UNIT 1 - Area of Study 2: Functioning organisms

Name:Class:

B I N G O

B I N G O

AUTOTROPHS

Meristematic tissue

• Cells that undergo cell division

• Usually found in the roots and shoots of plants

• Referred to as meristems

1. Dermal tissue

• Cover surface of plant• Protection from cuts and microorganisms• Epidermis: protects plant body• Cuticle: prevents water loss• Root hairs: aid water and mineral absorption

Dermalstoma, trichomes, & root hairs

http://www.ucd.ie/botany/Steer/hair/roothairs.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_Tissue_Structure.svg

2. Ground tissue

• Internal cells• Storage, support and photosynthesis

Ground

3. Vascular tissue

• Conducting tissue• Transports substances• Xylem

– Transports water– Dead cells

• Phloem– Transports “phood”: sugar– Living cells

Xylem

Phloem

• Sieve tube cells:– Have no nucleus, mitochondria or

vacuole. – Cytoplasm is free flowing between

pores at ends of cell wall. – Pores allow for a channel which

sugars flow through.

• Companion cells:– Found beside sieve cells.– Have a nucleus and other organelles

to help control sieve tube cells.

Vegetative Organs

• Roots• Stems• Leaves

Function of roots

• Anchor the plant• Absorb water and minerals from soil• Storage of glucose• Zone of cell division• Zone of cell elongation• Zone of maturation

• Tap roots: large tapering main root moves vertically• Fibrous roots: smaller roots of equal size, don’t go deep

but hold soil in place• Roots provide surface area for water to be taken up. • Surface area increased by root hairs.• Water enters through osmosis. • Root pressure is a force pushing water up.• Minerals are actively transported through specific

channels in the root cell plasma membranes.

• Many plants have root nodules, which contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

• The bacteria enter the root hairs from the soil and infect the root, causing it to swell into a nodule. The nodule is well connected to the plant transport systems and the bacteria are contained within the root nodule cells.

• Nitrogen-fixing organisms make life possible by providing nitrogen in a form that they, and other organisms, can use.

• Nitrogen is required in large amounts because it is a component of all proteins.

Fig. 38.21

Function of stems

• Support leaves to maximize light absorption• Part of a channel for transporting water, minerals,

and organic solutes• Adhesion and cohesion allow continuous

movement of water through plant in xylem tissue.• Storage of glucose

• The continuous movement of water through the plant is known as the transpiration.

• Translocation is the movement of sugars in solution through the plant. Sugars, usually in the form of sucrose, are actively transported against a concentration gradient (from high to low concentration) into the sieve cells. This requires energy. The energy for this comes from respiration occurring in the mitochondria of the companion cells.

Fig. 38.25a

Fig. 38.25b

Fig. 38.28a

Fig. 38.28b

Fig. 38.28c

Function of leaves

• The continuous movement of water through the plant is known as the transpiration.

• This constant upwards movement is driven by the evaporation of water from the leaves.

• Storage of glucose.

• Leaves are also the MAIN photosynthetic structure.• Many leaves have a distinct upper and lower

surface. • The cells containing chloroplasts (mesophyll cells)

are localised under the upper (dorsal) surface to receive the most sunlight.

• Their stomata are found on the lower (ventral) and cooler surface to reduce the loss of water.

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0IJMRsTcwcg&feature=related

Fig. 38.8

Fig. 38.30

Systems – Heinemann Biology

• Energy– Soil– Photosynthesis– Mycorrhiza– Nitrogen-fixing bacteria– Carnivorous plants

• Gas exchange– Epidermis– Stomata– Diffusion

• Transport system– Transpiration– Adhesion/cohesion– Translocation– Xylem– Phloem– Vascular bundles

• Waste removal– In leaves– Dropping leaves & limbs– Dissolving in vacuoles– Resins, waxes, etc

AUTOTROPHS KEYWORDS

The basic structure of a plant comprises stem (for support), leaves (for

photosynthesis) and roots (to anchor into the soil).

B I N G O

B I N G O

HETEROTROPHS

Digestive Systems

• Mechanical digestion• Chemical digestion

– enzymes• Ingestion• Digestion• Absorption• Egestion• Varies with differing diets

• http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/health-and-human-body/human-body/digestive-system-article/

• http://bio-animations.blogspot.com.au/2008/04/human-biology-digestive-system.html

Omnivore

Herbivore – Foregut fermentation

Herbivore – Hindgut fermentation Carnivore

Koala

Keywords

B I N G O

B I N G O

Respiratory Systems

O2 by diffusion

Keywords

B I N G O

B I N G O

Circulatory Systems

Keywords

B I N G O

B I N G O

Excretory Systems

4. WASTE REMOVAL: Excretory SystemsHuman Bird Fish Worm

Information

Environment

Water availability

Type of nitrogenous waste excreted

Toxicity of waste product

Energy expended to remove waste product

Keywords

Tying systems together

Explain the gas exchange that occurs between the alveoli and capillaries.

LUNGS

THE BODYComplete the following:

1. Colour in the systemsRed: Oxygenated BloodBlue: Deoxygenated Blood

2. Label the heart diagram

3. Add the arrows and detail to the circulatory system diagram

4. Explain how the circulatory & respiratory system are linked.

What is the lymphatic system?

TYING THE SYSTEMS TOGETHER

Name and structure Function

Glomerulus: a cluster of capillaries that carry blood from the renal artery.

Bowman’s capsule: a hollow, cup-shaped end of the nephron with double walls one cell thick.

Proximal tubule: a hollow, winding, large-diameter tube.

Loop of Henle (descending): straight part of the loop moving away from proximal tubule.

Loop of Henle (ascending): straight part of loop leading to the distal tubule.

Distal tubule: a hollow, winding, large-diameter tube.

Collecting ducts: a system of urine-collecting ducts that widen as they near the renal pelvis.

Use the key words listed below to complete the concept map summarising the key ideas of reproduction. Write along the linked lines between words and phrases to show the relationships between ideas in your concept map. Add diagrams to show understanding.

Key words: flower, budding, haploid, stigma, fertilisation, pistil, vegetative reproduction, ovaries, diversity, mitosis, stamen, gametes, zygote, uterus, clone, fission, diploid, pollination, testes, implantation, pollen

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION: Offspring are genetically identical to parent.

REPRODUCTION: The continuity of life in the next generation.

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION:

Specialised reproductive systems/structures involved in ‘reduction division’ – meiosis.

Flowering Plants Mammals

Fragmentation

Single-celled organisms eg.

5. REPRODUCTION

Classification

Worksheets