Name: Lab Time:

Introduction to Body Function Physiology Clinical Applications and Diagrams, Chapter 1

Part I. Clinical Applications 1. The hormone thyroxine is released in response to a pituitary hormone called thyroid

stimulating hormone (TSH). As thyroxine levels increase in the blood, they exert negative feedback on the release of TSH by the pituitary gland. What effect will this have on the release of TSH?

2. During exercise, blood flow to skeletal muscles increases. The initial response that increases

blood flow is due to changes that happen within the muscle and is independent of the nervous and endocrine systems. Which type of homeostatic regulation (intrinsic or extrinsic) is this and why?

3. Blood Pressure drops when a person goes from a lying to standing position. In order to correct

the decreased drop in blood pressure the body uses mechanisms to increase blood pressure. Do these mechanisms use positive or negative feedback processes? Describe how the body responds to correct this situation.

4. Are the events of child birth a positive or negative feedback process? Describe the events that support your answer.

5. Using insulin as an example, explain how the secretion of this hormone is stimulated and the mechanism by which its secretion is turned off. Hint: Think about feedback systems

6. Who are Claude Bernard and Walter Cannon? Why are the concepts they introduced so important in physiology and medicine?

7. Monitoring fetal development may be dangerous for the fetus if improper diagnostic techniques

are used. Why is ultrasound an effective means of monitoring fetal development?

2

8. Gastroenterologists use X-rays to check for ulcers or other stomach and upper digestive tract disorders. Before the X-rays are taken why is it necessary for the patient to drink large quantities of a solution that contains barium ions?

9. The following are advanced imaging techniques have been discussed in lecture: CT, DSA, PET, ultrasound, and MRI. Which of these techniques uses X-rays? Which uses radio waves and magnetic fields? Which uses radioisotopes? Which displays body regions in sections? Your may have more than one answer for each question.

10. You are studying for your first physiology exam and want to know which areas of your brain are working hardest as you study. Your classmate suggests that you could have a computed tomography (CT) scan done to assess your brain activity. Would this be the best way to determine brain activity?

11. Certain bacterial infections can cause a fever to develop. Describe the bases for fever formation and dissipation and how antipyretics such as aspirin work.

3

4

Chemical (atoms, molecules)

5

6

7

11. A hormone called parathyroid hormone

acts to help raise the blood-calcium

concentration. According to the principles of

negative feedback, an effective stimulus for

parathyroid hormone secretion would be:

A. a fall in blood calcium

B. a rise in blood calcium

C. a decrease in blood pH

D. an increase in blood pH

2. The hormone calcitonin is released from the thyroid gland in response to increased levels of calcium

ions in the blood. If this hormone is controlled by negative feedback, what effect would calcitonin have on

blood calcium levels?

8

9

10

Part VI Exercise A Exercise B

Part VII Experimental Design

For the following statements / hypothesis identify the variables, control group, and experimental group.

1. Cigarette smoking increases the risk of lung cancer. Hypothesis: If you smoke cigarettes, then your

chances of getting cancer increases. Independent Variable: Dependent Variable:

Control Group: Experimental Group:

Answers:

Independent Variable: Smoking cigarettes Dependent Variable: Whether you get cancer

Control Group: People who do not smoke Experimental Group: Smokers

2. Eating breakfast increases performance in school. Hypothesis: If you eat breakfast, then you will get

better grades. Independent Variable: Dependent Variable:

Control Group: Experimental Group:

3. Hummingbirds are attracted to the color red. Hypothesis: If a bird feeder is red, then it will attract

hummingbirds Independent Variable: Dependent Variable: Control Group: Experimental Group:

4. iBook batteries last for 5 hours. Hypothesis: If you use iBook batteries, then your iBook will run for 5

hours. Independent Variable: Dependent Variable: Control Group: Experimental Group:

5. You conduct an experiment on twenty 18-year-old male subjects to see how various intensities of

exercise influence heart rate. Which of the following is/are considered an independent variable?

A) age of subjects B) sex of subjects C) intensity of exercise D) heart rate

11

6. You conduct an experiment on twenty 18-year-old male subjects to see how various intensities of

exercise influence heart rate. Which of the following is/are considered a dependent variable?

A) age of subjects B) sex of subjects C) intensity of exercise D) heart rate

7. Suzie wants to know the effect of different colors of light on the growth of plants. She believes that

plants can survive best in white light. She buys 5 ferns of the same species, which are all approximately

the same age and height. She places one in white light, one in blue light, one in green light, one in red

light and one in the closet. All of the ferns are planted in Miracle-Grow and given 20 mL of water once a

day for 2 weeks. After the two weeks, Suzie observes the plants and makes measurements. Hypothesis:

If plants are grown in white light, then they will grow taller.

Independent Variable: Dependent Variable: Control Group: Experimental Group:

8. Place these terms in the typical sequence in which they appear in the process of scientific inquiry:

collect and analyze data, theory, model, question, hypothesis, replication, experiment, observation.

Possible terms to use for the following questions:

Blind Double-blind Crossover Retrospective Placebo Nocebo

Control hypothesis Model Theory Double-blind crossover

Independent variable

Dependent variable

9. A study in which a participant acts as an experimental subject in part of the experiment and a control in

another part of the experiment is called a _______________ study.

10. An inactive drug or treatment that is expected to have no pharmacological or medical effect is called a

__________________.

11. Term of an educated (logical) guess as to how that event happens: _________________

12. If a scientific model is supported or verified repeatedly by multiple investigators, it may become a

____________________

13. It is an ill effect caused by the suggestion or belief that something is harmful. It is the phenomenon

whereby a patient who has been informed of the side effects of a drug he is taking is more likely to

experience some of the side effects than an otherwise similar patient receiving the same drug who has

not been so informed. This is known as the __________________ effect.

14. The ______________________ is the variable that is controlled by the experimenter, it is the variable

that is altered or removed.

15. _________________________ study is when a third party, not involved in the experiment, is the only

one who knows which group is receiving the experimental treatment and which group is receiving the

control treatment.

16. ______________________________ study is when the control group is the first half of the experiment

becomes the experimental group in the second half, and vice versa, but no one involved (except the third

party) knows who is taking the active treatment.

17. The _________ effect is where a patient taking an inactive substance thinks they are taking the actual

medication and due to the power of their mind, there is a positive change in health not attributable to

medication or treatment.

12