named concepts in

Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Physics.pdf 1

Named Concepts in Physics

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Absolute zero measurements Onnes, H.K.; Crommelin, C.A. Communic. Phys. Lab. Leiden 1906, 95a, 1 Onnes, H.K.; Braak, C.; Clay, J. Proc. Acad. Amsterdam 1909, 10, 422; 429 Onnes, H.K.; Braak, C. K. Acad. Wetenschappen Amsterdam 1910, 11, 333; 344 Onnes, H.K.; Holst, G. Verslag. Akad. Wetenschappen 1914, 23, 175 Gibson, G.E.; Giauque, W.F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1923, 45, 93 Giauque, W.F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1927, 49, 1864 Giauque, W.F.; Clark, C.W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1932, 54, 3135 Giauque, W.F.; MacDougall, D.P. Phys. Rev. 1933, 43, 768 Giauque, W.F.; MacDougall, D.P. Phys. Rev. 1933, 44, 235 Giauque, W.F.; MacDougall, D.P. Phys. Rev. 1935, 47, 885 Giauque, W.F.; MacDougall, D.P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1935, 57, 1175 Giauque, W.F. Ind. Eng. Chem. 1936, 28, 743

Action of currents on magnets Oersted, H.C. Experimenta circa efficacium conflictus electrici in acum magneticum, 1820 Oersted, H.C. Ann. Philos. 1820, 16, 273 Kemp, J.E. J. Telegraph Engineers, 1876, 5, 459 (translation)

Alpha particles Rutherford, E. Phil. Mag. 1903, 5, 177 Rutherford, E.; Royds, T.Phil. Mag. 1909, 17, 281 Bragg, W.H. Phil. Mag. 1904, 8, 719 Geiger, H; Nuttall, J.M.Phil. Mag. 1911, 22, 613

Ampère's law Ampère, A. Ann. Chim. Phys. Ser. II 1822, 20, 60 Ampère, A. Ann. Chim. Phys. Ser. II 1820, 15, 59 Ampère, A. Mem. de l'Acad. Roy. Sci. Inst. 1823, 6, 175 Atomic force microscopy (AFM) Binnig, G.; Quate, C.F.; Gerber, C. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1986, 56, 930 Binnig, G.; Gerber, C.; Stoll, E.; Albrecht, T.R.; Quate, C.F. Europhys. Lett. 1987, 3, 1281 Rugar, D.; Hansma, P. Physics Today 1990, 43(10), 23


Atomic nucleus Rutherford, E. Phil. Mag. 1911, 21, 669

Atomic spectroscopy Kirchhoff, G. Pogg. Ann. 1860, 109, 275 Kirchhoff, G.; Bunsen, R. Ann. Chem. 1861, 118, 349 Hartley, W.N. J. Chem. Soc. 1883, 43, 390 Auger effect, Auger electron spectroscopy Auger, P.; Dauvillier, A. Compt. Rend. 1923, 176, 1297 Auger, P. Compt. Rend. 1923, 177, 169 Auger, P. Compt. Rend. 1924, 178, 929 Auger, P. Compt. Rend. 1924, 178, 1535 Auger, P. Compt. Rend. 1925, 180, 65 Auger, P. Compt. Rend. 1926, 182, 773

Babinet's principle Babinet, J. Compt. Rend. 1837, 4, 638; 758 Barkhausen effect Barkhausen, H. Physik. Z. 1919, 20, 401

BCS theory of superconductivity Bardeen, J.; Cooper, L.N.; Schrieffer, J.R. Phys. Rev. 1957, 106, 162 Bardeen, J.; Cooper, L.N.; Schrieffer, J.R. Phys. Rev. 1957, 108, 1175 Bardeen, J. Physica 1958, 24, S27

Beer-Lambert-Bouguer's law Bouguer, P. Essai d'optique sur la graduation de la lumière, Paris, 1729 Lambert , J.H. Photometrica, 1760 Beer, A., Ann. Physik 1852, 86, 78 Bell operator Bell, J. Physics 1964, 1, 195

BET method Brunauer, S.; Emmett, P.H.; Teller, E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1938, 60, 309 Teller, E. ACS Symp. Ser. 1983, 222, 227 Biot-Savart law Biot, J.B.; Savart, F. Ann. Chim. Phys. 1820, 15, 222 Blackbody radiation Planck, M. Ann. Physik 1901, 4, 553


Bloch-Siegert effect Bloch, F.; Siegert, A. Phys. Rev. 1940, 57, 522 Bloch equations Bloch, F., Phys. Rev. 1956, 102, 104 Bloch, F., Phys. Rev. 1946, 70, 460 Bohr correspondence principle Bohr, N., Nature 1921, 108, 208 Bohr theory, model of atom Bohr, N., Phil. Mag. 1913, 26, 1; 476 Bohr, N., Phil. Mag. 1913, 26, 857

Bohr's laws of line spectra of gases Bohr, N. Phil. Mag. 1913, 26, 1; 476; 857 Born-Oppenheimer approximation Born, M.; Oppenheimer, R., Ann. Physik (Leipzig) 1927, 84, 457

Bose-Einstein statistics Bose, S.N., Z. Physik 1924, 26, 178 Einstein, A., Berliner Ber. 1924, 261 Einstein, A., Berliner Ber. 1925, 3

Bragg equation, Bragg angle of diffraction, Bragg planes, Bragg reflection indices Bragg, W.L., Proc. Cambridge Phil. Soc. 1912, 17, 43

Bragg-Gray equation Gray, L.H. Proc. Roy. Soc. London 1936, 156A, 578

Brewster's stress birefringence; fringes Brewster, D. Phil. Trans. 1815, 105, 60 Brewster, D. Phil. Trans. 1816, 106, 156 Brewster, D. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 1818, 8, 369 de Broglie's law, de Broglie wavelength de Broglie, L., Ann. Physik 1925, 3, 22 de Broglie, L., Nature 1923, 112, 540 de Broglie, L., Ann. Phys. 1925, 3, 22 de Broglie, L., Compt. Rend. 1923, 177, 517; 548; 630


Brownian motion Brown, R., A Brief Account of Microscopial Observations made in the Months of June, July, and August 1827 on the Particles Contained in the Pollen of Plants; and on the General Existence of Active Molecules in Organic and Inorganic Bodies, 1827 Brown, R., Miscellaneous Botanical Works, Vol. I, 1866, p. 465 Wiener, J.C. Ann. Phys. 1863, 118, 79 Gouy, L.G. J. Physique 1888, 7, 561 Einstein, A. Ann. Physik 1905, 17, 549 Einstein, A. Ann. Physik 1906, 19, 371 Langevin, P. Compt. Rend. 1908, 146, 530 Perrin, J. Atoms, Constable: London, 1916

Carr-Purcell experiment Carr,H.Y.; Purcell, E.M. Phys. Rev. 1954, 94, 630

Casimir effect Casimir, H.B.G.; Polder, D. Phys. Rev. 1948, 73, 360 Casimir, H.B.G. Proc. K. Ned. Akad. Wettensch. 1948, 60, 793

Casimir operator Casimir, H.B.G. Proc. Roy. Acad. Amsterdam 1931, 34, 844

Chain reacting atomic pile Fermi, E.; Segre, E. Phys. Rev. 1941, 59, 680 Fermi, E. Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1946, 90, 20

Cherenkov effect Cherenkov, P.A. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. USSR 1934, 2, 451 Cherenkov, P.A. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 1934, 2, 451 Tamm, I.E.; Frank, I.M. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. USSR 1937, 14, 107 Tamm, I.E.; Frank, I.M. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 1934, 14, 107 Vavilov, S.I. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. USSR 1934, 2, 457 Vavilov, S.I. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 1934, 2, 457

Clausius statement of second law of thermodynamics Clausius, R., Ann. Physik Chem. 1850, 79, 368 Clausius, R., Ann. Physik Chem. 1850, 79, 500

Clusius-Dickel thermal diffusion column Clusius, K; Staveley, L.; Dickel, G. Z. Physik. Chem. 1941, 50B, 403 Clusius, K.; Dickel, G. Naturwiss. 1940, 28, 711 Dickel, G.; Clusius, K. Naturwiss. 1940, 28, 461 Dickel, G.; Clusius, K. Z. Physik. Chem. 1940, B48, 50 Clusius, K.; Dickel, G. Naturwiss. 1941, 29, 560 Clusius, K.; Dickel, G. Z. Physik. Chem. 1942, 52B, 348 Clusius, K.; Dickel, G. Z. Physik. Chem. 1943, 53B, 178 Müller, G.; Vasaru, G. Isotopenpraxis 1988, 24, 455


Compton effect, Compton wavelength Compton, A.H., Phys. Rev. 1923, 21, 409 Compton, A.H., Phys. Rev. 1923, 21, 483 Concept of D(Dirichlet)-branes Polchinski, J. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1995, 75, 4724 Horowitz, G.T.; Polchinski, J. Phys. Rev. D 1997, 55, 6189; 6423 Concept of laser Schawlow, A.R.; Townes, C.H. Phys. Rev. 1958, 112, 1940 Solon, L.R.; Aronson, R.; Gould, G. Science 1961, 134, 1506 Rabinowitz, P.; Jacobs, S.; Gould, G. Appl. Opt. 1962, 1, 513 Jacobs, S.; Gould, G.; Rabinowitz, P. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1961, 7, 415 Gould, G. Appl. Opt. Suppl. 1965, 2, 59 Jarrett, S.M.; Nunez, J.; Gould, G. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1965, 7, 294 Piltch, M.; Gould, G. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 1966, 37, 925 Piltch, M.; Walter, W.T.; Solimene, N.; Gould, G.; Bennett, W.R. Jr. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1965, 7, 309 Jarrett, S.M.; Nunez, J.; Gould, G. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1966, 8, 150 Walter, W.T.; Solimene, N.; Piltch, M.; Gould, G. IEEE J. Quant. Electronics 1966, 2, 474 Gould, G. US Pat. 4,053,845 (1977/10/11) Optically pumped laser amplifiers Concept of overvoltage Caspari, W.A. Z. Physik. Chem. 1899, 30, 89

Concept of quarks Gell-Mann, M. Phys. Lett. 1964, 8, 214 Feynman, R.P.; Gell-Mann, M.; Zweig, G. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1964, 13, 678 Zweig, G. CERN Report No. 8419/TH412, February 21, 1964 Concepts in condensed matter physics Landau, L.D. Phys. Z. Sowjet. 1937, 11, 26; 129; 545 Landau, L.D.; Pomeranchuk, I. Phys. Z. Sowjet. 1936, 10, 649 Landau, L.D. J. Phys. USSR 1941, 5, 71 Landau, L.D. J. Phys. USSR 1946, 11, 91 Landau, L.D. J. Phys. USSR 1943, 7, 99 Landau, L.D. J. Phys. USSR 1944, 8, 1 Landau, L.D.; Khalatnikov, I.M. JETP 1949, 19, 637; 709 Landau, L.D.; Ginzburg, V.L. JETP 1950, 20, 1064 Landau, L.D. JETP 1956, 30, 1058 Landau, L.D. JETP 1957, 32, 59 Landau, L.D. JETP 1958, 35, 97

Conservation of energy Helmholtz, H. Ueber die Erhaltung der Kraft, 1847 Tyndall, J. Sci. Memoirs Natural Philosophy, 1853, 114 (translation)


Continuous wavelet transform (cochlear transform) Zweig, G.; Lipes, R.; Pierce, J.R. J. Acoustical Soc. Am. 1976, 59, 975 Zweig, G. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 1976, 40, 619

Cooley-Tukey algorithm Cooley, J.W.; Tukey, J.W. Math. Comput. 1965, 19, 297 Coriolis force Coriolis, G.G. J. Ecole Polytechn. 1832, 13, 228; 265 Coriolis, G.G. Compt. Rend. 1836, 2, 85 Coulomb's law Coulomb, C.A. Mem. de l'Acad. Roy. Sci. 1788, 569; 578 Curie unit of radiation Curie, P; Desains, P., Compt. Rend. 1880, 90, 1506 Curie, M. Compt. Rend. 1898, 126, 1101 Curie, M.S., Curie, P., Compt. Rend. 1898, 127, 175 Curie, M.S.; Curie, P.; Bémont, G., Compt. Rend. 1898, 127, 1215 Curie-Weiss law, Curie temperature, Curie point Curie, P.; Curie, J., Compt. Rend. 1880, 91, 294 Curie, P. Ann. Chim. Phys. 1895, 5[7], 289 Weiss, P. J. Physique 1905, 4, 469; 829 Weiss, P.; Kunz, J. J. Physique 1905, 4, 847 Weiss, P. Compt. Rend. 1906, 144, 25 Weiss, P. Compt. Rend. 1906, 143, 1136 Debye-Hückel law Debye, P.; Huckel, E., Physik. Z. 1923, 24, 185; 334 Debye, P.; Huckel, E., Physik. Z. 1924, 25, 97

Debye equation for polarization Debye T3 law, Debye-Einstein law, Debye temperature Debye, P., Ann. Physik 1912, 39, 789 Debye-Waller factor Waller, I. Z. Physik 1923, 17, 398 Waller, I. Z. Physik 1926, 38, 635 Waller, I. Ann. Physik 1926, 79, 261 Waller, I. Ann. Physik 1927, 83, 153 Waller, I. Phil. Mag. 1927, 4[7], 1228


Density functional theory Hohenberg, P.; Kohn, W. Phys. Rev. 1964, 136, B864 Kohn, W.; Sham, L.J. Phys. Rev. 1965, 140, A1133 Merwin, N.D. Phys. Rev. 1965, 137A, 1441 Schlüter, M.; Sham, L.J. Physics Today 1982, 35(2), 36 Becke, A.D., Phys. Rev. A 1988, 38, 3098 Lee, C.; Yang, W.; Parr. R.G., Phys. Rev. B 1988, 37, 785 Density matrix concept for energy Landau, L.D.

Determination of e/m ratio for cathode rays deflected in magnetic field Schuster, A. Proc. Roy. Soc. London 1884, 37, 317 Schuster, A. Proc. Roy. Soc. London 1887, 42, 371 Schuster, A. Proc. Roy. Soc. London 1890, 47, 526

Development of the cyclotron Lawrence, E.O.; Livingston, M.S. Science 1930, 72, 376 Lawrence, E.O.; Livingston, M.S. Phys. Rev. 1931, 38, 834 Lawrence, E.O.; Livingston, M.S. Phys. Rev. 1932, 40, 19 Lawrence, E.O.; Livingston, M.S. Phys. Rev. 1934, 45, 608 Lawrence, E.O.; Cooksey, D. Phys. Rev. 1936, 50, 1131 Lawrence, E.O. Prix Nobel 1951, 127

Diamagnetism Faraday, M. Phil. Trans. 1846, 136, 21 Faraday, M. Phil. Trans. 1846, 136, 41 Weber, M.W. Ann. Pogg. 1852, 87, 145 Diffraction of light Fresnel, A. Mem. de l'Acad. Sci. 1826, 5, 339 Dirac bra-ket ("bra" and "ket") notation Dirac, P.A.M., The Principles of Quantum Mechanics, Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1958 Discovery of antideuteron Massam, T.; Muller, T.; Righini, B.; Schneegans, M.; Zichichi, A. Nuovo Cimento 1965, 39, 10 Dorfan, D.E.; Eades, J.; Lederman, L.M.; Lee, W.; Ting, C.C. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1965, 14, 1003

Discovery of antineutron Cork, B.; Lamberston, G.R.; Piccioni, O.; Wenzel, W.A. Phys. Rev. 1956, 104, 1193

Discovery of antiproton


Chamberlain, O.; Segre, E.; Wiegand, C.; Ypsilantis, T. Phys. Rev. 1955, 100, 947 Chamberlain, O.; Segre, E.; Wiegand, C.; Ypsilantis, T. Nature 1956, 177, 11

Discovery of cathode rays Plücker, J. Ann. Physik 1859, 107, 497; 638 Plücker, J. Ann. Chim. Phys. 1859, 57, 497 Plücker, J. Proc. Roy. Soc. London 1959 - 1860, 10, 256 Plücker, J. Nuovo Cimento 1860, 11, 66 Plücker, J. Ann. Physik 1862, 116, 27 Hittorf, W. Ann. Physik 1869, 136, 1; 197 Hittorf, W. Ann. Chim. Phys. 1869, 17, 487 Goldstein, E. Sitzungsber. Konigl. Akad. Wissensch. Berlin 1886, 39, 691

Discovery of cosmic ray sources Fiorini, E.; Giacconi, R.; Succi, C. Nuovo Cimento 1957, 6, 963

Discovery of dark matter Zwicky, F. Physics Today 1953, 6(4), 7 Discovery of electron Thomson, J.J. Phil. Mag. 1897, 44, 293 Wiechert, J.E. Ann. Phys. 1897, 61, 544

Discovery of field particles W and Z Cline, D.; Mann, A.K.; Rubbia, C. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1970, 25, 1309 Cline, D.; Rubbia, C. Physics Today 1980, 33(8), 50 Cline, D.; Rubbia, C.; van der Meer, S. Sci. Amer. 1982, 246(3), 48

Discovery of magnetic properties of crystals (tourmaline) Plücker, J. Ann. Physik 1847, 72, 315

Discovery of neutrino Fermi, E. Z. Physik 1934, 89, 522 (hypothesis) Gamow, G. Physik. Blaetter 1949, 5, 108 (hypothesis) Reines, F.; Cowan, C.L. Jr. Phys. Rev. 1953, 90, 492 Reines, F.; Cowan, C.L. Jr. Phys. Rev. 1953, 92, 830 Cowan, C.L. Jr.; Reines, F.; Harrison, F.B.; Kruse, H.W.; McGuire, A.D. Science 1956, 124, 103 Reines, F.; Cowan, C.L. Jr. Nature 1956, 178, 446 Reines, F.; Cowan, C.L. Jr. Physics Today 1957, 10(8), 12

Discovery of neutron Chadwick, J. Nature 1932, 129, 312 Chadwick, J. Proc. Roy. Soc. London A 1932, 136, 692 Chadwick, J. Z. Elektrochem. 1932, 38, 546 Chadwick, J. Brit. J. Radiol. 1933, 6, 24 Chadwick, J. Proc. Roy. Soc. London A 1933, 142, 1


Discovery of non-conservation parity laws Wu, C.S. Proc. Inter. School Physics Enrico Fermi 1966, 32, 52 Wu, C.S. Alpha-, Beta-, and Gamma-ray Spectr. 1965, 2, 1313; 1365; 1415

Discovery of parahydrogen Bonhoeffer, K.F.; Harteck, P. Naturwiss. 1929, 17, 182 Discovery of plane polarized light Malus, E.L. Mem. Soc. d'Arceuil 1809, 2, 143

Discovery of positron Anderson, C.D. Phys. Rev. 1933, 43, 491 Anderson, C.D.; Neddermeyer, S.H. Phys. Rev. 1933, 43, 1034 Neddermeyer, S.H.; Anderson, C.D. Phys. Rev. 1934, 45, 498 Anderson, C.D.; Neddermeyer, S.H. Phys. Rev. 1934, 45, 653 Anderson, C.D. Naturwiss. 1934, 22, 293 Discovery of pulsars Hewish, A.; Bell, S.J.; Pilkington, J.D.H.; Scott, P.F.; Collins, R.A. Nature 1968, 217, 709 Pilkington, J.D.H.; Hewish, A.; Bell, S.J.; Cole, T.W. Nature 1968, 218, 126 Discovery of rotation of plane polarized light due to optically active solutions (discovery of optical activity) Biot, J.B. Mem. Acad. Sci. Inst. 1819, 2, 41

Disintegration of the elements Rutherford, E. Phil. Mag. 1900, 49, 1 Rutherford, E.; Soddy, F. Phil. Mag. 1903, 5, 576 Rutherford, E. Phil. Mag. 1911, 21, 669 Rutherford, E. Radio-activity, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1904 Rutherford, E. Radioactive Substances and their Radiations, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1913 Rutherford, E. Radioactive Transformations, Yale University Press: New Haven, 1906 Dispersion of light into component colours Newton, I. Phil. Trans. 1672, 80, 3075 Newton, I. Phil. Trans. Abridged 1672, 1, 128 Newton, I. Treatise on Optics, 1704 Doppler effect Doppler, C. Abhand. Köngl. Böhm. Gesellsch. 1842, 2(5), 465 Doppler, C. Ann. Physik Chem. 1846, 68, 1 Drude equations Drude, P. Ann. Physik 1889, 36, 532; 865


Drude, P. Ann. Physik 1890, 39, 481 Drude, P. The Theory of Optics, Longmans: London, 1902 Drude, P. Ann. Physik 1904, 14, 677; 936 Airy, G.B. Phil. Mag. 1833, 2, 20 Airy, G.B. Trans. Cambridge Phil. Soc. 1833, 4, 279; 313

Dye laser Schaefer, F.P.; Schmidt, W. Z. Naturforch. A 1964, 19A, 1019 Marowsky, G.; Ringwelski, L.; Schaefer, F.P. Z. Naturforch. A 1972, 27A, 711 Schaefer, F.P.; Ringwelski, L. Z. Naturforch. A 1973, 28A, 792 Schaefer, F.P. Trends Phys. Plenary Lect. Gen. Conf. Eur. Phys. Soc. 1973, 287 Basting, D.; Schaefer, F.P.; Steyer, B. Appl. Phys. (Berlin) 1974, 3, 81 Schaefer, F.P. Top. Curr. Chem. 1976, 61, 1 Schaefer, F.P. Lect. Notes Physics 1975, 43, 39 Schaefer, F.P. Springer Ser. Optical Science 1976, 3, 50 Schaefer, F.P. Laser Chemistry 1983, 3, 265 Schaefer, F.P. Top. Appl. Phys. 1992, 70, 19 Schaefer, F.P. EPA Newsletter 1993, 47, 33

Ehrenfest equation, Ehrenfest theorem Ehrenfest, P., Z. Physik 1927, 45, 455

Ehrenfest adiabatic law Ehrenfest, P., Ann. Physik 1916, 51, 327 Ehrenfest, P., Phil. Mag. 1917, 33, 500

Ehrenfest symmetry factor Ehrenfest, P.; Trkal, V. Ann. Physik 1921, 65, 609 Eight-fold way Gell-Mann, M. California Institute of Technology Synchrotron Laboratory, Report CTSl-20, 1961 Ne’eman, Y. Nuclear Physics 1961, 26, 222 Gell-Mann, M. Phys. Rev. 1962, 125, 1067 Einstein mass-energy equation Einstein, A., Ann. Physik 1905, 17, 891 Einstein, A., Ann. Physik 1916, 49, 769 Einstein, A., Berlin Sitzber. 1915, 778; 799; 831; 844 Einstein equation for specific heat, Einstein law, Einstein temperature Einstein, A., Ann. Physik 1907, 22, 180 Einstein-Smoluchowski equation Einstein, A., Z. Elektrochem. 1908, 14, 235 Smoluchowski, M., Ann. Physik 1908, 25, 205


Electromagnetic radiation Hertz, H. Sitzber. Berlin Akad. Wiss. Wiedem. Ann. 1888, 34, 551 Hertz, H. Electric Waves, Macmillan: London, 1893 Electromotive force, potential, unit of volts, principle of batteries Volta, A., Phil. Trans. 1800, 90, 403 Electron configuration of atoms (Aufbau principle) Bohr, N. Z. Physik 1922, 9, 1 Stoner, E.C.Phil. Mag. 1924, 48, 719

Electron diffraction by crystals Davisson, C.J.; Germer, L.H. Phys. Rev. 1920, 15, 330 Davisson, C.J.; Pidgeon, H.A. Phys. Rev. 1920, 15, 553 Davisson, C.J.; Kunsman, C.H. Science 1921, 54, 522 Davisson, C.J.; Kunsman, C.H. Phys. Rev. 1922, 19, 534 Davisson, C.J.; Kunsman, C.H. Phys. Rev. 1922, 20, 110 Davisson, C.J.; Kunsman, C.H. Phys. Rev. 1923, 22, 242 Davisson, C.J. Phys. Rev. 1923, 21, 637 Davisson, C.J.; Germer, L.H. Nature 1927, 119, 558 Davisson, C.J.; Germer, L.H. Phys. Rev. 1927, 30, 705 Davisson, C.J.; Germer, L.H. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1928, 14, 317; 619 Davisson, C.J. J. Franklin Inst. 1928, 205, 597 Davisson, C.J.; Germer, L.H. Phys. Rev. 1928, 31, 155 Thomson, G.P. Proc. Roy. Inst. Gt. Brit. 1928, 122, 470 Thomson, G.P. Phil. Mag. 1928, 6[7], 939 Thomson, G.P. Nature 1929, 123, 912 Thomson, G.P. Proc. Roy. Soc. London 1929, A125, 352 Thomson, G.P. Proc. Roy. Soc. London 1930, A128, 649 Thomson, G.P. Nature 1930, 126, 55 Thomson, G.P. Proc. Roy. Soc. London 1931, A133, 1 Davisson, C.J.; Germer, L.H. Phys. Rev. 1931, 38, 124 Thomson, G.P. Nature 1935, 135, 492

Electron microscopy Muller, K.; Ruska, E. Mikroscopie 1969, 23, 197 Riecke, W.D.; Ruska, E. Z. Wiss. Mikr. 1957, 63, 288 Ruska, E. Rev. Mod. Phys. 1987, 59 (Pt. 1), 627 Ruska, E. Bioscience Rep. 1987, 7, 607 Ruska, E. Phys. Bl. 1987, 43, 271 Nordgren, J.; Agren, H.; Werme, L.O.; Nordling, C.; Siegbahn, K. J. Phys. B. 1976, 9, 295

Electron spin resonance Zavoiskii, E.K. Zh. Eksptl. Teoret. Fiz. 1947, 17, 155 Zavoiskii, E.K. Zh. Eksptl. Teoret. Fiz. 1947, 17, 883 Zavoiskii, E.K. J. Phys. (USSR) 1947, 11(2)


Zavoiskii, E.K. Doklady Akad. Nauk SSSR 1947, 57, 887 Zavoiskii, E.K. Chem. Zentr. (Russian Zone Ed.) 1949, 1, 170 Wertz, J.E. Chem. Rev. 1955, 55, 829 Ayscough, P. Electron Spin Resonance in Chemistry, London, 1967

Faraday's law, Faraday effect Faraday, M., Phil. Trans. 1833, 123, 23 Faraday, M., Phil. Trans. 1834, 124, 77 Faraday, M., Experimental Researches in Electricity, 1859 Fermi-Dirac distribution Dirac, P.A.M., Proc. Roy. Soc. London Ser. A., 1926, 112, 661 Fermi, E., Z. Physik 1926, 36, 902 Fick's first law of diffusion, Fick's second law of diffusion Fick, A., Ann. Physik 1855, 94, 59 Franck-Condon transition, Franck-Condon factor, Franck-Condon principle Franck, J., Trans. Faraday Soc. 1925, 21, 536 Condon, E.U., Phys. Rev. 1928, 32, 858 Condon, E.U., Am. J. Phys. 1947, 15, 365 Fabry-Pérot interferometer Fabry, C.; Pérot, A. Compt. Rend. 1896, 123, 802 Fabry, C.; Pérot, A. Compt. Rend. 1898, 126, 34 Faraday effect Faraday, M. Phil. Mag. 1846, 28, 294 Faraday, M. Phil. Mag. 1846, 29, 153 Fermat's principle of least time Fermat, P. Oeuvres de Fermat (Paris) 1891, 2, 354 Ferromagnetism theory Heisenberg, W. Z. Physik 1928, 49, 619 Feynman diagram Feynman, R.P. Phys. Rev. 1948, 74, 939; 1430 Feynman, R.P. Phys. Rev. 1949, 76, 769 Feynman, R.P. Phys. Rev. 1950, 80, 440 Dyson, F.J. Phys. Rev. 1949, 75, 486; 1736

Feynman ratchet and pawl


Feynman, R.P.; Leighton, R.B.; Sands, M. The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Addison-Wesley: Reading, MA, 1966, Vol. 1, p. 46.1-46.9

Fluorescence Stokes, G. Proc. Roy. Soc. London 1852, 6, 195 Fraunhofer lines Fraunhofer, J. Gilberts Ann. 1817, 56, 264 Fredericksz (Frederiks, Fredericks) effect Frederiks, V.; Zolina, V. Trans. Faraday Soc. 1933, 29, 919 Frederiks, V.; Zvetkoff, V. Sov. Phys. 1934, 6, 490 Zwetkoff, V. Acta Phys. Chim. USSR 1937, 6, 865 Tsvetkov, V.N.; Sosnovskii, A. Acta Phys. Chim. USSR 1943, 18, 358 Fredericks, V.K.; Zolina, V. J. R. F. (Kharkov) Phys. 1969, 62, 457

Fresnel rhombs Fresnel, A. Ann. Chim. Phys. 1825, 28, 147 Fresnel laws Fresnel, A. Mem. de l'Acad. 1832, 11, 393 Fresnel, A. Oeuvres 1, 767 Foucault's pendulum Foucault, J. Compt. Rend. 1862, 55, 501 Fourier heat theorem Fourier, J. Théore Analytique de la Chaleur, 1822 Gamow-Condon-Gurney law Gamow, G. Z. Physik 1928, 51, 204 Condon, E.U.; Gurney, R.W. Phys. Rev. 1929, 33, 127 Gamow-Teller selection rule Gamow, G.; Teller, E. Phys. Rev. 1936, 49, 895 Gauss' law Gauss, C.F. "Werke", Königlichen Gesell. Wissen. Göttingen, Göttingen, 1877, Vol. 5 Geiger counter Rutherford, E.; Geiger, H. Proc. Roy. Soc. London A, 1908, 81, 612 Geiger, H.; Marsden, E. Proc. Roy. Soc. London A 1909, 82, 495

Geiger, H.; Marsden, E. Proc. Roy. Soc. London A 1910, 83, 492 Geiger, H.; Marsden, E. Phil. Mag. 1913, 25, 605


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Stokes law of fluorescence, Stokes lines, anti-Stokes lines Stokes shifts Stokes, G.G., Proc. Roy. Soc. 1852, 6, 195

Stokes law Stokes, G.G., Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 1856, 9, 5 String theory Green, M.B.; Schwarz, J.H. Phys. Rev. Lett B 1982, 109B, 444 Green, M.B.; Schwarz, J.H. Nucl. Phys. B 1982, 198B, 441; 474 Green, M.B.; Schwarz, J.H. Nucl. Phys. B 1983, 218B, 43 Green, M.B.; Schwarz, J.H.; Brink, L. Nucl. Phys. B 1983, 219B, 437 Green, M.B.; Schwarz, J.H. Phys. Lett. B 1984, 136B, 367 Green, M.B.; Schwarz, J.H. Phys. Lett. B 1984, 140B, 33 Green, M.B.; Schwarz, J.H. Nucl. Phys. B 1983, 243B, 475 Witten, E. Prog. Physics 1983, 9, 395 Witten, E. Phys. Lett. B 1984, 149B, 351 Witten, E. Nucl. Phys. B 1985, 249B, 557 Witten, E. Phys. Lett. B 1985, 153B, 243 Witten, E. Phys. Lett. B 1985, 155B, 151 Witten, E. Nucl. Phys. B 1985, 258B, 75 Wen, X.G.; Witten, E. Nucl. Phys. B 1985, 261B, 651 Witten, E. Nucl. Phys. B 1986, 268B, 253 Witten, E. Physica Scripta 1987, T15, 70 Witten, E. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. A 1989, 329A, 349 Witten, E. Phys. Rev. D 1991, 44, 314 Witten, E. Nucl. Phys. B 1995, 443B, 85 Witten, E. Nucl. Phys. B, Proc. Suppl. 1998, 62, 463 Superconductivity at low temperatures Onnes, H.K. Electrician 1911, 67, 657 Onnes, H.K. Electrician 1913, 71, 855 Onnes, H.K. Verslag. Akad. Wetenschappen 1913, 20, 1284; 1388 Onnes, H.K. Proc. K. Akad. Wetenschappen 1914, 16, 673; 987 Onnes, H.K. J. Chem. Soc. 1914, 106, 163 Onnes, H.K. Proc. K. Akad. Wetenschappen 1914, 22, 1027 Onnes, H.K. Verslag. Akad. Wetenschappen 1914, 22, 1413 Onnes, H.K. Verslag. Akad. Wetenschappen 1914, 23, 167 Onnes, H.K. Compt. Rend. 1914, 159, 34 Onnes, H.K.; Beckman, B. Verslag. Akad. Wetenschappen 1914, 21, 263; 478; 881; 888 Onnes, H.K.; Hof, K. Verslag. Akad. Wetenschappen 1914, 23, 493 Onnes, H.K.; Holst, G. Verslag. Akad. Wetenschappen 1914, 23, 506

Surface charge Faraday, M. Phil. Trans. 1838, 128, 1


Synthesis of radioactive elements Joliot, F.; Joliot-Curie, I. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. 1934, 198, 254 Joliot-Curie, I.; von Halban, H.; Prieswerk, P. J. Phys. Radium (France) 1925, 6

Synthesis of new radioactive elements using slow neutrons Fermi, E. Nature 1934, 133, 757; 898 Fermi, E.; Pontecorvo, B.; Rasetti, F. Ricerca Sci. 1934, 5(II), 380 Fermi, E.; Amaldi, E.; D'Agostino, O.; Rasetti, F.; Segre, E. Proc. Roy. Soc. London 1934, 146A, 483 Amaldi, E.; Fermi, E. Ricerca Sci. 1935, 6, 344; 443 Amaldi, E.; D'Agostino, O.; Fermi, E.; Pontecorvo, B.; Rasetti, F.; Segre, E. Proc. Roy. Soc. London 1935, 149A, 522 Fermi, E.; Amaldi, E. Phys. Rev. 1936, 50, 899 Amaldi, E.; Fermi, E. Ricerca Sci. 1936, 7(I), 310; 393 Amaldi, E.; Fermi, E.; Rasetti, F. Ricerca Sci. 1937, 8(II), 40 Fermi, E.; Amaldi, E.; Wick, G.C. Phys. Rev. 1938, 53, 493 Fermi, E.; Amaldi, E. Phys. Rev. 1938, 53, 493 Anderson, H.L.; Fermi, E.; Hanstein, H.B. Phys. Rev. 1939, 55, 797 Anderson, H.L.; Fermi, E.; Szilard, L. Phys. Rev. 1939, 56, 284 Fermi, E. Science 1940, 92, 269 Fermi, E. Nature 1940, 146, 640

Szilard-Chalmers effect Szilard, L.; Chalmers, T.A. Nature 1934, 134, 494; 462 Szilard, L.; Chalmers, T.A. Nature 1935, 135, 98 Theory of electric and magnetic susceptibilities Van Vleck, J.H. The Theory of electric and magnetic susceptibilities, Oxford, 1932 Van Vleck, J.H. J. Chem. Phys. 1937, 5, 556 Van Vleck, J.H. J. Chem. Phys. 1941, 9, 85 Thomson model of atom Thomson, J.J. Phil. Mag. 1903, 6, 673 Thomson, J.J. Phil. Mag. 1904, 7, 237 Townsend effect Townsend, J.S.; Bailey, V.A. Phil. Mag. 1922, 43, 593 Transmutation of the elements (radon from radium) Brooks, H. Nature 1904, 70, 270 Brooks, H.; Rutherford, E. Phil. Mag. 1902, 4[6], 1 Brooks, H.; Rutherford, E. Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada 1901, [3], 21 Turner-Czerny optical arrangement


Czerny, M.; Turner, A.F. Z. Physik 1930, 61, 792 Tyndall effect Tyndall, J. Heat: a mode of motion, 1869, p. 491 Tyndall, J. Proc. Roy. Soc. London 1868-69, 17, 223 Tyndall, J. Phil. Mag. 1869, 37, 384 Van Allen belts Van Allen, J.A. Sci. Am. 1959, 200, 39 Van de Graaff electrostatic generator Van de Graaff, R.J. Phys. Rev. 1931, 38, 1919

Velocity of light measurement Fizeau, A. Compt. Rend. 1849, 29, 90 Verdet constant Verdet, M.E. Ann. Chim. 1854, 41, 370 Verdet, M.E. Ann. Chim. 1855, 43, 37 Verdet, M.E. Ann. Chim. 1858, 52, 129 Verdet, M.E. Ann. Chim. 1863, 69, 415 Verlet algorithm in reaction dynamics Verlet, L. Phys. Rev. 1967, 153, 250 Lebowitz, J.L.; Percus, J.K.; Verlet, L. Phys. Rev. 1967, 159, 98

Virial equation of state for non-ideal gases

Virial theorem Clausius, R.J.E. Phil. Mag. 1870, 40, 122 Clausius, R.J.E. Compt. Rend. 1870, 70, 1314 Clausius, R.J.E. Ann. Physik 1870, 141, 124 First tensor form of virial theorem: Maxwell, J.C. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 1870, 26, 14 Maxwell, J.C. Nature 1874, 10, 477 Rayleigh, Lord Phil. Mag. 1900, 50, 210 Rayleigh, Lord Phil. Mag. 1905, 9, 494 Rayleigh, Lord Phil. Mag. 1905, 10, 364 Application to hydrogenic wavefunctions: Hirschfelder, J.O.; Kincaid, J.F. Phys. Rev. 1937, 52, 658 Coulson, C.A.; Bell, R.P. Trans. Faraday Soc. 1945, 41, 141 Generalization to polyatomic molecules: Hurley, A.C. J. Chem. Phys. 1962, 37, 449


Hypervirial theorem: Hirschfelder, J.O. J. Chem. Phys. 1960, 30, 1462 Hirschfelder, J.O.; Coulson, A.C. J. Chem. Phys. 1962, 36, 941

Wave nature of electron Davisson, C.J.; Germer, L.H. Nature 1927, 119, 558

Wheatstone bridge Christie, S.H. Phil. Trans. 1833, 123, 95 Wheatstone, C. Phil. Trans. 1843, 133, 303 Wheatstone, C. Ann. Physik 1844, 62, 499 Wien displacement law Wien, W. Ann. Physik 1896, 58, 662 Wigner's Rules Wigner, E., Z. Physik 1927, 40, 883 Wigner, E., Z. Physik 1926, 40, 492 Wigner, E., Z. Physik 1927, 43, 624 Wigner, E., Nachr. Ges. Wissen. Gottingen Math. Physik. Klasse 1927, 375 Wigner tunneling correction Wigner, E., Z. Physik. Chem. B 1932, 19, 203 Wilson cloud chamber Wilson, C.T.R. Phil. Trans. 1899, 192, 403 Wilson, C.T.R. Proc. Roy. Soc. London A 1911, 85, 285 Wilson, C.T.R. Proc. Roy. Soc. London A 1912, 87, 277 Wilson, C.T.R. Proc. Roy. Soc. London A 1923, 104, 1 Wilson-Sommerfeld quantization rules Wilson, W. Phil. Mag. 1915, 29, 795 Sommerfeld, A. Ann. Phys. 1916, 51, 1 WKB (Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin) or JWKB (Jeffreys- Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin) method Wentzel, G., Z. Physik 1926, 38, 519 Brillouin, L., Compt. Rend. 1926, 183, 24 Kramers, H.A., Z. Physik 1926, 39, 828 Jeffreys, H., Proc. London Math. Soc. 1925, 23, 428 X-ray diffraction Friedrich, W.; Knipping, P.; Laue, M. Sitzungsber. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. (Math. Phys. Klasse) 1912, 303 Friedrich, W.; Knipping, P.; Laue, M. Ann. Physik 1913, 41, 971 Bragg, W.H.; Bragg, W.L. X-Rays and Crystal Structure, London, 1915


Young's modulus of elasticity Young, T. Lectures on Natural Philosophy, 1807 Zeeman effect Zeeman, P., Verhandlungen der Physikalischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin 1896, 7, 128 Zeeman, P., Nature 1897, 55, 347 (translation by A. Stanton) Zeleny electroscope Zeleny, J. Phys. Rev. 1911, 32, 581 Zeleny, J. Phys. Rev. 1911, 33, 70

Zener diode Zener, C. Proc. Roy. Soc. London A 1934, 145, 523 NAMED THINGS IN PHYSICS TIMELINE CONCEPTS NAMED AFTER PEOPLE YEAR CONCEPT 1609 Kepler's first law 1619 Kepler's third law 1621 Kepler's second law 1637 Snell's law 1665 Newton's rings 1687 Newton's laws of motion and gravitation 1690 Huygen's principle 1729 Bouguer's law 1760 Lambert's law 1780 watt unit of energy 1788 Coulomb's law 1791 Prevost theory of exchanges 1807 Young's modulus of elasticity 1809 Discovery of plane polarized light (Malus, E.L.) 1811 Malus theorem 1815 Brewster's stress birefringence 1817 Fraunhofer lines


1820 Biot-Savart law 1821 Navier-Stokes equations 1822 Ampere's law 1822 Fourier heat theorem 1825 Fresnel rhombs 1826 Ohm's law 1827 Brownian motion 1828 Hamilton operator 1828 Nicol prism 1832 Coriolis force 1832 Fresnel laws 1833 Faraday law and effect 1833 Wheatstone bridge 1834 Lenz's law 1837 Babinet principle 1840 Poiseuille's law 1841 Joule's laws 1842 Doppler effect 1845 Kirchhoff's circuit laws 1846 Faraday effect 1848 Kohlrausch current theory 1848 weber unit of magnetic flux 1850 Clausius statement of second law of thermodynamics 1852 Beer's law 1852 Stokes lines and laws of fluorescence 1854 Verdet constant 1855 Fick's laws of diffusion 1855 Lissajous figures 1856 Stokes law 1858 Kirchhoff's laws of electrolytes 1858 Kirchhoff's law of heat radiation 1858 Kohlrausch relaxation function 1859 Rijke acoustic tubes 1860 Maxwell distribution 1860 Siemens unit of conductance 1862 Foucault pendulum 1865 Maxwell's equations 1869 Massieu functions 1869 Tyndall effect 1871 Maxwell's thermodynamic equation 1871 Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution 1871 Rayleigh scattering 1875 Kerr magneto-optic effect 1877 Gauss's law


1877 Glan prism 1879 Hall effect 1880 Curie unit of radiation 1880 Kohlrausch law of independent migration of ions 1880 Lorenz-Lorentz equation 1881 Michelson-Morley experiment 1882 Helmholtz equation 1882 Kirchhoff's diffraction theory 1883 Reynold's number 1884 Poynting vector 1885 Balmer series 1887 Mach angle 1889 Pockel's effect 1889 Drude equations 1890 Rydberg formula 1891 Fermat principle of least time 1893 Mach number 1895 Curie-Weiss law 1895 Lorentz transformation 1896 Fabry-Perot interferometer 1896 Wien displacement law 1897 Larmor precession and frequency 1897 Zeeman effect 1898 Roentgen x-ray 1899 Wilson cloud chamber 1899 Concept of overvoltage (Caspari, W.A.) 1903 Thomson model of atom 1904 Langevin equation 1904 Drude equations 1905 Einstein mass-energy equation 1905 Rayleigh-Jeans law 1905 Stark effect 1907 Einstein equation for specific heat 1908 Einstein-Smoluchowski equation 1908 Geiger counter 1908 Paschen series 1908 Ritz procedure and principle 1910 Madelung series and constant 1910 Millikan oil drop experiment 1911 Geiger-Nutall law 1911 Rutherford scattering 1911 Zeleny electroscope 1912 Debye equation for polarization 1912 Debye-Einstein law 1912 Debye T3 law 1912 Laue equations


1912 Stark-Einstein law of photochemical equilibrium 1912 Bragg equation and angle of diffraction 1913 Bohr model of atom 1913 Bohr's laws of line spectra of gases 1913 Moseley's law 1914 Lyman series 1915 Wilson-Sommerfeld quantization rules 1916 Ehrenfest adiabatic law 1916 Sommerfeld model of atom 1917 Smoluchowski equation 1919 Lande g factor 1919 Barkhausen effect 1921 Bohr correspondence principle 1921 Ehrenfest symmetry factor 1922 Brackett series 1922 Stern-Gerlach experiment 1922 Townsend effect 1923 Auger effect 1923 Compton effect 1923 Debye-Huckel law 1923 Debye-Waller factor 1924 Richardson's law 1924 Bose-Einstein statistics 1924 Hanle effect 1924 Pfund series 1924 Pauli exclusion principle 1925 de Broglie's law 1925 Franck-Condon transition and principle 1925 Hund's rules 1925 Ising model 1925 Laporte rule for dipole radiation 1925 Russell-Saunders coupling 1925 Svedberg unit of time 1926 Fermi-Dirac distribution 1926 Schrodinger equation 1926 Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin-Jeffreys method 1927 Born-Oppenheimer approximation 1927 Ehrenfest equation and theorem 1927 Heisenberg uncertainty principle 1927 Heitler-London treatment 1927 Wigner's rules 1928 Gamow-Condon-Gurney law 1928 Johnson noise 1928 Nyquist stability theorem 1928 Raman spectroscopy 1929 Hubble's law 1929 Morse potential 1929 Slater determinant 1930 London dispersion forces


1930 Rayleigh afterglow 1930 Slater orbital 1930 Turner-Czerny optical arrangement 1931 Casimir operator 1931 Huckel's rules 1931 van de Graaff electrostatic generator 1931 Brillouin scattering 1932 Neel temperature 1932 Wigner tunnelling correction 1933 Hellmann-Feyman theorem 1933 Koopmans theorem 1933 Meissner effect 1933 Fredericksz (Frederiks, Fredericks) effect 1934 Cherenkov effect 1934 Renner-Teller effect 1934 Szilard-Chalmers effect 1934 Zener diode 1935 London equations 1935 Richter scale 1936 Gamow-Teller selection rule 1936 Bragg-Gray equation 1937 Jahn-Teller effect 1938 BET method 1939 Schottky barrier junction 1940 Bloch-Siegert effect 1940 Pauli principle 1948 Jones effect 1948 Shannon-Jaynes maximum entropy function 1948 Casimir effect 1949 Feynman diagrams 1950 Hahn spin echoes 1950 Lowdin orthogonalization 1951 Hartree-Fock-Roothaan method 1953 Humphreys series 1953 Pariser-Parr-Pople method 1954 Carr-Purcell experiment 1955 nuclear Overhauser effect 1956 Bloch equations 1957 BCS theory of superconductivity 1958 Dirac bra-ket notation 1958 Mössbauer effect 1959 van Allen belts 1962 Hartmann-Hahn experiment 1962 Josephson effect 1964 Bell operator 1965 Cooley-Tukey algorithm


1966 Feynman ratchet and pawl 1967 Verlet algorithm in reaction dynamics CONCEPTS NOT NAMED AFTER PEOPLE YEAR CONCEPT 1672 dispersion of light into colours (Newton, I.) 1800 electromotive force (Volta, A.) 1804 interference of light (Young, T.) 1819 discovery of optical activity (Biot, J.B.) 1820 action of currents on magnets (Oersted, H.C.) 1822 induced currents (Faraday, M.) 1825 rotatory polarization (Fresnel, A.) 1826 diffraction of light (Fresnel, A.) 1832 self-induction (Henry, J.) 1834 laws of electrolysis (Faraday, M.) 1838 insulation (Faraday, M.) 1838 surface charge (Faraday, M.) 1839 photovoltaic effect (Becquerel, E.) 1846 diamagnetism (Faraday, M.) 1846 rotation of light by magnetic field (Faraday, M.) 1847 conservation of energy (Helmholtz, H.) 1847 Discovery of magnetic properties of crystals

(Plücker, J.) 1849 light scattering (Clausius, R.) 1849 potential difference (Kirchhoff, G.) 1849 velocity of light measurement (Fizeau, A.) 1852 discovery of fluorescence (Stokes, G.) 1859 Spectra of gases (Plücker, J./Hittorf, W.) 1859 Discovery of cathode rays (Plücker, J./Hittorf, W.) 1860 atomic spectroscopy (Kirchhoff, G.) 1870 Virial theorem (Clausius, R.J.E.) 1880 Piezoelectricity (Curie, P.; Curie, J.) 1884 Determination of e/m ratio for cathode rays deflected

in magnetic field (Schuster, A.) 1888 electromagnetic radiation (Hertz, H.) 1893 operators in physical mathematics (Heaviside, O.) 1897 discovery of electron (Thomson, J.J.) 1900 disintegration of the elements (Rutherford, E.) 1900 quantum concept (Planck, M.)


1901 blackbody radiation (Planck, M.) 1903 alpha particles (Rutherford, E.) 1904 transmutation of the elements (Brooks, H.) 1905 light quanta and photon concept (Einstein, A.) 1905 photoelectric effect (Einstein, A.) 1905 special theory of relativity (Einstein, A.) 1906 absolute zero measurements (Onnes, H.K./Giauque,

W.) 1911 atomic nucleus (Rutherford, E.) 1911 superconductivity at low temperatures (Onnes, H.K.) 1912 x-ray diffraction (Laue, M.) 1915 general theory of relativity (Einstein, A.) 1920 electron diffraction by crystals (Davisson,

C.J./Thomson, G.P.) 1922 Aufbau principle (Bohr, N.) 1925 spin concept (Uhlenbeck, G.; Goutsmit, S.A.) 1925 synthesis of radioactive elements (Joliot-Curie, I.;

Joliot, F.) 1927 quantum theory of electron (Dirac, P.) 1927 wave nature of electron (Davisson , G.J.) 1928 Ferromagnetism theory (Heisenberg, W.) 1929 discovery of parahydrogen (Harteck, P.) 1930 development of the cyclotron (Lawrence, E.) 1932 discovery of neutron (Chadwick, J.) 1932 quantum mechanical tunnelling (Wigner, E.P.) 1932 theory of electric and magnetic susceptibility (van

Vleck, J.H.) 1933 Discovery of positron (Anderson, C.D.) 1934 nuclear fission (Meitner, L./Strassmann, F./Hahn, O.) 1934 synthesis of new radioactive elements using slow

neutrons (Fermi, E.) 1936 concepts in condensed matter physics (Landau, L.D.) 1941 chain reacting atomic pile (Fermi, E.) 1946 nuclear magnetic resonance (Purcell, E.M./Bloch, F.) 1947 electron spin resonance (Zavoiskii, E.K.) 1949 nuclear shell model (Mayer, G.P.) 1953 Discovery of neutrino (Reines, F.) 1953 Discovery of dark matter (Zwicky, F.) 1955 discovery of antiproton (Segre, E.) 1956 Discovery of antineutron (Cork, B.; Lamberston, G.R.;

Piccioni, O.; Wenzel, W.A.) 1957 discovery of cosmic ray sources (Giacconi, R.) 1957 electron microscopy (Ruska, E.)


1961 Eight-fold way (Gell-Mann, M.) 1962 non-equilibrium thermodynamics (Prigogine, I.) 1964 density functional theory (Kohn, W.) 1964 dye laser (Schaefer, F.P.) 1964 Concept of quark (Gell-Mann, M./Zweig, G.) 1965 Discovery of antideuteron (Zichichi, A.; Lederman,

L.M.) 1966 discovery of non-conservation parity laws (Wu, C.) 1968 discovery of pulsars (Hewish, A./Pilkington, J.D.H.) 1969 laser spectroscopy (Bloembergen, N./Schawlow,

A.L.) 1970 discovery of field particles W and Z (Rubbia, C.) 1976 Continuous wavelet transform (Zweig, G.) 1977 scaling laws (de Gennes, P.G.) 1977 Law of conservation of parity

(Landau, L.D.; Lifshitz, L.D.) 1981 scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) (Binnig, G.) 1981 Inflationary cosmology (Guth, A.) 1984 String theory (Witten, E./Green, M.B.) 1986 Quantum dot (Reed, M.A.) 1986 atomic force microscopy (Binnig, G.) 1993 Quantum teleportation (Bennett, C.H./Brassard,

G./Crepeau, C./Josza, R./Peres, A./Wootters, W.K.) 1995 Concept of D(Dirichlet)-branes (Polchinski, J.)


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