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  • Name: Class: Date: Mammals · Examples of mammals include bats, whales, mice, and humans. Clearly, mammals are a very diverse group. Nonetheless, they share many traits that set them
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Name: _________________________________________ Class:__________ Date: ____________ Mammals One of these is not a mammal. Which one? Mammals are a class of endothermic vertebrates. They have four limbs and produce amniotic eggs. Examples of mammals include bats, whales, mice, and humans. Clearly, mammals are a very diverse group. Nonetheless, they share many traits that set them apart from other vertebrates. Characteristics of Mammals Mammals make up a class of vertebrate animals that contains more than 4,500 living species. Examples of mammals include bats, whales, elephants, anteaters, dogs, and humans. As these examples suggest, mammals make up a diverse group of animals. Nonetheless, they share a number of characteristics that serve to set them apart from other vertebrates. Characteristics that are most often used to define the mammalian class are the presence of mammary glands and body hair. All female mammals possess mammary glands. Their function is to produce milk after the birth of an offspring. Milk is a nutritious fluid that contains disease-fighting molecules, other important chemicals, and the nutrients needed by baby mammals. The production of milk to feed the young is called lactation. All mammals have hair (or fur) during some or all of their life. Hair can serve several functions. The most important function usually is insulating the body to help conserve body heat (see the Mammals: Endothermy (Advanced) concept). Hair can also be used for sensory perception. For example, cats use their whiskers to sense their surroundings. In addition, hair can be used to communicate threats to a potential rival or predator. Many mammals, like the cat to the left can raise their fur to make themselves look larger and more threatening. Other Traits of Mammals Most mammals share several other traits. The traits in the following list are typical of, but not necessarily unique to, mammals. For example, like mammals, birds are warm-blooded, and some fish and reptiles give birth to live young. • Mammals are warm-blooded, meaning they can maintain a stable, relatively high body temperature. This is called endothermy. • The skin of many mammals has sweat glands. • Mammalian lungs have millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli. • The mammalian heart is divided into four chambers, or compartments. • The brains of mammals are relatively large and have a covering called the neocortex. • Most mammals give birth to live young. This is called vivipary. Traits of Fossil Mammals The presence of many of the mammalian traits is rarely observed in the fossil record. The traits involve soft tissues that are unlikely to be preserved in fossils. Therefore, extinct mammals usually are identified on the basis of other traits. These generally include traits of the bones and teeth, which are more likely to be preserved. Fossil mammals may be identified based on the presence of one or more of the following traits: By raising its fur, this cat looks bigger and more threatening. This might discourage a predator from attacking. This is just one of several functions of hair or fur in mammals. This drawing shows the three bones of the mammalian middle ear, using the human ea as an example. The bones are called the hammer, anvil, and stirrup. Only mammals use these bones for hearing. In reptiles, the three bones are part of the jaw joint.

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Page 1: Name: Class: Date: Mammals · Examples of mammals include bats, whales, mice, and humans. Clearly, mammals are a very diverse group. Nonetheless, they share many traits that set them

Name:_________________________________________Class:__________Date:____________Mammals

One of these is not a mammal. Which one? Mammalsareaclassofendothermicvertebrates.Theyhavefourlimbsandproduceamnioticeggs.Examplesofmammalsincludebats,whales,mice,andhumans.Clearly,mammalsareaverydiversegroup.Nonetheless,theysharemanytraitsthatsetthemapartfromothervertebrates. Characteristics of Mammals Mammalsmakeupaclassofvertebrateanimalsthatcontainsmorethan4,500livingspecies.Examplesofmammalsincludebats,whales,elephants,anteaters,dogs,andhumans.Astheseexamplessuggest,mammalsmakeupadiversegroupofanimals.Nonetheless,theyshareanumberofcharacteristicsthatservetosetthemapartfromothervertebrates.

Characteristicsthataremostoftenusedtodefinethemammalianclassarethepresenceofmammaryglandsandbodyhair.Allfemalemammalspossessmammaryglands.Theirfunctionistoproducemilkafterthebirthofanoffspring.Milkisanutritiousfluidthatcontainsdisease-fightingmolecules,otherimportantchemicals,andthenutrientsneededbybabymammals.Theproductionofmilktofeedtheyoungiscalledlactation.Allmammalshavehair(orfur)duringsomeoralloftheirlife.Haircanserveseveralfunctions.Themostimportantfunctionusuallyisinsulatingthebodytohelpconservebodyheat(seetheMammals:Endothermy(Advanced)concept).Haircanalsobeusedforsensoryperception.Forexample,catsusetheirwhiskerstosensetheirsurroundings.Inaddition,haircanbeusedtocommunicatethreatstoapotentialrivalorpredator.Manymammals,likethecattotheleftcanraisetheirfurtomakethemselveslooklargerandmorethreatening.

Other Traits of Mammals Mostmammalsshareseveralothertraits.Thetraitsinthefollowinglistaretypicalof,butnotnecessarilyuniqueto,mammals.Forexample,likemammals,birdsarewarm-blooded,andsomefishandreptilesgivebirthtoliveyoung.

• Mammalsarewarm-blooded,meaningtheycanmaintainastable,relativelyhighbodytemperature.Thisiscalledendothermy.

• Theskinofmanymammalshassweatglands.• Mammalianlungshavemillionsoftinyairsacscalledalveoli.• Themammalianheartisdividedintofourchambers,orcompartments.• Thebrainsofmammalsarerelativelylargeandhaveacoveringcalledtheneocortex.• Mostmammalsgivebirthtoliveyoung.Thisiscalledvivipary.

Traits of Fossil Mammals Thepresenceofmanyofthemammaliantraitsisrarelyobservedinthefossilrecord.Thetraitsinvolvesofttissuesthatareunlikelytobepreservedinfossils.Therefore,extinctmammalsusuallyareidentifiedonthebasisofothertraits.Thesegenerallyincludetraitsofthebonesandteeth,whicharemorelikelytobepreserved.Fossilmammalsmaybeidentifiedbasedonthepresenceofoneormoreofthefollowingtraits:

Byraisingitsfur,thiscatlooksbiggerandmorethreatening.Thismightdiscourageapredatorfromattacking.Thisisjustoneofseveralfunctionsofhairorfurinmammals.

Thisdrawingshowsthethreebonesofthemammalianmiddleear,usingthehumanear

asanexample.Thebonesarecalledthehammer,anvil,andstirrup.Onlymammalsusethesebonesforhearing.Inreptiles,the

threebonesarepartofthejawjoint.

Page 2: Name: Class: Date: Mammals · Examples of mammals include bats, whales, mice, and humans. Clearly, mammals are a very diverse group. Nonetheless, they share many traits that set them

• Threetinybones(calledthestirrup,hammer,andanvil)inthemiddleear;thesegivemammalsexceptionallygoodhearing.Theycarrysoundvibrationsfromtheeardrumtotheinnerear(seetheNervousandEndocrineSystemsconcepts).Inothervertebrates,thesebonesarepartofthejawjointandarenotinvolvedinhearing.

• Twobonyknobs(calledoccipitalcondyles)atthebaseoftheskull;theknobsfitintothetopmostbonesoftheneck.Inmostothervertebrates,thereisonlyonebonyknobatthebaseoftheskull.Thetwooccipitalcondylesmayhelpmammalsholduptheirrelativelyheavy,big-brainedhead.

• Teethwithdifferentshapesandfunctions;mammalsgenerallyhavefourdifferenttypesofteeth.Theyhavesharpincisorsthatcutfood,strongpointedcaninesthattearfood,broadmolarswithseveralcusps(bumpsonthechewingsurface)thatgrindfood,andpremolarswithtwocuspsthatfunctionsimilarlytocaninesormolars.

Summary

• Characteristicsthataremostoftenusedtodefinethemammalianclassarethepresenceofmammaryglandsandbodyhair.

• Themostimportantfunctionofhairisinsulatingthebodytohelpconservebodyheat.• Threetinybones(calledthestirrup,hammer,andanvil)inthemiddleeargivemammalsexceptionally

goodhearing.Review

1. Whatcharacteristicsaremostcommonlyusedtoidentifymammals,especiallylivingones?

2. Whatfunctionsdoeshair(orfur)serveformammals?3. Whyisthepresenceofmostmammaliantraitsnotobservedinfossils?4. Whataresomedefiningcharacteristicsofmammalianskeletons?


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