nala 2013 - what has grammar teaching ever done for us?
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Jo Gakonga
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What has grammar teaching ever done for
us?
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Why does teaching
grammar get a bad press?
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Illustrations from Jan, J.M. & Ollúa, R. (1950) El Inglés Práctico; Comercio, Exámenes y Viajes, Buenos Aires: Academias Pitman.
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Do we need to teach grammar
at all?
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http://iatefl.britishcouncil.org/2011/sites/iatefl/files/session/documents/walter_grammar_iatefl2011_handout.pdf
Catherine Walter
IATEFL Plenary 2011
Should we be planning to teach grammar?
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Do we need to ‘teach’
anything?
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Krashen's Input Hypothesis (1977)
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"Language acquisition does not require extensive use of conscious grammatical rules”
Stephen Krashen
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"Acquisition requires meaningful interaction in the target language in which speakers are concerned not with the form of their utterances but with the messages they are conveying and understanding."
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"The best methods are therefore those that supply 'comprehensible input' containing messages that students really want to hear.”
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"The best methods are therefore those that supply 'comprehensible input' containing messages that students really want to hear.”
i +
1
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Monitor theory
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Introduced in 1965 to give English speaking Canadian children a
chance to learn French
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“Practice" is replaced by "creative construction”. Learners encouraged to experiment with linguistic forms.
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Errors are not seen as bad
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Canadian immersion studies (Swain 1985; Genesee 1987).
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The result?
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Immersion students often perform as well as native French-speaking students on tests of reading and listening comprehension in French.
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However, they seldom achieve the same high levels of competence in speaking and writing as they achieve in comprehension.
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Three problems:
Grammar is less complex and less redundant than that of native speakers.
Their grammar is influenced by English grammar.
Their use of language is often non-idiomatic
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BUT…..
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Of significance for ESOL learners
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Common ground
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Common ground
Significant amounts of exposure
A real need to communicate
(Paucity of opportunity to speak?)
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So, explicit teaching is necessary….
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Should we forget grammar and only teach vocabulary?
Vocabulary is arguably more important
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Should we forget grammar and only teach vocabulary?
Michael Hoey – Lexical Priming
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Should we forget grammar and only teach vocabulary?
Lexical Approach – Michael Lewis
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Should we forget grammar and only teach vocabulary?
..but do they get enough exposure?
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Evidence to support grammar
teaching?
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Norris and Ortega (2000)
meta-analysis
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Gass and Selinker (2008)
meta-analysis
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Spada and Tomita (2010)
meta-analysis
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Other reasons to teach grammar?
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Conscious knowledge of grammar is
seen to help at different stages. Ellis 1994
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Pretty much all course books based on it
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Learners’ expectations
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Different / less traditional approaches all include grammar
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Task Based Learning
Jane and Dave Willis
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Learners do task and rehearse their language to present to group
Learners present what they have practised
Teacher gives input on the ‘gap’.
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Language input
Output
Task Based Learning
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Proponents of task-based teaching all
argue for a place for pre-planned grammar
instruction in a TBI framework.
Skehan, 2003; Willis & Willis, 2007; Ellis,2006
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Dogme
Suggests emergent language but still doesn’t suggest no language teaching
Luke Meddings and Scott Thornberry
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Dogme
Possible problems – coverage and teacher skill
Luke Meddings and Scott Thornberry
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Do we need to teach grammar?
YES!
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What I am NOT saying…..
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If we teach grammar, how
should we do it?
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If we teach grammar, how should we do it?
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Getting creative with grammar teaching
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Jo GakongaThank you!