem services. Wetland systems in Namibia include marine, estuarine, riverine, lacustrine and palus-trine systems. Each of these is affected by a range of stakeholders and require an integrated approach to management. This process is underway in Namibia with the establishment of basin management committees and transboundary river commissions. NBSAP2 will seek to strengthen this more holistic approach to tackle threats such as pollution; alien invasive species; over-abstraction of water and groundwater depletion.

This target also covers the restoration of degraded lands, which offers linkages with Namibia’s contribution to a land degradation neutral world and its NAP3 to the UNCCD. The most serious type of degradation requir-ing rehabilitation and restoration in Namibia is bush-encroached land. An estimated 26 million hectares of land is bush-encroached and the rehabilitation of this land has considerable economic, social and ecological potential.

Many areas home to rich biodiversity and rare and endemic species, including the Namib escarpment and Tsau //Khaeb (Sperrgebiet) area, are also characterized by the presence of minerals. The negative impacts from exploration and mining activities can be severe on these areas. Landscape alteration; soil and water con-tamination; and the loss of critical habitats can compromise ecosystems and reduce tourism potential in these areas. A national policy on mining in protected areas is currently under development to reduce this threat and to promote the restoration of degraded areas. Some good practice examples of restoration have been under-taken in the Tsau //Khaeb (Sperrgebiet) Park through Namdeb. It is suggested that standards and guidelines are put in place to promote a standardised approach to rehabilitation, while instruments such as biodiversity offsets should also be explored during NBSAP2.

4.4.2 Target 14: By 2015, national legislation giving effect to the Nagoya Protocol is in force and by 2018 fully operational to ensure that benefits are fair and equitably shared from the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity

Key Performance Indicators: • Accession to the Nagoya Protocol• Gazetting of ABS national legislation and regulation• Institutional arrangements in place including the Competent National Authority and National Focal Point (Genetic Resources and Traditional Knowledge Unit within MET), and national bioprospecting account within EIF• Number of ABS agreements

Strategic Initiatives:4.2.1: Finalize and implement the processes of acceding to the Nagoya Protocol as well as the Access to Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge Bill

Namibia’s domestic legislation on ABS has been under development since 1998. The draft ABS bill was put on hold in 2006, until international legislation on ABS was finalized so that the bill could be harmonized with the provisions of this legislation. With the agreement of the Nagoya Protocol in late 2010, work resumed on Namibia’s domestic ABS bill in 2011 and the regional and national consultative process was finalized in late 2011. It is expected that the bill will be enacted by 2014. Draft regulations are already formulated.

Thus implementation of the Bill will be a key focus area of NBSAP2, given the potential of ABS to unlock the

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opportunities from biotrade and bioprospecting for local communities. The establishment and operationaliza-tion of a permanent Competent National Authority on ABS to replace the Interim Bioprospecting Committee will be a key step towards promoting and regulating biotrade linked to traditional knowledge, bioprospecting and the negotiation of ABS agreements.

4.5 STRATEGIC GOAL 5: Enhance implementation of NBSAP2 through participatory planning, knowledge management and capacity building

NBSAP2 has been developed in a highly participatory manner and requires action from a multitude of stake-holders at all levels. A strong coordination framework through the NBSAP2 Steering Committee is in place to ensure that implementation is carried out in an integrated and harmonized manner, and to mainstream biodi-versity and NBSAP2 priorities into other sectors at all levels.

Under this strategic goal, the following stakeholders are targeted: • Traditional Authorities and local communities involved in the management and use of biodiversity and

other natural resources. • Research institutions to strengthen Namibian capacity in science, research and technology for im-

proved biodiversity and ecosystem management. • Government (Ministry of Finance and National Planning Commission), international community and

the private sector partners to mobilize resources for the effective implementation of NBSAP2.

The issue of capacity building, although prominent under this goal, is considered a cross-cutting element and has also been identified as needed under other thematic areas including environmental economics (section 1.2 in action plan), Institutional capacity for environmental management (section 2.1.2 in action plan), CBNRM (see sections 2.3 and 3.1 in action plan), biosafety, (see section 3.3.2 in action plan), and ABS (see section 4.2 in action plan).

4.5.1 Target 15: By 2020, Traditional knowledge and the innovations and practices of indigenous and local communities relevant to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity are recognized, respected and promoted

Key Performance Indicators: • Biocultural protocols and practices of local communities documented according to mutually agreed terms • System(s) in place to protect and document traditional knowledge as a basis for research and development of commercial biodiversity products

Strategic Initiative:5.1.1 Promote the role of traditional knowledge, innovations and practices in the management and use of biodiversity

Traditional Authorities have a key role to play in the management of natural resources in Namibia with the Traditional Authorities Act of 2000 giving them the mandate to ensure that members of their communities use natural resources in a manner that conserves the environment and maintains ecosystems. Traditional knowl-edge, referring to the knowledge, innovations and practices of indigenous and local communities relating to biodiversity, has also helped to preserve, maintain and increase biodiversity over centuries in Namibia. Tradi-tional knowledge has also played a key role in facilitating the development of new products from biodiversity and has helped scientists to understand biodiversity.

Thus, traditional knowledge of Namibian communities needs to be carefully harnessed and regulated so that these communities benefit to a greater extent from their biodiversity-related expertise. The development of

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bio-cultural protocols; systems to protect and document traditional practices; the incorporation of traditional resource management approaches into school and tertiary curricula; and the further empowerment of Tradi-tional Authorities over issues of biodiversity are among the priority activities identified for implementation of NBSAP2.

4.5.2 Target 16: By 2022, knowledge, science base and technologies relating to bio-diversity and ecosystem management are improved and made relevant to political decision- makers

Key Performance Indicators:• Trends in the number of research papers published on biodiversity from PoN, UNAM and other academic research institutions• Trends in the number of research projects on biodiversity undertaken by state research institutions (Gobabeb TRC, Etosha Ecological Institute, NBRI, NATMIRC, DART, DoF) • Investment and partnerships in biodiversity-related research, technologies and infrastructure• Policy briefs from research findings relating to biodiversity

Strategic Initiatives:5.2.1 Promote and encourage research that contributes to the knowledge and understanding of Namibia’s biodiversity and ecosystems services and their values

5.2.2: Enhance national capacity in biosystematics to provide support to biodiversity conservation management

5.2.3: Foster international cooperation and opportunities for information exchange and support in the field of biodiversity at the regional and international level for mutual benefit

5.2.4 Develop the modalities of a possible science policy interface on environmental issues

Namibia’s National Commission on Research, Science and Technology (NCRST) was established in 2012 to coordinate, monitor and supervise research, science and technology and to provide policy guidance to the research, science and technology innovation systems in Namibia. It will also facilitate the establishment of the National Research, Science and Technology Fund.

The NCRST is represented on the NBSAP2 Steering Committee and, research, as a critical tool for the man-agement of biodiversity, will be promoted through the NCRST, in the following areas: • Monitoring of natural resources, including marine, forest and wildlife resources (with the full involve-

ment of communities) to guide sustainable utilisation; • Taxonomy to improve knowledge of unknown or little known species (including those which may be of

commercial use) such as microbial organisms, extremophytes, endophytes and marine organisms; • Product testing and quality assurance and standards development; • Innovation and the development of new biodiversity-based products; • Development of new adaptive approaches to fisheries and land management.

Modalities to communicate relevant research findings to policy-makers, through a science policy interface mechanism, will be explored during NBSAP2.

4.5.3 Target 17: By 2022, mobilization of financial resources from all sources has been increased compared to the period 2008-2012 to allow for the effective implementation of this strategy and action plan

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Key Performance Indicators: • Volume of Domestic Funding per annum • Increase in the number of sources (including private sector)• Volume of Official Development Assistance (multi-lateral and bi-lateral)

Strategic Initiative:5.3.1 Develop and realise a comprehensive resource mobilization strategy for implementationof NBSAP2

Namibia is committed through NBSAP2 to implementing decision XI/5 of UNCBD COP11 in Hyderabad, India which called on governments to implement the following measures among others: • Identify and seek funding support from diverse sources including regional and international donor

agencies, foundations and, as appropriate, through private- sector involvement; • Establish strategic partnerships with other Parties and other Governments and with various organiza-

tions, regional bodies or centres of excellence with a view to pooling resources and/or widening op-portunities and possibilities for mobilizing resources from various sources;

• Identify and maximize opportunities for technical cooperation with regional and international organiza-tions, institutions and development assistance agencies;

• Ensure efficient use of available resources and adopt cost-effective approaches to capacity-building.

30 31

5. MONITORING AND EVALUATION FRAMEWORKA monitoring and evaluation framework was an important missing element in NBSAP1 and the potential mo-dalities of this framework were deliberated on in detail during the consultative process for NBSAP2. An appro-priate framework was considered necessary to track ongoing progress as well as the quality and impact of ac-tivities being undertaken by the various sectors to achieve the strategic aims and targets included in NBSAP2.

Monitoring and evaluation of NBSAP2 will form part of an ongoing, continuous and cyclical process to align the actions outlined in the NBSAP2 strategy to the long-term development framework of Vision 2030 and medium term NDPs. Monitoring and evaluation will report against the 17 targets included in NBSAP2, each of which is considered specific, measurable, attainable, relevant and time-bound (SMART). The indicators per activity will also be reported on as will the expenditure on the planned activities. This will help to reveal if scarce national resources are being effectively allocated and utilized.

During the NBSAP2 consultative process, it became clear that there is a lack of baseline data in many of the areas critical to biodiversity management. This presents a challenge to monitoring progress towards the achievement of the targets as set out in NBSAP2, and the establishing of reliable baseline data will be a key objective for the early years of NBSAP2.

The monitoring and evaluation of NBSAP2 will be coordinated by the newly established Division of Multi-Lateral Environmental Agreements under the MET, with support from the cross-sectoral NBSAP2 Steering Committee. The Division of Multilateral Environmental Agreements serves as Secretariat to the Committee, and provision has been made in the Terms of Reference of the Committee for it to support the monitoring and evaluation of NBSAP2. All of the activities prioritized in NBSAP2 are to be implemented by institutions repre-sented on the NBSAP2 steering committee, which should facilitate the process of coordination and monitoring and evaluation.

It is envisaged that the different key institutions represented on the NBSAP2 steering committee will report back to the committee and high level stakeholders on an annual basis in terms of their progress and chal-lenges with regard to achieving the targets and strategic goals of NBSAP2. The MET will take responsibility to compile these reports, which will provide a baseline on status of implementation, serve as a guide for future strategic planning, and contribute information towards Namibia’s national reporting to the CBD.

An independent mid-term evaluation of NBSAP2 will be undertaken in mid-2017. Progress in implementation will also be reported to the CBD through the 5th National Report in 2014, the 6th National Report in 2018 and the 7th National Report in 2022. A final independent evaluation of NBSAP2, to be undertaken in 2021, will provide information on Namibia’s contribution towards the achievement of the Aichi Targets as well as lessons and direction for the development of a third NBSAP.

32

6. T

HE

NAT

ION

AL

BIO

DIV

ERSI

TY A

CTI

ON

PLA

N

St

rate

gic

Initi

ativ

e In

dica

tive

Act

iviti

es

Bas

elin

e In

dica

tor(

s)

Lead

Pa

rtne

rs

Tim

e C

ost

N$

02

/201

3

Age

ncy

fr

ame

Stra

tegi

c G

oal 1

: Add

ress

the

unde

rlyin

g ca

uses

of b

iodi

vers

ity lo

ss b

y m

ains

trea

min

g bi

odiv

ersi

ty a

cros

s go

vern

men

t and

soc

iety

1.1.

B

y 20

20, a

t lea

st 7

5% o

f sur

veye

d ke

y ta

rget

gro

ups

know

the

mea

ning

of b

iodi

vers

ity a

nd c

an id

entif

y im

port

ant r

easo

ns fo

r bio

dive

rsity

con

serv

atio

n

Key

Per

form

ance

Indi

cato

r: R

esul

ts o

f sur

veys

for p

re-d

efine

d ta

rget

gro

ups

usin

g th

e B

iodi

vers

ity B

arom

eter

Too

l

1.1.

1 R

aise

pub

lic a

war

enes

s of

the

Con

duct

a s

urve

y (s

uch

as

No

base

line

info

rmat

ion

Bas

elin

e in

form

atio

n on

M

ET

NE

EN

20

14

mea

ning

and

val

ue o

f con

serv

atio

n B

iodi

vers

ity B

arom

eter

) of t

arge

ted

on b

iodi

vers

ity a

war

enes

s bi

odiv

ersi

ty a

war

enes

s

inst

itutio

ns

and

2019

45

0,00

0

of b

iodi

vers

ity a

nd w

ise

use

of

stak

ehol

ders

to a

sses

s le

vels

of

av

aila

ble

and

trend

s

biod

iver

sity

by

targ

et g

roup

s un

ders

tand

ing

of b

iodi

vers

ity in

mon

itore

d;

20

14 a

nd 2

019

1.1.

2 Pr

omot

e un

ders

tand

ing

and

Dev

elop

and

impl

emen

t edu

catio

nal

B

iodi

vers

ity C

lear

ing

Hou

se;

ME

T an

d N

EE

N

2013

cl

arify

val

ues

of b

iodi

vers

ity a

nd

prog

ram

s on

bio

dive

rsity

issu

es

M

echa

nism

ope

ratio

nal

MoE

in

stitu

tions

-2

022

2,00

0,00

0

deve

lopm

ent o

f pos

itive

att

itude

re

leva

nt to

Nam

ibia

Bio

dive

rsity

issu

es in

tow

ards

con

serv

atio

n an

d us

e of

cu

rric

ula;

bi

odiv

ersi

ty

Num

ber o

f tra

ined

envi

ronm

enta

l edu

cato

rs;

Num

ber o

f env

ironm

enta

l

ed

ucat

ion

cent

res

and

club

s;

C

eleb

ratio

n of

Bio

dive

rsity

Day

1.1.

4 R

aise

ade

quat

e fu

ndin

g to

B

udge

t for

act

iviti

es o

f bio

dive

rsity

Tren

ds in

fund

ing

from

all

ME

T N

EE

N

2013

15

0,00

0

faci

litat

e co

mm

unic

atio

n a

nd

and

inco

rpor

ate

in a

nnua

l bud

get o

f

sou

rces

tow

ards

bio

dive

rsity

inst

itutio

ns

-202

2

diss

emin

atio

n of

NB

SAP2

or

gani

zatio

n 1.

1.5

Prom

ote

inte

rnat

iona

l coo

pera

tion

Stre

ngth

en a

nd e

nhan

ce

N

umbe

r of n

ew in

tern

atio

nal

ME

T N

EE

N

2013

1,

000,

000

and

netw

orki

ng to

enh

ance

co

llabo

ratio

n, li

nkag

es a

nd

co

oper

atio

n ag

reem

ents

inst

itutio

ns

-202

2

com

mun

icat

ion

of th

e va

lues

of

netw

orki

ng a

mon

g st

akeh

olde

rs

on

bio

dive

rsity

aw

aren

ess

bi

odiv

ersi

ty c

onse

rvat

ion

and

invo

lved

in b

iodi

vers

ity a

nd

is

sues

su

stai

nabl

e us

e.

envi

ronm

ent r

elat

ed is

sue

1.2

By

2018

, bio

dive

rsity

val

ues

and

prio

ritiz

ed e

cosy

stem

ser

vice

s ar

e qu

antifi

ed, m

onito

red

and

mai

nstr

eam

ed to

sup

port

nat

iona

l and

sec

tora

l pol

icy-

mak

ing,

pla

nnin

g,

budg

etin

g an

d de

cisi

on-m

akin

g fr

amew

orks

K

ey P

erfo

rman

ce In

dica

tors

:

SE

A re

gula

tions

gaz

ette

d

Inte

grat

ion

of b

iodi

vers

ity is

sues

with

in N

DP

5

Inte

grat

ion

of b

iodi

vers

ity in

to s

ecto

ral,

regi

onal

and

loca

l pla

ns a

nd re

spec

tive

budg

etar

y al

loca

tions

32 33

St

rate

gic

Initi

ativ

e In

dica

tive

Act

iviti

es

Bas

elin

e In

dica

tor(

s)

Lead

Pa

rtne

rs

Tim

e C

ost

N$

02/2

013

A

genc

y

fram

e

1.2.

1 Co

ntex

tual

ize

and

appl

y bi

odiv

ersi

ty

Est

ablis

h an

d ca

paci

tate

cro

ss-

No

netw

ork

in p

lace

C

ross

-sec

tora

l env

ironm

enta

l M

ET

MAW

F, M

FMR

, 2

014

2,00

0,00

0

an

d ec

osys

tem

ser

vice

s va

luat

ion

sect

oral

env

ironm

enta

l eco

nom

ics

ec

onom

ics

netw

ork

in p

lace

MoF

, UN

AM

, -2

022

to

ols

to q

uant

ify a

nd m

onito

r the

ne

twor

k on

issu

es re

latin

g to

and

num

ber o

f tra

inin

g pr

o-

P

oN, N

SA

en

viro

nmen

tal,

econ

omic

and

ec

osys

tem

ser

vice

s an

d

gram

mes

and

peo

ple

train

ed

soci

al v

alue

of b

iodi

vers

ity

natu

ral r

esou

rce

acco

untin

g

Valu

ate

iden

tified

prio

rity

biod

iver

sity

N

atur

al R

esou

rce

Acc

ount

s: N

umbe

r of e

cosy

stem

ser

vice

s M

ET

MAW

F, M

FMR

, 201

4 5,

000,

000

an

d ec

osys

tem

ser

vice

s

Wat

er (1

997)

; Min

eral

s ev

alua

tions

MM

E, U

NA

M,

-202

2

(1

997)

; For

estr

y (2

005)

;

P

oN, N

SA

Wild

life

(200

9); T

ouris

m

(201

1)

P

rodu

ce a

nd d

isse

min

ate

annu

al

MC

A in

dige

nous

nat

ural

A

nnua

l rep

ort a

nd it

s M

ET

NAC

SO, M

AWF,

201

4 1,

200,

000

repo

rt on

bio

dive

rsity

-bas

ed

plan

ts in

form

atio

n bu

lletin

s,

diss

emin

atio

n to

key

MFM

R, M

TI,

-202

2

en

terp

rises

, inc

ome

and

empl

oym

ent

and

annu

al s

tate

of

deci

sion

-mak

ers

and

P

oN, U

NA

M,

op

port

uniti

es

cons

erva

ncy

and

the

gene

ral p

ublic

CS

Os

com

mun

ity fo

rest

s re

port

s1.

2.2

Inte

grat

e bi

odiv

ersi

ty a

nd

Pac

kage

and

sel

l the

eco

nom

ic

Nat

ural

Res

ourc

e A

ccou

nts

Brie

fings

on

econ

omic

cas

e M

ET

PoN

, UN

AM

20

15

300,

000

ec

osys

tem

ser

vice

s va

luat

ions

into

ca

se fo

r the

impo

rtan

ce o

f do

cum

ents

fo

r bio

dive

rsity

for k

ey d

ecis

ion

-202

2

deci

sion

-mak

ing

and

to d

evel

op

biod

iver

sity

to k

ey d

ecis

ion-

- mak

ers

a bu

sine

ss c

ase

for b

iodi

vers

ity

mak

ers

in a

n ea

sy-to

-

un

ders

tand

form

at

Mai

nstre

am b

iodi

vers

ity a

nd

Non

e B

udge

tary

allo

catio

ns fo

r M

ET

NP

C, M

oF,

2017

1,

000,

000

ec

osys

tem

ser

vice

s va

luat

ions

into

biod

iver

sity

in n

atio

nal a

nd

R

Cs

natio

nal a

ccou

ntin

g an

d re

gion

al

re

gion

al p

lans

pl

ans

and

budg

etin

g pr

oces

ses

Inco

rpor

ate

biod

iver

sity

Im

port

ance

of b

iodi

vers

ity

Bio

dive

rsity

prio

ritie

s in

M

ET

MAW

F, M

FMR

, 20

13

100,

000

co

nsid

erat

ions

and

opp

ortu

nitie

s in

to

inad

equa

tely

refle

cted

in

natio

nal,

regi

onal

, loc

al

M

LR, N

PC

, -2

022

N

DP

5 an

d th

e se

ctor

al p

lans

of

ND

P4 o

vera

ll as

wel

l as

in

and

sect

oral

pla

ns, a

nd

R

Cs,

LA

s

regi

onal

cou

ncils

, loc

al a

utho

ritie

s se

ctor

al p

lans

of o

ther

tre

nds

in fi

nanc

ial a

lloca

tions

an

d ke

y m

inis

tries

m

inis

tries

to

bio

dive

rsity

-frie

ndly

initi

ativ

es in

the

resp

ectiv

e pl

ans

1.3

By

2018

, sel

ecte

d in

cent

ives

for b

iodi

vers

ity c

onse

rvat

ion

and

sust

aina

ble

use

are

in p

lace

and

app

lied,

and

the

mos

t har

mfu

l sub

sidi

es a

re id

entifi

ed a

nd th

eir p

hase

out

is

initi

ated

Key

Per

form

ance

Indi

cato

rs:

•

Listofassessedsubsidiesandmeasurementofm

agnitudeofnegativeimpactonbiodiversity

•

Listofanalysedincentivesandmeasurementoftheirpotentialpositiveim

pactonbiodiversity

•

Environm

entalfiscalpolicyfra

mew

ork

1.3.

1 A

naly

ze e

xist

ing

and

iden

tify

Und

erta

ke a

sses

smen

t stu

dy o

n N

o st

udy

on in

cent

ives

In

cent

ives

ass

essm

ent s

tudy

M

ET

MAW

F, M

FMR

, 20

15

400,

000

po

tent

ial i

ncen

tives

to e

ncou

rage

ex

istin

g po

sitiv

e, n

egat

ive

re

port

anal

yzin

g in

cent

ives

MLR

, MM

E,

34

St

rate

gic

Initi

ativ

e In

dica

tive

Act

iviti

es

Bas

elin

e In

dica

tor(

s)

Lead

Pa

rtne

rs

Tim

e C

ost

N$

02/2

013

A

genc

y

fram

e

bi

odiv

ersi

ty c

onse

rvat

ion

and

and

pote

ntia

l inc

entiv

es

af

fect

ing

biod

iver

sity

MoF

, MTI

,

sust

aina

ble

use

and

disc

oura

ge

CS

Os,

PoN

,

activ

ities

that

impa

ct n

egat

ivel

y

U

NA

M

on b

iodi

vers

ity1.

3.2

Intr

oduc

e en

viro

nmen

tal t

axes

and

E

nviro

nmen

tal t

axes

and

levi

es

No

envi

ronm

enta

l tax

es

Num

ber o

f env

ironm

enta

l tax

es

EIF

ME

T, M

oF

2013

12

,000

,

levi

es a

nd m

arke

t-ba

sed

inst

ru-

intro

duce

d an

d co

llect

ed a

s an

d le

vies

in p

lace

an

d le

vies

; the

ir m

onet

ary

-202

2 00

0

m

ents

as

part

of

an E

nvir

on-

part

of w

ider

env

ironm

enta

l fisc

al

va

lue

and

thei

r rei

nves

tmen

t

men

tal F

isca

l Ref

orm

Fra

mew

ork

re

form

pro

gram

me

in

to e

nviro

nmen

tal s

usta

inab

ility

in

itiat

ives

Br

oade

n an

d ap

ply

fund

ing

sour

ces

EIF,

SG

P, N

edba

nk G

o To

tal s

pend

on

biod

iver

sity

EI

F S

uppo

rt 20

14

36,0

00,

fo

r the

con

serv

atio

n an

d su

s-

Gre

en F

und,

Gam

e co

nser

vatio

n an

d

proj

ects

and

-2

022

000

ta

inab

le u

se o

f bio

dive

rsity

for

Pro

duct

Tru

st F

und

sust

aina

ble

use

pr

ivat

e se

ctor

max

imum

effe

ctiv

enes

s

St

rate

gic

Goa

l 2: R

educ

e th

e di

rect

pre

ssur

es o

n bi

odiv

ersi

ty a

nd p

rom

ote

the

sust

aina

ble

use

of b

iolo

gica

l res

ourc

es

2.1

By

2022

, the

rate

of l

oss

and

degr

adat

ion

of n

atur

al h

abita

ts o

utsi

de p

rote

cted

are

as s

ervi

ng a

s ec

olog

ical

cor

rido

rs o

r con

tain

ing

key

biod

iver

sity

are

as o

r pro

vidi

ng

impo

rtan

t eco

syst

em s

ervi

ces

is m

inim

ized

thro

ugh

inte

grat

ed la

nd u

se p

lann

ing

K

ey P

erfo

rman

ce In

dica

tors

:

•ParticipatoryIntegratedRegionalLandUsePlanswithSEAapprovedbyCabinetfora

llRegions

•

Delineationofecologicalcorridors

•

Criteriaforkeybiodiversityareas

2.1.

1 St

reng

then

the

appl

icat

ion

of

Dev

elop

Inte

grat

ed L

and

Use

2

IRLU

Ps

com

plet

ed

Num

ber o

f IR

LUP

s M

LR

ME

T 20

22

12,0

00,

deci

sion

sup

port

tool

s fo

r P

lans

(IR

LUP

s) fo

r all

regi

ons

for H

arda

p an

d !K

aras

00

0

en

viro

nmen

tal m

anag

emen

t and

Reg

ions

pr

otec

tion

thro

ugh

impr

oved

la

nd a

nd re

sour

ce u

se d

ecis

ions

an

d la

nd u

se p

lann

ing

D

evel

op g

eo-s

patia

l too

l to

iden

tify

Land

scap

e le

vel

Are

a an

d lo

catio

n of

M

ET

MM

E, L

As,

20

16

36,0

00,

ke

y bi

odiv

ersi

ty a

reas

thro

ugho

ut

asse

ssm

ent c

ompl

eted

ke

y bi

odiv

ersi

ty a

reas

MFM

R, M

LR,

00

0

Nam

ibia

and

take

mea

sure

s to

fo

r Ero

ngo

Reg

ion

iden

tified

and

pro

tect

ed;

C

SO

s

enha

nce

thei

r pro

tect

ion

Num

ber o

f Im

port

ant B

ird

A

reas

; Im

port

ant P

lant

Are

as; W

orld

Her

itage

Site

s; a

nd G

eopa

rks

E

stab

lish

a rig

orou

s an

d ef

fect

ive

App

rox.

100

EIA

s N

umbe

r of E

MP

s be

ing

ME

T

2013

2,

500,

000

EI

A p

roce

ss b

acke

d up

by

impr

oved

pr

oces

sed

annu

ally

but

ad

here

d to

; Ins

pect

orat

e

-2

022

m

onito

ring

and

enfo

rcem

ent o

f lim

ited

capa

city

to e

nfor

ce

sub-

divi

sion

in p

lace

envi

ronm

enta

l man

agem

ent p

lans

E

MP

s w

ithin

DE

A a

nd n

umbe

r of

insp

ectio

ns c

arrie

d ou

t

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mun

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erfo

rman

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dica

tors

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mercialfisheriesresourcesatsustainablelevelsasprovenbyscientificdata

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MarineSpatialP

lanningforthegreaterBenguelaCurrentLargeMarineEcosystem

•

EcologicallyandBiodiversitySignificantA

reasidentifiedaswellasprotectionmeasures

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ctiveMonitoring,Contro

landSurveillanceSysteminplaceforinlandaquaticre

sources

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Incomegeneratedfro

maquacultureandmaricultureindustries

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1 En

sure

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all

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arin

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ns

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cies

man

agem

ent

Num

ber o

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lansforC

ommunityForests

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s fo

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and

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hich

min

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s,

2014

55

0,00

0

Nat

iona

l Fire

man

agem

ent p

lan

le

vel fi

re m

anag

emen

t

LAs,

CFs

-2

022

im

plem

enta

tion

com

mitt

ees;

nu

mbe

r of "

plan

ned"

fire

s

man

aged

in li

ne w

ith th

e

Nat

iona

l Fire

Man

agem

ent P

lan

S

treng

then

the

capa

city

of t

he

N

umbe

r of a

rres

ts a

nd

MAW

F R

Cs,

LA

s,

2013

15

0,00

0

MAW

F, lo

cal c

omm

uniti

es a

nd

pr

osec

utio

ns fo

r ille

gal l

oggi

ng

TA

s, C

Fs,

-202

2

rele

vant

inst

itutio

ns to

car

ry o

ut

N

AM

PO

L

fore

st la

w e

nfor

cem

ent,

incl

udin

g

issu

ing

of p

erm

its, m

onito

ring,

ar

rest

s an

d fin

es

E

stab

lish

an a

ctio

n pl

an fo

r far

m

A

ppro

ved

actio

n pl

an

MAW

F C

SO

s 20

17

250,

000

fo

rest

ry (a

gro-

fore

stry

) and

affo

rest

atio

n / r

efor

esta

tion

2.3

.3

Incr

ease

com

mun

ity s

uppo

rt

Pro

vide

tech

nica

l and

5

com

mun

ity-b

ased

pro

ject

s N

umbe

r of v

iabl

e co

mm

unity

EI

F S

GP,

BM

CC

, 20

13

1,00

0,00

0

to

enh

ance

live

lihoo

d op

tions

fin

anci

al s

uppo

rt to

com

mun

ity

supp

orte

d by

EIF

in 2

012

-bas

ed b

iodi

vers

ity v

alue

NAC

OM

A,

-202

2

th

roug

h bi

odiv

ersi

ty-b

ased

ba

sed

ente

rpris

es s

o th

at

ch

ains

(bio

trade

)

CS

Os

en

terp

rise

s th

ey b

ecom

e lo

ng-te

rm

pr

ofita

ble

entit

ies

38 39

St

rate

gic

Initi

ativ

e In

dica

tive

Act

iviti

es

Bas

elin

e In

dica

tor(

s)

Lead

Pa

rtne

rs

Tim

e C

ost

N$

02/2

013

A

genc

y

fram

e

2.4

By

2022

, pol

lutio

n, in

clud

ing

from

exc

ess

nutr

ient

s, h

as b

een

brou

ght t

o le

vels

that

are

not

det

rim

enta

l to

biod

iver

sity

and

eco

syst

em h

ealth

and

func

tioni

ng

Key

Per

form

ance

Indi

cato

rs:

•

Com

pliancewithEnvironm

entalM

anagem

entP

lans(m

iningcompanies)

•

Trendsinwaterqualityinaquaticecosystem

s(dam

s,riversandRam

sarS

ites)

•

Presence/absenceofkeyindicatorspecies

•

Pollutionstandardsinplace,respectedandenforced

2.4.

1 M

onito

r and

man

age

leve

ls o

f B

ill o

n w

aste

man

agem

ent

Dra

ft bi

ll W

aste

man

agem

ent a

nd

ME

T LA

s 20

13

200,

000

po

llutio

n th

roug

h a

rang

e of

an

d po

llutio

n co

ntro

l ena

cted

pollu

tion

cont

rol A

ct

-202

2

effe

ctiv

e m

easu

res

and

impl

emen

ted

D

evel

op, m

onito

r and

enf

orce

Le

sson

s fro

m R

amat

ex

Soi

l, w

ater

, air

and

ME

T N

SI,

LAs,

20

13

350,

000

m

inim

um n

atio

nal s

tand

ards

on

soil,

an

d N

amib

ia C

usto

m

occu

patio

nal h

ealth

sta

ndar

ds

M

oHS

S,

-202

2

wat

er a

nd a

ir qu

ality

as

wel

l as

Sm

elte

rs c

ases

m

et b

y pu

blic

and

priv

ate

sect

or

M

oLS

W

oc

cupa

tiona

l hea

lth

U

pdat

e N

amib

ia's

gre

enho

use

gas

2 G

reen

hous

e ga

s 3r

d an

d 4t

h G

reen

hous

e M

ET

MoH

SS

, 20

20

430,

000

in

vent

ory

and

take

act

ion

to re

duce

in

vent

orie

s un

dert

aken

G

as In

vent

ory

M

ME

, MAW

F

G

reen

hous

e G

as e

mis

sion

s

U

nder

take

mea

sure

s to

min

imiz

e

Em

erge

ncy

com

mitt

ee in

pla

ce

LAs

ME

T, M

FMR

, 20

13

100,

000

th

e im

pact

s fro

m lo

cal p

ollu

tion

M

WT,

-2

022

in

stan

ces

such

as

oil s

pills

, har

mfu

l

NA

MP

OR

T

alga

l blo

oms

and

hydr

ogen

sul

phid

e

ev

ents

at t

he c

oast

2.4.

2 M

anag

e al

l for

ms

of w

aste

in a

n P

rofil

e an

d up

grad

e w

aste

N

one

Num

ber o

f was

te d

ispo

sal

LAs

ME

T 20

15

5,00

0,00

0

effe

ctiv

e an

d ef

ficie

nt m

anne

r to

disp

osal

site

s in

line

with

site

s up

grad

ed

redu

ce it

s ne

gativ

e im

pact

on

Sec

tion

5 of

the

Env

ironm

enta

l

th

e en

viro

nmen

t M

anag

emen

t Act

so

that

th

ey c

an d

eal w

ith a

ll w

aste

in a

n

envi

ronm

enta

lly s

ound

man

ner

D

evel

op a

nd im

plem

ent N

atio

nal

No

oper

atio

nal N

IPs

2 N

IPs

in p

lace

M

ET

LAs

2013

50

0,00

0

Impl

emen

tatio

n P

lans

(NIP

s) fo

r

-2

022

th

e S

tock

holm

and

Bas

el

Con

vent

ions

D

evel

op a

nd im

plem

ent E

nviro

nmen

tal

4 dr

aft E

MP

s fo

r coa

stal

N

umbe

r of t

owns

LA

s M

ET,

MO

HS

S,

2013

3,

800,

000

M

anag

emen

t Pla

ns (E

MP

s) fo

r all

tow

ns

impl

emen

ting

EM

Ps

M

AWF,

-2

022

ur

ban

area

s

MR

LGH

RD

Pro

mot

e in

crea

sed

adop

tion

of th

e

Volu

mes

of w

aste

recy

cled

LA

s M

ET,

RN

F 20

13

220,

000

"red

uce,

re-u

se a

nd r

ecyc

le"

an

nual

ly

-202

2

prin

cipl

e by

resi

dent

s an

d th

e pu

blic

and

priv

ate

sect

or

40

St

rate

gic

Initi

ativ

e In

dica

tive

Act

iviti

es

Bas

elin

e In

dica

tor(

s)

Lead

Pa

rtne

rs

Tim

e C

ost

N$

02/2

013

A

genc

y

fram

e

Inve

stig

ate

and

inst

all a

ltern

ativ

e

Num

ber o

f bio

-gas

dig

este

rs;

LAs

ME

T 20

13-

3,00

0,00

0

syst

ems

to m

ake

use

of s

olid

was

te

am

ount

of s

olid

was

te u

tilis

ed

2022

as

an

econ

omic

reso

urce

2

.5

By

2015

, Nat

iona

l rev

iew

of i

nvas

ive

alie

n sp

ecie

s in

Nam

ibia

from

200

4 is

upd

ated

(inc

ludi

ng id

entifi

catio

n of

pat

hway

s), a

nd b

y 20

18, p

rior

ity m

easu

res

are

in p

lace

to

cont

rol a

nd m

anag

e th

eir i

mpa

ct

Key

Per

form

ance

Indi

cato

rs:

•

UpdatedNationalR

eview

•

Managem

entP

lansim

plem

entedtocontro

lmostthreateningalieninvasivespecies

2.5.

1 D

evel

op m

echa

nism

s an

d m

easu

res

Upd

ate

the

Nat

iona

l Rep

ort

Nat

iona

l Rep

ort 2

004

Upd

ated

Nat

iona

l Rep

ort

ME

T M

AWF,

MFM

R, 2

015

180,

000

to

pre

vent

the

esta

blis

hmen

t and

on

Alie

n In

vasi

ve S

peci

es

P

oN, U

NA

M

intro

duct

ion

of a

lien

inva

sive

spe

cies

fro

m 2

004

an

d to

con

trol o

r era

dica

te e

xist

ing

alie

n in

vasi

ve s

peci

es

Ana

lyze

and

impl

emen

t

Ded

icat

ed p

olic

y or

M

ET

MAW

F, M

FMR

, 202

2 25

0,00

0

reco

mm

enda

tions

from

the

pr

ogra

mm

e on

alie

n in

vasi

ve

P

oN, U

NA

M

upda

ted

Nat

iona

l Rep

ort

sp

ecie

s; m

anag

emen

t pla

ns fo

r

in

vasi

ve s

peci

es; e

stab

lishm

ent

of

wor

king

gro

up o

n al

ien

in

vasi

ve s

peci

es2.

6 B

y 20

16, e

cosy

stem

s m

ost v

ulne

rabl

e to

clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd th

eir a

nthr

opog

enic

pre

ssur

es a

re id

entifi

ed, a

nd b

y 20

18, a

ppro

pria

te a

dapt

atio

n m

easu

res

are

deve

lope

d an

d

impl

emen

ted

in p

rior

ity a

reas

K

ey P

erfo

rman

ce In

dica

tors

:

•ReportonthevulnerabilityofN

amibianecosystemstoclim

atechangeandassociatedanthropogenicpressures

•

Evaluationofim

plem

entationofappropriatemeasures

2.6.

1 U

nder

take

vul

nera

bilit

y U

nder

take

a v

ulne

rabi

lity

and

Nat

iona

l V+A

ass

essm

ent

Ass

essm

ent S

tudy

with

M

ET

MAW

F, M

FMR

, 201

8 60

0,00

0

asse

ssm

ent a

nd d

evel

op

adap

tatio

n as

sess

men

t on

of b

iodi

vers

ity a

nd

adap

tatio

n re

com

men

datio

ns

N

ACO

MA

,

rele

vant

ada

ptat

ion

mea

sure

s pr

iorit

ized

eco

syst

ems

in

prot

ecte

d ar

eas

(201

0)

unde

r im

plem

enta

tion

B

CLM

E S

AP

to e

nhan

ce c

limat

e ch

ange

N

amib

ia

B

MC

C

re

silie

nce

of p

rior

ity e

cosy

stem

s

Stra

tegi

c G

oal 3

: Im

prov

e th

e st

atus

of b

iodi

vers

ity b

y sa

fegu

ardi

ng e

cosy

stem

s, s

peci

es a

nd g

enet

ic d

iver

sity

and

enh

ance

the

bene

fits

toal

l Nam

ibia

ns th

eref

rom

3.1

By

2018

, exi

stin

g te

rres

tria

l pro

tect

ed a

reas

(nat

iona

l par

ks) a

re c

onse

rved

, eff

ectiv

ely

and

equi

tabl

y m

anag

ed, w

ithin

an

ecol

ogic

ally

repr

esen

tativ

e an

d w

ell-c

onne

cted

sys

tem

,

and

by 2

020,

coa

stal

and

mar

ine

area

s, o

f par

ticul

ar im

port

ance

to b

iodi

vers

ity a

nd e

cosy

stem

ser

vice

s, a

re id

entifi

ed a

nd m

easu

res

for t

heir

prot

ectio

n in

itiat

ed

Key

Per

form

ance

Indi

cato

rs:

•

Approvedmanagem

entplansfora

llnationalparks

•

Managem

entE

ffectivenessofNam

ibia'sterrestrialprotectedareas(nationalparks)

40 41

St

rate

gic

Initi

ativ

e In

dica

tive

Act

iviti

es

Bas

elin

e In

dica

tor(

s)

Lead

Pa

rtne

rs

Tim

e C

ost

N$

02/2

013

A

genc

y

fram

e

•Trendsininvestmentintotheprotectedareanetwork

•

SustainableFinancingPlansforP

rotectedAreaSystem

•

Num

bero

fprotectedareaswithconnectivitycorridorsandmanagedbufferzones

•

Trendsinre

venueandem

ploymentgeneratedthroughtheprotectedareanetwork

3.1.

1 En

sure

that

all

prot

ecte

d ar

eas

are

All

stat

e pr

otec

ted

area

s 12

dra

ft m

anag

emen

t pla

ns

Num

ber o

f sta

te p

rote

cted

M

ET

KfW

, 20

14

150,

000

m

anag

ed u

sing

par

ticip

ator

y an

d m

anag

ed a

ccor

ding

to p

ark

ar

eas

bein

g m

anag

ed

N

ACO

MA

scie

nce-

base

d si

te p

lann

ing

man

agem

ent p

lans

(whi

ch

ac

cord

ing

to a

ppro

ved

pr

oces

ses

that

inco

rpor

ate

clea

r in

clud

e bi

odiv

ersi

ty ta

rget

s)

m

anag

emen

t pla

ns

biod

iver

sity

obj

ectiv

es, t

arge

ts,

appr

oved

by

ME

T

m

anag

emen

t str

ateg

ies

and

m

onito

ring

pro

gram

mes

C

ondu

ct a

nnua

l ass

essm

ents

of

NA

ME

TT R

epor

ts

NA

ME

TT s

core

s fo

r eac

h M

ET

NAC

OM

A

2013

80

0,00

0

the

man

agem

ent e

ffect

iven

ess

of

com

plet

ed in

200

4, 2

009

stat

e pr

otec

ted

area

-2

022

st

ate

prot

ecte

d ar

eas

usin

g th

e an

d 20

11

reco

rded

ann

ually

NA

ME

TT T

ool

D

evel

op a

nd im

prov

e co

nser

vatio

n In

cide

nt B

ook

Mon

itorin

g N

umbe

r of s

tate

pro

tect

ed

ME

T C

SO

s 20

13

100,

000

an

d m

onito

ring

syst

ems

in s

tate

S

yste

m e

xist

s ar

eas

usin

g th

e In

cide

nt

-202

2

prot

ecte

d ar

eas

B

ook

Mon

itorin

g S

yste

m

Fi

naliz

e an

d en

act t

he P

rote

cted

PA

WM

Bill

PA

WM

Act

M

ET

20

14

500,

000

A

reas

and

Wild

life

Man

agem

ent

(PAW

M) B

ill

Stre

ngth

en th

e m

anag

emen

t of

Two

TFC

As

man

aged

by

Trea

ty in

pla

ce fo

r Ion

a M

ET

KA

ZA

2013

2,

500,

000

ex

istin

g TF

CA

s an

d cr

eate

one

pe

rman

ent j

oint

aut

horit

ies

Ske

leto

n TF

CA

; Ass

essm

ent

P

roje

ct,

-202

2

addi

tiona

l TFC

A

of

man

agem

ent

K

fW, P

PF

ef

fect

iven

ess

of T

FCA

s;

Inco

me

gene

rate

d by

TFC

As

3.1.

2 En

hanc

e th

e in

fras

truc

ture

and

U

pgra

de th

e in

frast

ruct

ure

MC

A in

frast

ruct

ure

fund

ing

Ann

ual i

nves

tmen

t int

o M

ET

MC

A, K

fW,

2013

19

3,00

0

natu

ral r

esou

rce

base

of a

ll of

all

stat

e pr

otec

ted

area

s in

Eto

sha

Nat

iona

l Par

k an

d in

frast

ruct

ure

deve

lopm

ent

P

PF

-202

2 ,0

00

prot

ecte

d ar

eas

to m

ake

them

KfW

in n

orth

-eas

tern

Par

ks

in p

arks

thro

ugh

ME

T

at

trac

tive

dest

inat

ions

for t

ouri

sts

capi

tal b

udge

t and

an

d to

uris

m in

vest

ors

and

to

supp

ort p

roje

cts

impr

ove

the

wor

king

env

iron

men

t

for s

taff

P

rom

ote

prot

ecte

d ar

eas

as g

ood

none

W

aste

man

agem

ent p

lans

and

M

ET

MC

A, K

fW,

2013

2,

000,

000

pr

actic

e ex

ampl

es o

f bro

ader

sust

aina

ble

use

of a

ll

NA

M-P

LAC

E,

-202

0

envi

ronm

enta

l man

agem

ent a

nd

re

sour

ces

in th

e op

erat

ions

PP

F

eco-

tour

ism

des

tinat

ions

of p

rote

cted

are

as

3.

1.3

Con

solid

ate

inte

grat

ed p

ark

Eng

age

loca

l com

mun

ities

in

Dra

ft P

arks

and

Nei

ghbo

rs

Num

ber a

nd v

alue

of t

ouris

m

ME

T N

ACS

O

2013

24

0,00

0

m

anag

emen

t to

enab

le it

to

the

man

agem

ent o

f pro

tect

ed

polic

y ex

ists

, Con

cess

ions

co

nces

sion

s be

nefit

ting

-202

2

gene

rate

eco

nom

ic b

enefi

ts,

area

s an

d in

com

e-ge

nera

ting

are

curr

ently

aw

arde

d lo

cal c

omm

uniti

es

42 43

St

rate

gic

Initi

ativ

e In

dica

tive

Act

iviti

es

Bas

elin

e In

dica

tor(

s)

Lead

Pa

rtne

rs

Tim

e C

ost

N$

02/2

013

A

genc

y

fram

e

ta

ckle

hum

an w

ildlif

e co

nflic

ts

oppo

rtun

ities

ther

efro

m

an

d co

ntri

bute

to b

iodi

vers

ity

prot

ectio

n in

tegr

ated

into

the

wid

er la

ndsc

ape

S

usta

in 5

pro

tect

ed la

ndsc

ape

Con

stitu

tions

and

P

LCA

s vi

able

and

M

ET

CS

Os,

20

22

500,

000

co

nser

vatio

n ar

eas

(PLC

As)

co

llabo

rativ

e m

anag

emen

t fu

nctio

ning

afte

r the

end

NA

M-P

LAC

E

in

itiat

ed th

roug

h th

e M

ET

com

mitt

ees

esta

blis

hed

for

of N

AM

PLA

CE

Pro

ject

N

AM

PLA

CE

pro

ject

th

e 5

PLC

As

E

stab

lish

mec

hani

sms

for

3 co

rrid

ors

iden

tified

in

Num

ber o

f eco

logi

cal

ME

T C

SO

s, M

AWF,

20

13

250,

000

ec

olog

ical

con

nect

ivity

to li

nk

V+A

stu

dy o

f Nam

ibia

’s

corr

idor

s re

duci

ng

M

LR, T

As

-202

2

toge

ther

pro

tect

ed a

reas

and

P

rote

cted

Are

as to

fra

gmen

tatio

n an

d

to

redu

ce fr

agm

enta

tion

clim

ate

chan

ge

co-m

anag

ed

co

nser

vatio

n ar

eas

3.2

By

2016

, thr

eate

ned

and

vuln

erab

le s

peci

es li

sts

are

upda

ted

and

mea

sure

s im

plem

ente

d by

201

9 to

impr

ove

thei

r con

serv

atio

n st

atus

Key

Per

form

ance

Indi

cato

rs:

•

Num

bero

fSpeciesManagem

entP

lansunderim

plem

entation

•

Conservationstatusofthreatenedandvulnerablespecies

3.2.

1 En

hanc

e th

e m

anag

emen

t of

Dev

elop

and

impl

emen

t app

rove

d M

anag

emen

t pla

ns fo

r 2

Num

ber o

f app

rove

d M

ET

and

MFM

R,

2013

25

0,00

0

th

reat

ened

and

vul

nera

ble

spec

ies

man

agem

ent p

lans

/ po

licie

s pl

ant t

axa

and

2 w

ildlif

e sp

ecie

s m

anag

emen

t M

AWF

MY

NS

SC

, -2

022

a

nd im

prov

e th

eir c

onse

rvat

ion

for p

riorit

y sp

ecie

s an

d ta

xa

spec

ies

plan

s in

pla

ce

U

NA

M

stat

us

Ass

ess

and

perio

dica

lly re

view

the

1400

pla

nt ta

xa a

sses

sed

Reg

ular

ly u

pdat

ed li

sts

ME

T an

d

2013

15

0,00

0

stat

us o

f key

spe

cies

and

taxa

and

us

ing

IUC

N c

riter

ia

and

prog

ram

mes

for

MAW

F

-202

2

whe

re n

eces

sary

adj

ust t

heir

ra

re, e

ndan

gere

d,

cons

erva

tion

prio

rity

en

dem

ic a

nd v

alua

ble

spec

ies

C

onse

rve

and

asse

ss th

e ge

netic

Nat

iona

l Ger

mpl

asm

M

AWF

20

13

200,

000

di

vers

ity o

f cro

ps a

nd o

ther

maj

or

co

llect

ion

and

% o

f

-2

022

so

cio-

econ

omic

ally

val

uabl

e pl

ant

to

tal p

lant

s co

llect

ed

sp

ecie

s ex

-situ

Dev

elop

a g

ame

trans

loca

tion

Aro

und

5 00

0 he

ad o

f N

umbe

r of a

nnua

l gam

e M

ET

KfW

, NAC

SO

, 20

15

42,5

00

stra

tegy

, pro

cedu

res

and

deci

sion

w

ildlif

e tra

nslo

cate

d to

tra

nslo

cate

d; g

ame

M

CA

,

000

su

ppor

t too

ls fo

r tra

nspo

rtin

g ga

me

cons

erva

ncie

s an

d in

to

intro

duct

ion

tech

nica

l

NA

MP

LAC

E

in

to a

reas

of h

isto

ric ra

nge

prev

ious

rang

es

advi

sory

gro

up s

et u

p

3.

2.2

Stre

ngth

en th

e fr

amew

ork

Est

ablis

h a

natio

nal d

atab

ase

Inci

dent

Boo

k M

onito

ring

Nat

iona

l dat

abas

e M

ET-

PAS

S

20

14

500,

000

for l

aw e

nfor

cem

ent a

nd

on w

ildlif

e cr

ime

inci

denc

es

Sys

tem

use

d bo

th b

y ac

cess

ible

to c

once

rned

C

onse

rvan

cies,

-2

022

im

plem

enta

tion

with

rega

rd

and

offe

nder

s co

nser

vanc

ies

and

Par

k st

akeh

olde

rs

NA

MP

OL

to

the

illeg

al tr

ade

in fa

una

st

aff

an

d flo

ra a

nd d

eriv

ed p

rodu

cts

Pro

mot

e st

rong

par

tner

ship

and

N

o fo

rmal

par

tner

ship

Tr

aini

ng p

rogr

amm

es o

n M

ET-

PAS

S

20

14

760,

000

42 43

St

rate

gic

Initi

ativ

e In

dica

tive

Act

iviti

es

Bas

elin

e In

dica

tor(

s)

Lead

Pa

rtne

rs

Tim

e C

ost

N$

02/2

013

A

genc

y

fram

e

co

oper

atio

n be

twee

n re

leva

nt

arra

ngem

ents

bet

wee

n pr

iorit

y ar

eas

such

as

Con

serv

anci

es,

-202

2

law

enf

orce

men

t sta

keho

lder

s st

akeh

olde

rs

“crim

e-sc

ene”

trai

ning

; N

AM

PO

L,

(in

clud

ing

at re

gion

al le

vel)

and

jo

int l

aw e

nfor

cem

ent

MH

AI,

ND

F

faci

litat

e tra

inin

g pr

ogra

mm

e fo

r

mec

hani

sms

and

patro

ls;

all e

nfor

cem

ent d

epar

tmen

ts

re

gion

al c

oope

ratio

n on

in

clud

ing

loca

l com

mun

ities

wild

life

crim

e in

TFC

As

Dev

elop

mec

hani

sms

for r

epor

ting

No

rew

ards

sys

tem

N

ew m

echa

nism

s fo

r M

ET-

PAS

S

NA

MP

OL

2014

1,

000,

000

w

ildlif

e cr

ime,

rew

ards

for i

nfor

mat

ion

re

port

ing

wild

life

crim

e;

-202

2

and

revi

ew m

echa

nism

s fo

r

fine

amou

nts;

suc

cess

pr

osec

utio

ns a

nd a

ppro

pria

te

ra

te o

f pro

secu

tions

;

pe

nalti

es

tim

e pe

riod

for p

rose

cutio

n

S

treng

then

the

capa

city

of t

he

Num

ber o

f arr

ests

and

MAW

F N

AM

PO

L

2013

1,

000,

000

M

AWF,

loca

l com

mun

ities

and

pr

osec

utio

ns fo

r ille

gal

-2

022

re

leva

nt in

stitu

tions

to c

arry

out

lo

ggin

g

fore

st la

w e

nfor

cem

ent,

incl

udin

g

issu

ing

of p

erm

its, m

onito

ring,

arre

sts

and

fines

3.3

By

2020

, Gen

etic

div

ersi

ty o

f cul

tivat

ed p

lant

s an

d fa

rmed

ani

mal

s is

mai

ntai

ned

and

enha

nced

K

ey P

erfo

rman

ce In

dica

tors

:

•Stra

tegytodevelopandpromoteindigenouslivestockbreedsandcropvarietiesfora

doptionbylocalfarmers

•

Operationalinstitutionalframew

orkinplacetoim

plem

entandenforceBiosafetyActof200

63.

3.1

Mai

ntai

n an

d en

hanc

e th

e D

evel

op a

nd s

treng

then

D

raft

bill

on p

lant

Le

gisl

atio

n in

pla

ce to

M

AWF

CS

Os,

NA

B,

2013

25

0,00

0

gene

tic d

iver

sity

of l

ives

tock

ex

istin

g le

gisl

atio

n to

br

eedi

ng p

rote

ctio

n pr

otec

t the

gen

etic

div

ersi

ty

U

NA

M, P

oN,

-202

2

and

crop

spe

cies

thr

ough

pr

otec

t cul

tivat

ed p

lant

s (M

AWF)

of

cul

tivat

ed p

lant

s an

d

ef

fect

ive

in-s

itu a

nd e

x-si

tu

and

dom

estic

ated

ani

mal

s

farm

ed a

nim

als

cons

erva

tion

mea

sure

s an

d

the

safe

use

of b

iote

chno

logy

to

impr

ove

food

sec

urity

and

cl

imat

e re

silie

nce

of a

gric

ultu

re

Impr

ove

the

long

-term

con

serv

atio

n Fa

rm A

nim

al G

enet

ic

Cha

ract

eriz

atio

n of

M

AWF

NAU

, NN

FU

2013

2,

000,

000

of

indi

geno

us li

vest

ock

bree

ds

Res

ourc

es P

rogr

amm

e of

liv

esto

ck b

reed

s; n

umbe

r

-2

022

th

roug

h c

hara

cter

izat

ion

and

MAW

F an

d FA

O

of in

dige

nous

bre

ed li

vest

ock

in-s

itu a

nd e

x-si

tu c

onse

rvat

ion

impr

ovem

ent p

rogr

amm

es;

ex-s

itu c

onse

rvat

ion

of b

reed

s

Sup

port

the

NP

GR

C w

ith h

uman

Num

ber o

f ger

mpl

asm

M

AWF

PoN

, UN

AM

20

13

1,00

0,00

0

and

finan

cial

reso

urce

s fo

r the

colle

cted

and

cha

ract

eriz

ed

-202

2

cons

erva

tion

of in

dige

nous

cro

p

spec

ies

and

othe

r rar

e, th

reat

ened

and

usef

ul in

dige

nous

pla

nt s

peci

es.

S

treng

then

pro

gram

mes

for t

he

Farm

Ani

mal

Gen

etic

N

umbe

r of c

rop

culti

vars

and

M

AWF

CS

Os

2013

7,0

00,0

00

44 45

St

rate

gic

Initi

ativ

e In

dica

tive

Act

iviti

es

Bas

elin

e In

dica

tor(

s)

Lead

Pa

rtne

rs

Tim

e C

ost

N$

02/2

013

A

genc

y

fram

e

di

strib

utio

n of

indi

geno

us li

vest

ock

Res

ourc

es P

rogr

amm

e liv

esto

ck b

reed

s w

ith

-202

2

br

eeds

and

dro

ught

-ada

pted

cro

p of

MAW

F an

d FA

O

tole

ranc

e to

abi

otic

stre

sses

cu

ltiva

rs to

loca

l com

mun

ities

adop

ted

by fa

rmer

s

Con

duct

an

awar

enes

s ca

mpa

ign

No

dedi

cate

d aw

aren

ess

Aw

aren

ess

cam

paig

n an

d M

AWF

ME

T, N

GO

s 20

15

600,

000

on th

e ut

ility

of i

ndig

enou

s liv

esto

ck

cam

paig

n th

e nu

mbe

r of s

take

hold

ers

br

eeds

and

dro

ught

-ada

pted

cro

p

reac

hed

cu

ltiva

rs, p

artic

ular

ly in

ligh

t of

cl

imat

e ch

ange

3.

3.2

Stre

ngth

en c

apac

ity a

n E

nhan

ce in

stitu

tiona

l cap

acity

B

iosa

fety

Act

of 2

006

Reg

ulat

ions

of t

he b

iosa

fety

N

BAC

2013

30

0,00

0

inst

itutio

nal f

ram

ewor

ks s

o th

at

to im

plem

ent a

nd e

nfor

ce th

e

act g

azet

ted;

Nat

iona

l

-2

022

th

ey a

re e

quip

ped

to im

plem

ent

natio

nal b

iosa

fety

fram

ewor

k

bios

afet

y co

unci

l ope

ratio

nal

an

d en

forc

e th

e pr

ovis

ions

of t

he

Bio

safe

ty A

ct o

f 200

6

Stre

ngth

en in

frast

ruct

ure

and

La

bora

tory

faci

litie

s in

N

BAC

2022

5,

000,

000

ca

paci

ty o

f key

sta

keho

lder

s to

plac

e an

d nu

mbe

r of

mon

itor a

nd m

anag

e th

e ris

ks

st

akeh

olde

rs tr

aine

d

as

soci

ated

with

the

hand

ling,

tra

nspo

rt, u

se, t

rans

fer a

nd

rele

ase

of li

ving

mod

ified

or

gani

sms

R

aise

pub

lic a

war

enes

s an

d

Aw

aren

ess

prog

ram

me

and

NB

AC

20

13

300,

000

re

gion

al in

form

atio

n sh

arin

g

stak

ehol

ders

reac

hed

thro

ugh

-202

2

on b

iosa

fety

issu

es

pr

ogra

mm

e; re

gion

al

co

oper

atio

n on

bio

safe

ty

Stra

tegi

c G

oal 4

: Enh

ance

the

bene

fits

to a

ll fr

om b

iodi

vers

ity a

nd e

cosy

stem

ser

vice

s

4.1

By

2022

, eco

syst

ems

that

pro

vide

ess

entia

l ser

vice

s an

d co

ntri

bute

to h

ealth

, liv

elih

oods

and

wel

l-bei

ng a

re s

afeg

uard

ed, a

nd re

stor

atio

n pr

ogra

mm

es h

ave

been

initi

ated

for

de

grad

ed e

cosy

stem

s co

veri

ng a

t lea

st 1

5 pe

r cen

t of

the

prio

rity

are

as

K

ey P

erfo

rman

ce In

dica

tor:

•AreaundersustainableCBNRMandbenefitstoinvolvedcom

munities

•

Enforcementofagreementsre

achedunderthedifferenttransboundarywatercom

missions

•

Implem

entationofIntegratedW

aterResourcesManagem

entP

lan

•

Areaofdegradedecosystemsandidentifiedpriorityareasfora

ction

•

Num

bero

frehabilitationandrestorationprogrammesandareacovered

4.1.

1 C

onso

lidat

e an

d fu

rthe

r In

crea

se th

e su

stai

nabi

lity

23 fi

nanc

ially

sel

f-suf

ficie

nt

Num

ber o

f fina

ncia

lly

ME

T

NAC

SO

20

13

200,

000

stre

ngth

en th

e of

inco

me

gene

rate

d co

nser

vanc

ies;

tota

l inc

ome

self-

suffi

cien

t con

serv

anci

es

-202

2

impl

emen

tatio

n of

the

by c

onse

rvan

cies

of

N$5

0 m

illio

n ge

nera

ted

C

BN

RM

Pol

icy

and

Prog

ram

mes

by c

onse

rvan

cies

in 2

011

P

rom

ote

sust

aina

ble

and

inte

grat

ed

48 c

onse

rvan

cies

ope

ratin

g N

umbe

r of c

onse

rvan

cies

M

ET

MAW

F,

2013

1,

200,

000

44 45

St

rate

gic

Initi

ativ

e In

dica

tive

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iviti

es

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elin

e In

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e C

ost

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A

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y

fram

e

m

anag

emen

t by

cons

erva

ncie

s an

d ac

cord

ing

to m

anag

emen

t an

d co

mm

unity

fore

sts

with

NAC

SO

-2

022

com

mun

ity fo

rest

s in

line

with

pl

ans

inte

grat

ed m

anag

emen

t pla

ns

CB

NR

M p

olic

y

Im

prov

e qu

ota

setti

ng a

nd

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ta s

ettin

g sy

stem

s in

D

ata

from

ann

ual g

ame

coun

ts;

ME

T N

ACS

O

2013

10

0,00

0

man

agem

ent s

yste

ms

acro

ss fo

r pl

ace

num

ber o

f quo

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allo

cate

d to

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w

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e re

sour

ces

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tiliz

atio

n is

cons

erva

ncie

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com

e an

d

both

sus

tain

able

and

max

imis

es

em

ploy

men

t thr

ough

trop

hy

so

cio-

econ

omic

retu

rns

to

hu

ntin

g an

d ot

her w

ildlif

e us

es

co

nser

vanc

ies

S

uppo

rt co

nser

vanc

ies

to im

plem

ent

8 hu

man

live

s lo

st; 2

420

A

nnua

l ins

tanc

es o

f M

ET

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13

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,000

th

e N

atio

nal P

olic

y on

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an

inst

ance

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p da

mag

e;

hum

an w

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e co

nflic

t;

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ildlif

e C

onfli

ct M

anag

emen

t 30

1 in

stan

ces

of li

vest

ock

Num

ber o

f con

serv

anci

es

loss

dur

ing

2010

-201

1 im

plem

entin

g hu

man

fin

anci

al y

ear

wild

life

self-

relia

nce

sche

me

4.1.

2 Fo

ster

the

impl

emen

tatio

n of

Fi

naliz

e th

e re

vise

d W

ater

W

ater

Res

ourc

es

M

AWF

20

15

200,

000

in

tegr

ated

wat

er m

anag

emen

t R

esou

rces

Man

agem

ent A

ct

Man

agem

ent A

ct a

nd

pl

ans,

incl

udin

g re

stor

atio

n an

d an

d es

tabl

ish

the

Wat

er

Wat

er a

nd S

anita

tion

prot

ectio

n of

cri

tical

wet

land

s an

d S

anita

tion

Adv

isor

y C

ounc

il A

dvis

ory

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bird

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tegi

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itiat

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cativ

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ad

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ners

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oN,

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onse

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sect

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kava

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ango

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3 U

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stud

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onito

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ctic

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E

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ract

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eas

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l for

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one

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ber o

f bio

dive

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ET

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E, C

oM,

2014

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es

tabl

ishi

ng a

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rea

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mm

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nual

ly; e

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ent a

nd

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af

fect

ed a

reas

reve

nue

gene

rate

d th

roug

h

de

-bus

hing

; SE

A o

n ch

arco

al

in

dust

ry

4.2

By

2015

, nat

iona

l leg

isla

tion

givi

ng e

ffect

to th

e N

agoy

a P

roto

col i

s in

forc

e an

d by

201

8, f

ully

ope

ratio

nal t

o en

sure

that

ben

efits

are

fair

and

equi

tabl

y sh

ared

from

the

co

nser

vatio

n an

d su

stai

nabl

e us

e of

bio

dive

rsity

Ke

y Pe

rfor

man

ce In

dica

tor:

•

Acc

essi

on to

the

Nag

oya

Pro

toco

l

• G

azet

ting

of A

BS

nat

iona

l leg

isla

tion

and

regu

latio

n

• In

stitu

tiona

l arr

ange

men

ts in

pla

ce in

clud

ing

the

Com

pete

nt N

atio

nal A

utho

rity

and

Nat

iona

l Foc

al P

oint

(Gen

etic

Res

ourc

es a

nd T

radi

tiona

l Kno

wle

dge

Uni

t with

in M

ET)

, and

nat

iona

l

bi

opro

spec

ting

acco

unt w

ithin

EIF

•

Num

ber o

f AB

S a

gree

men

ts4.

2.1

Fina

lize

and

impl

emen

t the

A

cced

e to

the

Nag

oya

Pro

toco

l A

BS

Bill

N

agoy

a P

roto

col a

cced

ed to

M

ET

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13

200,

000

pr

oces

ses

of a

cced

ing

to th

e an

d en

act a

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plem

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d A

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in p

lace

and

-2

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N

agoy

a Pr

otoc

ol a

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ell a

s th

e na

tiona

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gisl

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r im

plem

enta

tion

Acc

ess

to G

enet

ic R

esou

rces

and

Ass

ocia

ted

Trad

ition

al

K

now

ledg

e B

ill

E

stab

lish

Gen

etic

Res

ourc

es

Inte

rim B

iopr

ospe

ctin

g C

ompe

tent

Nat

iona

l Aut

horit

y M

ET

20

14

1,00

0,00

0

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St

rate

gic

Initi

ativ

e In

dica

tive

Act

iviti

es

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elin

e In

dica

tor(

s)

Lead

Pa

rtne

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ost

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02/2

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A

genc

y

fram

e

an

d Tr

aditi

onal

Kno

wle

dge

Uni

t C

omm

ittee

in p

lace

w

ithin

ME

T

E

stab

lish

the

Nat

iona

l N

o ac

coun

t N

atio

nal B

iopr

ospe

ctin

g M

ET

EIF

2016

50

,000

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pros

pect

ing

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ount

with

in E

IF

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ccou

nt fu

nctio

nal w

ithin

EIF

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rom

ote

awar

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l con

sulta

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umbe

r of a

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enes

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f the

AB

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dert

aken

on

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ts a

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ers

2013

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of b

iotra

de a

nd b

iopr

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ctin

g AB

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ll for

par

liam

enta

rians

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ache

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20

22

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tent

ial

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l and

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onal

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akeh

olde

rs

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rt co

mm

uniti

es to

neg

otia

te

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eem

ents

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ber o

f AB

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gree

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ts

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her A

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2 Fa

cilit

ate

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ectin

g an

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pans

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cts

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T,

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otra

de a

ctiv

ities

in

indi

geno

us n

atur

al p

lant

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dige

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kets

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tner

ship

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gisl

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oduc

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r to

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urag

e S

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nolo

gy

with

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priv

ate

sect

or

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oN, U

NA

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va

lue

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tain

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od P

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amm

e at

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d A

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ente

rpris

es a

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e up

liftm

ent

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of lo

cal c

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uniti

es

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h ap

prop

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arch

N

o re

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ch fa

cilit

y R

esea

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lity

in p

lace

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ET

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CR

ST,

201

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fa

cilit

ies

dedi

cate

d to

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inve

stm

ents

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enue

and

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d bi

opro

spec

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ploy

men

t gen

erat

ed

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oN, U

NA

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th

roug

h bi

otra

de a

nd

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rosp

ectin

g

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ngth

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apac

ity to

rese

arch

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mite

d N

amib

ian

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icat

ed re

sear

ch

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M

YN

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C,

2013

30

0,00

0

and

deve

lop

com

mer

cial

pro

duct

s kn

owle

dge

and

rese

arch

pr

ogra

mm

e in

pla

ce

M

AWF,

ME

T,

-202

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from

mic

robi

al o

rgan

ism

s,

capa

city

fo

r the

se o

rgan

ism

s

MFM

R, P

oN

ex

trem

ophy

tes,

end

ophy

tes

and

mar

ine

orga

nism

s

Stra

tegi

c G

oal 5

: Enh

ance

impl

emen

tatio

n of

NB

SAP2

thro

ugh

part

icip

ator

y pl

anni

ng, k

now

ledg

e m

anag

emen

t and

cap

acity

bui

ldin

g

5.1

By

2020

, Tra

ditio

nal k

now

ledg

e an

d th

e in

nova

tions

and

pra

ctic

es o

f ind

igen

ous

and

loca

l com

mun

ities

rele

vant

to th

e co

nser

vatio

n an

d su

stai

nabl

e us

e of

bio

dive

rsity

are

re

cogn

ised

, res

pect

ed a

nd p

rom

oted

K

ey P

erfo

rman

ce In

dica

tor:

Bioculturalprotocolsandpracticesoflocalcom

munitiesdocum

entedaccordingtomutuallyagreedterm

s

System(s)inplacetoprotectanddocum

enttraditionalknowledgeasabasisforresearchanddevelopm

entofcom

mercialbiodiversityproducts

5.1.

1 Pr

omot

e th

e ro

le o

f tra

ditio

nal

Dev

elop

a m

echa

nism

to

No

mec

hani

sm i

n pl

ace

Mec

hani

sm d

ocum

entin

g M

ET

UN

AM

, PoN

, 20

16

2,00

0,00

0

know

ledg

e, in

nova

tions

and

m

aint

ain,

reco

gnis

e, p

rote

ct

an

d pr

otec

ting

tradi

tiona

l

TAs,

CS

Os

prac

tices

in th

e m

anag

emen

t an

d do

cum

ent t

radi

tiona

l

know

ledg

e

know

ledg

e re

latin

g to

48

St

rate

gic

Initi

ativ

e In

dica

tive

Act

iviti

es

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elin

e In

dica

tor(

s)

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rtne

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e C

ost

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02/2

013

A

genc

y

fram

e

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d us

e of

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iver

sity

in d

iffer

ent

co

mm

uniti

es

Fa

cilit

ate

the

deve

lopm

ent o

f O

ndon

ga a

nd O

ukw

ambi

N

umbe

r of b

io-c

ultu

ral

ME

T TA

s, R

Cs,

20

14

250,

000

bi

ocul

tura

l pro

toco

ls w

ith lo

cal

tradi

tiona

l law

s do

cum

ente

d pr

otoc

ols

U

NA

M, P

oN

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com

mun

ities

to in

crea

se

aw

aren

ess

and

so th

at

co

mm

uniti

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an c

ontro

l the

erm

s an

d co

nditi

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unde

r whi

ch

loca

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re a

cces

sed

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e Is

sues

of t

radi

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15

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duca

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choo

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rimar

y, s

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dary

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ricul

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sc

hool

and

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leve

ls

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pow

er tr

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horit

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in

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ning

doe

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t exi

st

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ning

repo

rts

and

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T U

NA

M, P

oN,

2013

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th

e ef

fect

ive

loca

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el g

over

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e

num

ber o

f TA

s tra

ined

NG

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of b

iodi

vers

ity

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mot

e m

echa

nism

s th

at fa

cilit

ate

Non

e R

egul

ar e

xcha

nge

fora

U

NA

M a

nd

ME

T, M

oE

2018

40

,000

th

e ha

rmon

isat

ion

of tr

aditi

onal

and

betw

een

reso

urce

man

ager

s P

oN

scie

ntifi

c kn

owle

dge

an

d sc

ient

ists

5.

2 B

y 20

22, k

now

ledg

e, s

cien

ce b

ase

and

tech

nolo

gies

rela

ting

to b

iodi

vers

ity a

nd e

cosy

stem

man

agem

ent a

re im

prov

ed a

nd m

ade

rele

vant

to p

oliti

cal d

ecis

ion-

mak

ers

K

ey P

erfo

rman

ce In

dica

tor:

•Trendsinthenumbero

fresearchpaperspublishedonbiodiversityfrom

PoN

,UNAMandotheracademicre

searchinstitutions

•

Trendsinthenumbero

fresearchprojectsonbiodiversityundertakenbystatere

searchinstitutions(G

obabebTRC,E

toshaEcologicalInstitute,NBRI,NAT

MIRC,D

ART,DoF

)

•Investmentandpartnershipsinbiodiversity-relatedre

search,technologiesandinfra

structure

•

Policybriefsfrom

researchfindingsre

latingtobiodiversity

5.2.

1 Pr

omot

e an

d en

cour

age

rese

arch

D

evel

op re

gion

al c

entre

s of

2

RC

Es

for K

hom

as a

nd

Num

ber o

f RC

Es

MoE

N

CR

ST,

PoN

, 7

by 2

018

10,0

00,

th

at c

ontr

ibut

es to

the

know

ledg

e ex

pert

ise

on s

usta

inab

le

Ero

ngo

UN

AM

, ME

T an

d 11

by

000

an

d un

ders

tand

ing

of N

amib

ia’s

de

velo

pmen

t in

each

regi

on

2022

biod

iver

sity

and

eco

syst

ems

se

rvic

es a

nd th

eir v

alue

s

Com

pile

and

syn

thes

ize

exis

ting

4th

Nat

iona

l Rep

ort t

o C

BD

Nat

iona

l Rep

orts

prin

ted

ME

T

2014

and

35

0,00

0

data

and

info

rmat

ion

on b

iodi

vers

ity

the

CB

D

and

wid

ely

dist

ribut

ed

2018

and

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yste

ms

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mak

e it

acce

ssib

le to

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ider

aud

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e

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lish

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ted

prog

ram

me

to

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g P

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rate

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ctio

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an

Key

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form

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cato

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•

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fsources(includingprivatesector)

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VolumeofOfficialDevelopmentA

ssistance(multi-lateralandbi-lateral)

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1 D

evel

op a

nd re

alis

e a

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ess

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l of

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ual r

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ve re

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ce

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cial

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urce

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ade

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line

to b

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vers

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anag

emen

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iliza

tion

stra

tegy

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avai

labl

e fo

r bio

dive

rsity

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ugh

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ernm

ent,

dono

r

impl

emen

tatio

n of

NB

SAP2

m

anag

emen

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ag

enci

es a

nd p

rivat

e se

ctor

Inte

grat

e th

e co

sts

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loca

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estic

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geta

ry

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tion

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e na

tiona

l bud

get a

nd

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plem

enta

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bby

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ncre

ased

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ual

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ntrib

utio

ns

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epor

t to

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12th

Con

fere

nce

of

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e R

epor

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cial

gap

s M

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14

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ties

(CoP

) to

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CB

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n

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ritie

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ibia

's fi

nanc

ial g

aps

and

fu

ndin

g m

obili

zed

into

prio

ritie

s fo

r NB

SA

P2

pr

iorit

y ar

eas

impl

emen

tatio

n

D

evel

op n

ew a

nd re

vise

exi

stin

g E

xist

ing

inst

rum

ents

suc

h Vo

lum

e of

reve

nue

EIF

ME

T, M

oF

2013

1,

000,

000

m

arke

t-bas

ed e

nviro

nmen

tal

as p

erm

its a

nd p

ark

gene

rate

d an

d in

vest

ed

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reve

nue

stre

ams

for s

usta

inab

le

entra

nce

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th

roug

h ne

w a

nd re

vise

d

fin

anci

ng o

f bio

dive

rsity

prio

ritie

s

exis

ting

mar

ket-b

ased

in

stru

men

ts

50 51

7. FUNDING PLAN AND STRATEGY

A conservative estimate of the funding required to fully implement the strategy and action plan is N$ 494 mil-lion over the next nine years. The estimated costs of indicative activities is included in the last column of the Action Plan.

These figures refer only to these specific activities but not to the ministerial operational budget framing them.

Inadequate funding levels are a major impediment to effective national biodiversity conservation and can severely affect the attainment of set targets. Unfortunately conservation spending baseline data is difficult to collate and incomplete in many countries. Namibia is no exception. It is therefore vital that activities are under-taken to quantify the relative adequacy of the levels of Namibian’s conservation finance.

It is also important that such baseline assessment adequately carry out a gap analysis of the level of under-funding in biodiversity conservation. Pointers can be derived from previous estimates of the MET’s Strategic Plan which had annual spending need for implementation close to three times higher than the average budget appropriations of the MET’s Medium Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF). Rough estimates during the NB-SAP I period depicts government spending accounting between 65%-75% of total biodiversity funding on average, whilst donor aid covered the remaining 25%. This underpins the strategic importance of donor aid in ensuring optimal conservation funding in Namibia and in narrowing funding gaps.

Leveraging on ensuring the diversification of sources of funding as a strategy is also very important. This should ensure that domestic spending is aided by donor spending, private philanthropy and conservation trust funds. Finally innovative forms of financing should also be explored to ensure that appropriate economic in-struments and financing mechanisms are identified and utilised. The utilisation of such economic instruments and financial mechanisms should be driven by their practicality in implementation as well as their congruency with the broader economic, political and social and equity dynamics of the country.

8. REFERENCES1. Convention on Biological Diversity (2007): Mainstreaming biodiversity into sectoral and cross-sectoral

strategies, plans and programmes. Montreal, Canada.

2. Convention on Biological Diversity (2011a): Ensuring stakeholder engagement in the development, implementation and updating of NBSAPs. Montreal, Canada.

3. Convention on Biological Diversity (2011b): Getting political support for NBSAP and financing its im-plementation. Montreal, Canada.

4. Convention on Biological Diversity (2011c): Setting National Biodiversity Targets, making use of the CBD’s Framework for the 2010 Biodiversity Target. Montreal, Canada.

5. Dalal-Clayton B. and Bass S. (2009): A Guide to Environmental Mainstreaming. International Institute for Environment and Development. London, United Kingdom

6. National Planning Commission (2012): National Development Plan 4. Windhoek, Namibia

7. Ministry of Environment and Tourism (2012): Draft Access and Benefit Sharing Bill. Windhoek, Namibia

8. Ministry of Environment and Tourism (2007): Environmental Management Act. Windhoek, Namibia

52

9. National Planning Commission (2004): Namibia’s Vision 2030. Windhoek, Namibia

10. Loots S. (2005): Red data book of Namibian plants. National Botanical Research Institute. Windhoek, Namibia

11. Mendelsohn J., Jarvis A., Roberts C., and Robertson T. (2003): Atlas of Namibia: A Portrait of the Land and its People. Published for the Ministry of Environment and Tourism by David Philip Publish-ers, Cape Town, South Africa.

12. Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry (2012): National Rangeland Management Policy and Strat-egy. Windhoek, Namibia.

13. Ministry of Environment and Tourism (2001): National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2001-2010. Windhoek, Namibia.

14. Mendelsohn J. (2006): Farming Systems in Namibia. RAISON Publishers, Cape Town, South Africa.

15. Ministry of Environment and Tourism (2006): SPAN Project Document. Windhoek, Namibia.

16. Ministry of Environment and Tourism (2006): Vital signs of Namibia 2004. An Integrated State of the Environment Report. Windhoek, Namibia.

17. Ministry of Environment and Tourism (2011): Fourth National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Windhoek, Namibia.

18. Ministry of Environment and Tourism (2011): Namibia Protected Areas Landscape Initiative Project Document. Windhoek, Namibia

19. Ministry of Environment and Tourism (2012a): Namibia’s National Report to the United Nations Com-mission on Sustainable Development. Windhoek, Namibia

20. Ministry of Environment and Tourism (2012b): Managing Natural Resources for Sustainable Develop-ment in Namibia – Moving towards a Greener Future. Windhoek, Namibia.

21. Ministry of Environment and Tourism (2013): The Ecological, Social and Economic Implications of Private Game Parks and Private Nature Reserves in Namibia. Windhoek, Namibia.

22. Namibia Nature Foundation (undated): Poster: Endemics of Namibia. Windhoek, Namibia.

23. National Planning Commission (2012): Namibia 2011 Population and Housing Census report. Windhoek, Namibia.

24. National Planning Commission (2011): National Accounts 2001-2010. Windhoek, Namibia.

25. National Planning Commission (2006): Third National Development Plan 2007/2008-2011/2012 – Vol-ume I and II. Windhoek, Namibia.

26, Prip C. and Gross, T. (2010) Biodiversity planning. An assessment of National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans. United Nations University. Yokohama. Japan

27. Southern African Development Community (2007) Regional Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan. Gaborone, Botswana.

28. Simmons R.E. and Brown C.J. (in press) Birds to watch in Namibia: red, rare and endemic species. National Biodiversity Programme, Windhoek, Namibia.

29. World Travel and Tourism Council (2012): Travel and Tourism Economic Impact 2012 – Namibia. Lon-don, United Kingdom.

52 53

Annex 1: LIST OF INTERVIEWED STAKEHOLDERS PERSON DESIGNATION EMAIL AREA OF INTEREST 1. Colgar Sikopo Director, Parks and Wildlife Management csikopo@met.na Protected areas

2. Teo Nghitila Environmental Commissioner tnghitila@yahoo.com NBSAP priorities

3. Kenneth Uiseb Deputy Director Of Natural Resources kuiseb@met.na Wetlands Management

4. Pierre du Preez Chief Conservation Scientist dupreez@mweb.com.na Conservation of rare species

5. Bronwyn Currie Chief Biologist bcurrie@mfmr.gov.na Fisheries

6. Garca D'Almeida Director of Resource Management gdalmeida@mfmr.gov.na Fisheries

7. Kevin Roberts Chief hydrologist (aquatic ecologist) robertsk@mawf.gov.na Wetlands

8. Lydia Horn Crop researcher hornl@mawf.gov.na Crop genetics

9. Emmanuel Nafele Deputy Director: Rural Development enafele@mrlgh.gov.na Rural develop- Coordination ment

10. Seth Eiseb Curator of Mammals at National seth_eiseb@yahoo.co.uk Biosystematics Museum of Namibia

11. Vincent Mughongora Technician: Invertebrates Vince100@webmail.co.za Biosystematics

12. Elmo Thomas Deputy Director: Research Science Elmo.Thomas@moe.gov.na Science and and Technology education

13. Japhet Iitenge Director: Disaster Risk Management jiitenge@gmail.com Natural disasters

14. Emilia Amuaalua National Development Advisor eamuaalua@npc.gov.na Mainstreaming

15. Dr Martha Kandawa-Schulz Deputy Dean, Faculty of Science kschulz@unam.na Biotechnology and biosafety

16 Dr Elsabe Julies Department Biological Sciences ejulies@unam.na Training and capacity building

17 Absalom Kahumba Department Animal Sciences akahumba@unam.na Livestock genetics

18 Martha Naanda Head of Energy and Environment martha.naanda@undp.org Mobilisation of Programme resources

19. Shirley Bethune Snr Lecturer, Nature Conservation sbethune@polytechnic.edu.na Wetlands

20. Michael Sibalatani NAM-PLACE Project Coordinator msibalatani@namplace.org.na Promotion of Incentives

21. Chris Weaver Director of Worldwide Fund for Nature cweaver@wwf.na Wildlife protection (WWF)

22. Dave Joubert Expert on Invasive Alien Species djoubert@polytechnic.edu.na Invasive alien species

23. Antje Burke Consultant antje@enviro-science.info Rehabilitation

24. Lazarus Kairabeb Secretary General of Nama Traditional kairabeb@iway.na Traditional Leaders Association knowledge

54

Ann

ex 2

: ALI

GN

MEN

T O

F N

BSA

P2 W

ITH

TH

E C

BD

STR

ATEG

Y (2

011-

2020

) AN

D A

ICH

I TA

RG

ETS

CB

D S

trat

egic

Pla

nSt

rate

gic

Goa

ls a

nd T

arge

ts S

trat

egic

Goa

l A: A

ddre

ss th

e un

derl

ying

cau

ses

of b

iodi

vers

ity lo

ss b

y m

ains

trea

min

g

bio

dive

rsity

acr

oss

gove

rnm

ent a

nd s

ocie

ty

1.

By

2020

, at t

he la

test

, peo

ple

are

awar

e of

the

valu

es o

f bio

dive

rsity

and

the

step

s th

ey c

an ta

ke to

con

serv

e an

d us

e it

sust

aina

ble

2.

B

y 20

20, a

t the

late

st, b

iodi

vers

ity v

alue

s ha

ve b

een

inte

grat

ed in

to n

atio

nal a

nd

loca

l dev

elop

men

t and

pov

erty

redu

ctio

n st

rate

gies

and

pla

nnin

g pr

oces

ses

and

are

bein

g in

corp

orat

ed in

to n

atio

nal a

ccou

ntin

g, a

s ap

prop

riat

e, a

nd re

port

ing

syst

ems.

3.

B

y 20

20, a

t the

late

st, i

ncen

tives

, inc

ludi

ng s

ubsi

dies

, har

mfu

l to

biod

iver

sity

ar

e el

imin

ated

, pha

sed

out o

r ref

orm

ed in

ord

er to

min

imiz

e or

avo

id n

egat

ive

impa

cts,

and

pos

itive

ince

ntiv

es fo

r the

con

serv

atio

n an

d su

stai

nabl

e us

e of

bi

odiv

ersi

ty a

re d

evel

oped

and

app

lied,

con

sist

ent a

nd in

har

mon

y w

ith th

e C

on-

vent

ion

and

othe

r rel

evan

t int

erna

tiona

l obl

igat

ions

, tak

ing

into

acc

ount

nat

iona

l so

cio-

eco

nom

ic c

ondi

tions

.

4.

By

2020

, at t

he la

test

, Gov

ernm

ents

, bus

ines

s an

d st

akeh

olde

rs a

t all

leve

ls h

ave

take

n st

eps

to a

chie

ve o

r hav

e im

plem

ente

d pl

ans

for s

usta

inab

le p

rodu

ctio

n an

d co

nsum

ptio

n an

d ha

ve k

ept t

he im

pact

s of

use

of n

atur

al re

sour

ces

wel

l w

ithin

saf

e ec

olog

ical

lim

its.

Str

ateg

ic G

oal B

: Red

uce

the

dire

ct p

ress

ures

on

biod

iver

sity

and

pro

mot

e su

stai

nabl

e u

se

5.

By

2020

, the

rate

of l

oss

of a

ll na

tura

l hab

itats

, inc

ludi

ng fo

rest

s, is

at l

east

ha

lved

and

whe

re fe

asib

le b

roug

ht c

lose

to z

ero,

and

deg

rada

tion

and

frag

men

-ta

tion

is s

igni

fican

tly re

duce

d.

6.

By

2020

, all

fish

and

inve

rteb

rate

sto

cks

and

aqua

tic p

lant

s ar

e m

anag

ed a

nd

harv

este

d su

stai

nabl

y, le

gally

and

app

lyin

g ec

osys

tem

- bas

ed a

ppro

ache

s, s

o th

at o

verfi

shin

g is

avo

ided

, rec

over

y pl

ans

and

mea

sure

s ar

e in

pla

ce fo

r all

depl

eted

spe

cies

, fish

erie

s ha

ve n

o si

gnifi

cant

adv

erse

impa

cts

on th

reat

ened

sp

ecie

s an

d vu

lner

able

eco

syst

ems

and

the

impa

cts

of fi

sher

ies

on s

tock

s, s

pe-

cies

and

eco

syst

ems

are

with

in s

afe

ecol

ogic

al li

mits

.

7.

By

2020

, ar

eas

unde

r agr

icul

ture

, aqu

acul

ture

and

fore

stry

are

man

aged

sus

-ta

inab

ly, e

nsur

ing

cons

erva

tion

of b

iodi

vers

ity.

8.

B

y 20

20, p

ollu

tion,

incl

udin

g fr

om e

xces

s nu

trie

nts,

has

bee

n br

ough

t to

leve

ls

that

are

not

det

rim

enta

l to

ecos

yste

m fu

nctio

n an

d bi

odiv

ersi

ty.

9.

B

y 20

20, i

nvas

ive

alie

n sp

ecie

s an

d pa

thw

ays

are

iden

tified

and

pri

oriti

zed,

pri

or-

ity s

peci

es a

re c

ontr

olle

d or

era

dica

ted,

and

mea

sure

s ar

e in

pla

ce to

man

age

path

way

s to

pre

vent

thei

r int

rodu

ctio

n an

d es

tabl

ishm

ent.

Nam

ibia

’s N

BSA

P2St

rate

gic

Goa

ls a

nd T

arge

ts S

trat

egic

Goa

l 1: A

ddre

ss th

e un

derl

ying

cau

ses

of b

iodi

vers

ity lo

ss b

y m

ains

trea

min

g

bi

odiv

ersi

ty a

cros

s go

vern

men

t and

soc

iety

1.1

By

2020

, at l

east

75

per c

ent

of s

urve

yed

key

targ

et g

roup

s kn

ow th

e m

eani

ng o

f bio

di-

vers

ity a

nd c

an id

entif

y im

port

ant r

easo

ns fo

r bio

dive

rsity

1.

2 B

y 20

18, b

iodi

vers

ity v

alue

s an

d pr

iorit

ized

eco

syst

em s

ervi

ces

are

quan

tified

, mon

i-to

red

and

mai

nstre

amed

to s

uppo

rt na

tiona

l and

sec

tora

l pol

icy-

mak

ing,

pla

nnin

g,

budg

etin

g an

d de

cisi

on-m

akin

g fra

mew

orks

1.

3

By

2018

, sel

ecte

d in

cent

ives

for b

iodi

vers

ity c

onse

rvat

ion

and

sust

aina

ble

use

are

in

plac

e an

d ap

plie

d, a

nd th

e m

ost h

arm

ful s

ubsi

dies

are

iden

tified

and

thei

r pha

se o

ut is

in

itiat

ed

Non

e

Str

ateg

ic G

oal 2

: Red

uce

the

dire

ct p

ress

ures

on

biod

iver

sity

and

pro

mot

e th

e su

stai

n

able

use

of b

iolo

gica

l res

ourc

es

2.1

By

2022

, the

rate

of l

oss

and

degr

adat

ion

of n

atur

al h

abita

ts o

utsi

de p

rote

cted

are

as

serv

ing

as e

colo

gica

l cor

ridor

s or

con

tain

ing

key

biod

iver

sity

are

as o

r pro

vidi

ng im

por-

tant

eco

syst

em s

ervi

ces

is m

inim

ized

thro

ugh

inte

grat

ed la

nd u

se p

lann

ing

2.

2 B

y 20

22, a

ll liv

ing

mar

ine

and

aqua

tic re

sour

ces

are

man

aged

sus

tain

ably

and

gui

ded

by th

e ec

osys

tem

app

roac

h

2.

3 B

y 20

22, P

rinci

ples

of s

ound

rang

elan

d an

d su

stai

nabl

e fo

rest

man

agem

ent,

and

good

en

viro

nmen

tal p

ract

ices

in a

gric

ultu

re a

re a

pplie

d on

at l

east

50

per c

ent

of a

ll re

leva

nt

area

s

2.4

By

2022

, pol

lutio

n, in

clud

ing

from

exc

ess

nutri

ents

, has

bee

n br

ough

t to

leve

ls th

at a

re

not d

etrim

enta

l to

biod

iver

sity

and

eco

syst

em h

ealth

and

func

tioni

ng

2.5

By

2015

, Nat

iona

l rev

iew

of i

nvas

ive

alie

n sp

ecie

s in

Nam

ibia

from

200

4 is

upd

ated

(in

clud

ing

iden

tifica

tion

of p

athw

ays)

, and

by

2018

prio

rity

mea

sure

s ar

e in

pla

ce to

cont

rol a

nd m

anag

e th

eir i

mpa

ct

54 55

CB

D S

trat

egic

Pla

nSt

rate

gic

Goa

ls a

nd T

arge

ts

10.

By

2015

, the

mul

tiple

ant

hrop

ogen

ic p

ress

ures

on

cora

l ree

fs, a

nd o

ther

vul

ner

abl

e ec

osys

tem

s im

pact

ed b

y cl

imat

e ch

ange

or o

cean

aci

dific

atio

n ar

e

m

inim

ized

, so

as to

mai

ntai

n th

eir i

nteg

rity

and

func

tioni

ng.

Str

ateg

ic G

oal C

: Im

prov

e th

e st

atus

of b

iodi

vers

ity b

y sa

fegu

ardi

ng e

cosy

stem

s, s

peci

es a

nd g

enet

ic d

iver

sity

11

. B

y 20

20, a

t lea

st 1

7 pe

r cen

t of t

erre

stri

al a

nd in

land

wat

er, a

nd 1

0 pe

r cen

t of

coas

tal a

nd m

arin

e ar

eas,

esp

ecia

lly a

reas

of p

artic

ular

impo

rtan

ce fo

r bio

dive

r-si

ty a

nd e

cosy

stem

ser

vice

s a

re c

onse

rved

thro

ugh

effe

ctiv

ely

and

equi

tabl

y m

anag

ed, e

colo

gica

lly re

pres

enta

tive

and

wel

l con

nect

ed s

yste

ms

of p

rote

cted

ar

eas

and

othe

r eff

ectiv

e ar

ea-b

ased

con

serv

atio

n m

easu

res,

and

inte

grat

ed in

to

the

wid

er la

ndsc

ape

and

seas

cape

s

12.

By

2020

, the

ext

inct

ion

of k

now

n th

reat

ened

spe

cies

has

bee

n pr

even

ted

and

thei

r con

serv

atio

n st

atus

, par

ticul

arly

of t

hose

mos

t in

decl

ine,

has

bee

n im

-pr

oved

and

sus

tain

ed.

13

. B

y 20

20, t

he g

enet

ic d

iver

sity

of c

ultiv

ated

pla

nts

and

farm

ed a

nd d

omes

ticat

ed

anim

als

and

of w

ild re

lativ

es, i

nclu

ding

oth

er s

ocio

-eco

nom

ical

ly a

s w

ell a

s cu

ltura

lly v

alua

ble

spec

ies,

is m

aint

aine

d, a

nd s

trat

egie

s ha

ve b

een

deve

lope

d an

d im

plem

ente

d fo

r min

imiz

ing

gene

tic e

rosi

on a

nd s

afeg

uard

ing

thei

r gen

etic

di

vers

ity.

Str

ateg

ic G

oal D

: Enh

ance

the

bene

fits

to a

ll fr

om b

iodi

vers

ity a

nd e

cosy

stem

ser

vice

s

14.

By

2020

, eco

syst

ems

that

pro

vide

ess

entia

l ser

vice

s, in

clud

ing

serv

ices

rela

ted

to w

ater

, and

con

trib

ute

to h

ealth

, liv

elih

oods

and

wel

l-bei

ng, a

re re

stor

ed a

nd

safe

guar

ded,

taki

ng in

to a

ccou

nt th

e ne

eds

of w

omen

, ind

igen

ous

and

loca

l com

m

uniti

es, a

nd th

e po

or a

nd v

ulne

rabl

e

15.

By

2020

, eco

syst

em re

silie

nce

and

the

cont

ribu

tion

of b

iodi

vers

ity to

car

bon

stoc

ks h

as b

een

enha

nced

, thr

ough

con

serv

atio

n an

d re

stor

atio

n, in

clud

ing

rest

orat

ion

of a

t lea

st 1

5 pe

r cen

t of d

egra

ded

ecos

yste

ms,

ther

eby

cont

ribu

ting

to c

limat

e ch

ange

miti

gatio

n an

d ad

apta

tion

and

to c

omba

ting

dese

rtifi

catio

n.

16

. B

y 20

15, t

he N

agoy

a Pr

otoc

ol o

n A

cces

s to

Gen

etic

Res

ourc

es a

nd th

e Fa

ir an

d Eq

uita

ble

Shar

ing

of B

enefi

ts A

risi

ng fr

om th

eir U

tiliz

atio

n is

in fo

rce

and

oper

a-tio

nal,

cons

iste

nt w

ith n

atio

nal l

egis

latio

n S

trat

egic

Goa

l E: E

nhan

ce im

plem

enta

tion

thro

ugh

part

icip

ator

y pl

anni

ng, k

now

ledg

e

m

anag

emen

t and

cap

acity

bui

ldin

g

17.

By

2015

, ea

ch P

arty

has

dev

elop

ed, a

dopt

ed a

s a

polic

y in

stru

men

t, an

d ha

s co

mm

ence

d im

plem

entin

g an

eff

ectiv

e, p

artic

ipat

ory

and

upda

ted

natio

nal b

io-

dive

rsity

str

ateg

y an

d ac

tion

plan

.

18.

By

2020

, the

trad

ition

al k

now

ledg

e, in

nova

tions

and

pra

ctic

es o

f ind

igen

ous

and

loca

l com

mun

ities

rele

vant

for t

he c

onse

rvat

ion

and

sust

aina

ble

use

of b

iodi

ver-

sity

, and

thei

r cus

tom

ary

use

of b

iolo

gica

l res

ourc

es, a

re re

spec

ted,

sub

ject

to

natio

nal l

egis

latio

n an

d re

leva

nt in

tern

atio

nal o

blig

atio

ns, a

nd fu

lly in

tegr

ated

Nam

ibia

’s N

BSA

P2St

rate

gic

Goa

ls a

nd T

arge

ts

2.6

By

2016

, eco

syst

ems

mos

t vul

nera

ble

to c

limat

e ch

ange

and

thei

r ant

hrop

ogen

ic

sure

s ar

e id

entifi

ed, a

nd b

y 20

18 a

ppro

pria

te a

dapt

atio

n m

easu

res

are

deve

lope

d an

d im

plem

ente

d in

prio

rity

area

s S

trat

egic

Goa

l 3: I

mpr

ove

the

stat

us o

f bio

dive

rsity

by

safe

guar

ding

eco

syst

ems,

spe

cies

and

gen

etic

div

ersi

ty

3.1

By

2018

, exi

stin

g te

rres

trial

pro

tect

ed a

reas

(nat

iona

l par

ks) a

re c

onse

rved

, effe

ctiv

ely

and

equi

tabl

y m

anag

ed, w

ithin

an

ecol

ogic

ally

repr

esen

tativ

e an

d w

ell-c

onne

cted

sy

stem

, and

by

2020

, coa

stal

and

mar

ine

area

s, o

f par

ticul

ar im

port

ance

to b

iodi

vers

ity

and

ecos

yste

m s

ervi

ces

are

iden

tified

and

mea

sure

s fo

r the

ir pr

otec

tion

initi

ated

3.

2 B

y 20

16, t

hrea

tene

d an

d vu

lner

able

spe

cies

list

s ar

e up

date

d an

d m

easu

res

impl

e-m

ente

d by

201

9 to

impr

ove

thei

r con

serv

atio

n st

atus

3.

3 B

y 20

20, G

enet

ic d

iver

sity

of c

ultiv

ated

pla

nts

and

farm

ed a

nim

als

is m

aint

aine

d an

d en

hanc

ed

Str

ateg

ic G

oal 4

: Enh

ance

the

bene

fits

to a

ll fr

om b

iodi

vers

ity a

nd e

cosy

stem

ser

vice

s

4.1

By

2022

, eco

syst

ems

that

pro

vide

ess

entia

l ser

vice

s an

d co

ntrib

ute

to h

ealth

, liv

eli-

hood

s an

d w

ell-b

eing

are

saf

egua

rded

, and

rest

orat

ion

prog

ram

mes

hav

e be

en in

itiat

ed

for d

egra

ded

ecos

yste

ms

cove

ring

at le

ast 1

5 pe

r cen

t of

the

prio

rity

area

s

4.

2 B

y 20

15, n

atio

nal l

egis

latio

n gi

ving

effe

ct to

the

Nag

oya

Pro

toco

l is

in fo

rce

and

by

2018

, ful

ly o

pera

tiona

l to

ensu

re th

at b

enefi

ts a

re fa

ir an

d eq

uita

bly

shar

ed fr

om th

e co

nser

vatio

n an

d su

stai

nabl

e us

e of

bio

dive

rsity

Str

ateg

ic G

oal 5

: Enh

ance

impl

emen

tatio

n of

NB

SAP2

thro

ugh

part

icip

ator

y pl

anni

ng,

kno

wle

dge

man

agem

ent a

nd c

apac

ity b

uild

ing

Not

app

licab

le

5.

1 B

y 20

20, T

radi

tiona

l kno

wle

dge

and

the

inno

vatio

ns a

nd p

ract

ices

of i

ndig

enou

s an

d lo

cal c

omm

uniti

es re

leva

nt to

the

cons

erva

tion

and

sust

aina

ble

use

of b

iodi

vers

ity a

re

reco

gnis

ed, r

espe

cted

and

pro

mot

ed

56

CB

D S

trat

egic

Pla

nSt

rate

gic

Goa

ls a

nd T

arge

ts

an

d re

flect

ed in

the

impl

emen

tatio

n of

the

Con

vent

ion

with

the

full

and

effe

ctiv

e pa

rtic

ipat

ion

of in

dige

nous

and

loca

l com

mun

ities

, at a

ll re

leva

nt le

vels

.

19.

By

2020

, kno

wle

dge,

the

scie

nce

base

and

tech

nolo

gies

rela

ting

to b

iodi

vers

ity,

its v

alue

s, fu

nctio

ning

, sta

tus

and

tren

ds, a

nd th

e co

nseq

uenc

es o

f its

loss

, are

im

prov

ed, w

idel

y sh

ared

and

tran

sfer

red,

and

app

lied.

20

. B

y 20

20, a

t the

late

st, t

he m

obili

zatio

n of

fina

ncia

l res

ourc

es fo

r eff

ectiv

ely

impl

emen

ting

the

Stra

tegi

c Pl

an 2

011-

202

0 fr

om a

ll so

urce

s an

d in

acc

orda

nce

with

the

cons

olid

ated

and

agr

eed

proc

ess

in th

e St

rate

gy fo

r Res

ourc

e M

obili

za-

tion

shou

ld in

crea

se s

ubst

antia

lly fr

om th

e cu

rren

t lev

els.

Nam

ibia

’s N

BSA

P2St

rate

gic

Goa

ls a

nd T

arge

ts

5.

2 B

y 20

22, k

now

ledg

e, s

cien

ce b

ase

and

tech

nolo

gies

rela

ting

to b

iodi

vers

ity a

nd e

co-

syst

em m

anag

emen

t are

impr

oved

and

mad

e re

leva

nt to

pol

itica

l dec

isio

n- m

aker

s

5.

3 B

y 20

22, m

obili

zatio

n of

fina

ncia

l res

ourc

es fr

om a

ll so

urce

s ha

s be

en in

crea

sed

com

-pa

red

to th

e pe

riod

2008

-201

2 to

allo

w fo

r the

effe

ctiv

e im

plem

enta

tion

of th

is s

trate

gy

and

actio

n pl

an.

56 57

Rel

evan

t Ref

eren

ce P

oint

in N

amib

ia’s

NB

SAP2

2.

1; 2

.2; 2

.3; 2

.5; 3

.1; 3

.2; 3

.3; 4

.1; 4

.2; 5

.2

1.

1; 2

.3; 2

.6; 3

.2; 3

.3; 4

.1; 4

.2; 5

.2

1.

2; 2

.1; 2

.2; 2

.3; 2

.5; 3

.1; 3

.2; 3

.3; 4

.1; 4

.2; 5

.2

3.

1; 4

.1

2.

3; 3

.1; 3

.3; 4

.1

St

rate

gic

Are

a 2:

Bio

dive

rsity

-Bas

ed C

omm

unity

Liv

elih

oods

2.

3; 3

.1; 4

.1

2.

2; 2

.3; 3

.1; 3

.3; 4

.2

2.

3; 4

.2; 5

.1; 5

.2

2.

3; 2

.6; 3

.1; 3

.3; 4

.1; 4

.2

St

rate

gic

Are

a 3:

Eco

nom

ic D

evel

opm

ent a

nd B

iodi

vers

ity

2.

2; 2

.3; 3

.1; 3

.3; 4

.2; 5

.1; 5

.2

2.

1; 3

.1; 3

.2

2.

2; 2

.3; 3

.1; 3

.3; 4

.2; 5

.1; 5

.2

N

one

1.

2

Ann

ex 3

: ALI

GN

MEN

T O

F N

BSA

P2 W

ITH

TH

E SA

DC

REG

ION

AL

BIO

DIV

ERSI

TY

STR

ATEG

Y A

ND

AC

TIO

N P

LAN

(B-S

AP)

SAD

C R

egio

nal B

-SA

P

St

rate

gic

Are

a 1:

Bio

dive

rsity

Gov

erna

nce

1.

1 E

ffect

ive

biod

iver

sity

man

agem

ent p

olic

ies

and

legi

slat

ion

1.

2 S

yner

gies

and

the

effe

ctiv

e im

plem

enta

tion

of M

EA

s an

d R

egio

nal E

nviro

nmen

tal

Pro

toco

ls

1.

3 Fu

nctio

nal i

nstit

utio

nal f

ram

ewor

ks fo

r bio

dive

rsity

man

agem

ent

1.

4 Im

prov

emen

ts in

the

TFC

A G

over

nanc

e Fr

amew

orks

1.

5 Fo

ster

ing

Equi

ty a

nd B

enefi

t -S

harin

g fro

m B

iodi

vers

ity

St

rate

gic

Are

a 2:

Bio

dive

rsity

-Bas

ed C

omm

unity

Liv

elih

oods

2.

1 C

onso

lidat

ion

of C

BN

RM

2.

2 D

iver

sific

atio

n of

Com

mun

ity B

iodi

vers

ity- B

ased

Liv

elih

ood

Opt

ions

2.

3 D

evel

opm

ent o

f the

Med

icin

al P

lant

s se

ctor

2.

4 C

limat

e C

hang

e R

esili

ent B

iodi

vers

ity- B

ased

Liv

elih

oods

St

rate

gic

Are

a 3:

Eco

nom

ic D

evel

opm

ent a

nd B

iodi

vers

ity

3.

1 D

evel

opm

ent o

f nat

ural

reso

urce

- bas

ed e

nter

pris

es

3.

2 B

iodi

vers

ity- B

ased

Tou

rism

3.

3 B

io T

rade

and

Div

ersi

ficat

ion

of E

cono

mic

Act

iviti

es

3.4

Bio

dive

rsity

Cer

tifica

tion

Sch

eme

3.

5 M

ains

tream

bio

dive

rsity

into

regi

onal

and

nat

iona

l dev

elop

men

t pla

ns

58

SAD

C R

egio

nal B

-SA

P

3.

6 Fa

cilit

ate

the

deve

lopm

ent o

f a c

ompr

ehen

sive

Pay

men

t for

Eco

syst

ems

Ser

vice

s sc

hem

e fo

r the

Reg

ion

St

rate

gic

Are

a 4:

Bio

dive

rsity

Man

agem

ent S

yste

ms

4.

1 B

iodi

vers

ity In

vent

ory

and

Mon

itorin

g

4.

2 Ef

fect

ive

Pro

tect

ed A

reas

Man

agem

ent S

yste

ms

4.

3 P

rom

otio

n of

CB

NR

M a

s a

Bio

dive

rsity

Con

serv

atio

n To

ol

4.

4 R

ehab

ilita

tion

and

Res

tora

tion

of d

egra

ded

ecos

yste

ms

4.

5 C

onse

rvin

g A

gric

ultu

ral B

iodi

vers

ity

4.

6 P

reve

ntio

n, C

ontro

l and

Man

agem

ent o

f Inv

asiv

e A

lien

Spe

cies

St

rate

gic

Are

a 5:

Bio

dive

rsity

and

Clim

ate

Cha

nge

5.

1 B

iodi

vers

ity a

nd E

cosy

stem

s Vu

lner

abili

ty A

sses

smen

t

5.

2 M

anag

ing

biod

iver

sity

for c

limat

e ch

ange

ada

ptat

ion

and

miti

gatio

n

5.

3 C

apac

ity B

uild

ing

for C

limat

e C

hang

e A

dapt

atio

n

St

rate

gic

Are

a 6:

Bio

dive

rsity

, Ene

rgy

and

othe

r dev

elop

men

t ini

tiativ

es

6.

1 M

anag

ing

the

Impa

cts

of th

e B

io- f

uels

Indu

stry

on

Bio

dive

rsity

6.

2 P

rom

otin

g B

iodi

vers

ity- F

riend

ly C

harc

oal S

ecto

r

6.

3 C

atal

ysin

g S

usta

inab

le E

nerg

y D

evel

opm

ent

6.

4 P

rom

ote

appr

opria

te m

itiga

tion

met

hods

and

saf

egua

rds

in in

frast

ruct

ure

deve

lopm

ent

Rel

evan

t Ref

eren

ce P

oint

in N

amib

ia’s

NB

SAP2

1.

2; 5

.3

St

rate

gic

Are

a 4:

Bio

dive

rsity

Man

agem

ent S

yste

ms

2.

1; 2

.2; 2

.3; 3

.1; 3

.2; 4

.1; 5

.2

3.

1; 4

.1

2.

3; 3

.1; 4

.1

2.

3; 4

.1

2.

3; 3

.3

2.

5

St

rate

gic

Are

a 5:

Bio

dive

rsity

and

Clim

ate

Cha

nge

2.

6

2.

3; 2

.4; 2

.6; 3

.3

N

one

St

rate

gic

Are

a 6:

Bio

dive

rsity

, Ene

rgy

and

othe

r dev

elop

men

t ini

tiativ

es

N

/a

2.

3; 4

.1

N

/a

2.

4

58 59

74 Namibia’s Second National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan

Namibia’s Second National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 75

REPUBLIC OF NAMIBIAMinistry of Environment and Tourism

Department of Environmental AffairsMinistry of Environment and Tourism

Private Bag 13346Windhoe Namibia

Tel + 264 61 284 2701Fax: +264 61 240 339

www.met.gov.na