Ms. Anita David Reader

Sri Ramachandra University Porur, Chennai

Nahfh ifNaL (Mrdq;fs;)

ntw;wpf;fhd ghij“ “

Nahfh ifNaL (Mrdq;fs;) “ntw;wpf;fhd ghij”

Nahfh ifNaL (Mrdq;fs;) “ntw;wpf;fhd ghij”

nghUslf;fk;

mwpKfk;

eyKld; tho MW eilKiwfs;

Nahfh kuk;

Nahfh ghij

Nahfh gphpTfs;

m\;lhq;f Nahfh

Nahfh nray;Kiw tpsf;fk;:

Nahfhrdj;jpd; gyd;fs;

cl;fl;lhrdk;

gj;khrdk;

Nahf Kj;uh

[hDrPuhrdk;

g];rpNkhj;jhrdk;

ethrdk;

cj;jhdghj Mrdk;

tpghPjfuzp

rh;tq;fhrdk;

`yhrdk;

kr;rhrdk;

ryghrdk;

t[;uhrdk;

kfh Kj;uh

epd;w ghj Mrdk;

mwpKfk;

Nahfh vd;gJ ,e;jpa Ntjhe;jj;jpy; cs;s 6 itjpf Nfhl;ghLfspy; xd;W. ,J ek;Kila kdij ey;topg;gLj;jp tho;f;if Kiwfis rhpahd ghhijapy; nry;y top nra;fpwJ.

Nahfh vd;w thh;j;ij rk];fpUjj;jpy; cs;s “A[;” nrhy; MFk; ,J xw;Wik> Nrh;e;J> gpidg;Gld; $b xUq;fpize;J nrayhw;WtJ.

Nahfh vd;gJ cly;> vz;zq;fs; kw;Wk; czh;r;rpfspd; rhptpfpj njhFg;ghFk;.

Nahfhtpy; rpwe;j Mlth; “Nahfp” vd;Wk; rpwe;j ngz; “Nahfpdp” vd;Wk; miog;ghh;fs;.

eyKld; tho 6 eilKiwfs;

· czT

· R+o;epiy

· tho;f;if Kiw

· Mrdk;

· Rthr gapw;rp (g;uzhakh)

· kd gapw;rp kw;Wk; jpahdk;

,J cliyAk; kdj;ijAk; rhprkkhf guhkhpf;f cjTfpwJ.

Nahfh kuk;

,U NtWgl;l nghUl;fSf;fpilNaAs;s xw;Wik.

Nahfh vd;gJ Mykuk; Nghd;wJ. ,ij Mykuj;jpd; fpisfSf;F xg;ghf $wyhk;. Mykuj;jpy; cs;s tpOJfs; Nghd;W cWjpahd> njhFg;ghd fpisfs; Nghd;wJ. ,jd; %yk; ehk; tho;f;ifapd; cahe;j epiyik milayhk;.

,J ek;Kila jw;Nghija epiyik tpl kpf cah;e;j ,lj;jpw;F cWjpahd mbj;jsk; mikj;J nfhLf;Fk;.

· ,uj;j xl;lk; rPh;gLk;

gak; xopAk;

euk;G jsh;r;rpf;F Kf;fpa Mrdk;

Qhgf rf;jpia mjpfkhf;Fk;

gyd;fs;

120

epd;w ghj Mrdk;

· Rpuhrdj;jpw;F khw;W Mrdk; ,J.

· Neuhf epw;fTk;

· glj;jpy; fhl;bagb ,lJ fhiy kbj;J Mrdthapy; gLk;gb itf;fTk;

· iffs; ,uz;ilAk; NkNy J}f;fp tzf;fk; nra;aTk;. iffs; fhJfis xl;bathW ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

· iffs; tpiug;ghf ,y;yhky; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

· mLj;j Rw;whf tyJ fhiy kbj;J nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

· xU Kiwf;F 60 tpdhb vd;W 2 Kiw nra;aTk;.

Nahfh ghij

Mapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd; ,Ue;j ,e;j tpj;ij FU Kykhf gyjiyKis jhz;b rp\;ah;fSf;F mDfpufpf;fg;gLfpwJ.Nahfh Rkhh; fp.K 40000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;Ng Njhd;wpajhf Mjhuq;fs; jpNgj; -y; fhzg;gLfpwJ.kpf kpf goiktha;e;j Mrpa INuhg;gh nkhopfsps; cs;s hpf;Ntj E}y;fspy;> Nahfh fp.K. 3000 - 1900 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;ghf Njhd;wpajhf tuyhWfs; $Wfpd;wd.

Nahfh gphpTfs;

VO Kf;fpakhd gphpTfs; cs;slf;fpaJ· \j Nahfh· uh[ Nahfh· fh;k Nahfh· gf;jp Nahfh· Qhd Nahfh· je;jpu Nahfh· ke;jpu Nahfh

m\;lhq;f Nahfh

Rkhh; 2500-3000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;ghf Nahfh rpiyapd; je;ijahd “gjQ;rd Kdpth;” m\;lhq;f Nahfhit mwpKf gLj;jpdhh;

8 fpisfis nfhz;lJ ,e;j 8 gphpTfs; gjQ;rdp Kdpth; tho;f;if jj;Jtkhf mtUila E}y;fshd Nahf R+j;jpuk; vDk; m\;lhq;f Nahfh vd;w ngahpy; ,ij cyfpw;F mwpKfgLj;jpdhh; (m\;lk;> vl;L> mq;fk; fpisfs;)

m\;lq;f Nahfh %ykhf \hj Nahfit cUthf;fpdhh;. ,jdhy; gjQ;rdpKdptiu Nahfhtpd; gpjhkfd; vd;W miog;ghh;fs;.

irt rpj;jhe;jj;jpy; Kf;fpakhd E}yhd “jpU%yh;” jpUke;jpuk; vd;w E}ypy; jpU%yh; Kdpth; m\;lhq;f Nahfhit “ml;lhq;f Nahfh” vd;W mioj;jhh;.

192

kfh Kj;uh

· crh;l;lhrdj;jpw;F khw;W Mrdk;

· tr;rpuhrd epiyapy; mkh;e;J nfhs;sTk;

· glj;jpy; fhl;bagb iffis gpd;Nd fl;bf; nfhs;sTk;

· %r;ir ntspNa tpl;lthNu Kd;dhy; FdpaTk;

· rhjhuz %r;Rld; ,Uf;fTk;

· %r;ir cs;spOj;jthNw nkJthf vOe;J nfhs;sTk;

· xU Kiwf;F 20 tpdhb vd;W 3 Kiw nra;aTk;

gyd;fs;

tapw;wpy; cz;lhFk; typ ePq;FfpwJ

kyr;rpf;fiy Nghf;FfpwJ

%l;L typ FzkhfpwJ

Nahf Kj;uh Mrdj;jpd; gyd;fs; ,jw;Fk; cz;L

jpUke;jpuk; Eypy; Rkhh; 3000 ];Nyhfk; cs;sJ.

mjpy; 549-631 ];Nyhfq;fs; ml;lhq;f Nahfhit vg;gb nra;tJ vd;Wk; 632-639 ];Nyhfa;fs; Nahfhtpd; gyd;fs; gw;wpAk; $WfpwJ.

640-740 ];Nyhfq;fs; m\;l rpj;JfisAk; mij vg;gb ngWtJ vd;W $WfpwJ.

Nahfhtpd; mikg;G (Njfk; epw;Fk; epiy)

cWjpahd> epiyahd Rfkhd epiyapy; ehk; gbg;gbahf ,Wjp mikg;ig mile;J ehk; Nahfhtpd; gyid ngwyhk;.

Nahfh nray;Kiw tpsf;fk;

· xUq;fpize;j Fzj;ij miltNj Kf;fpa Fwpf;Nfhs;

· ehk; ve;j jilfSk; ,y;yhky; cz;ikahfTk;> xOf;fj;JlDk;> Cf;fj;JlDk; kw;Wk; cWjpAlDk; Nahfh gapw;rpia Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

· ,e;j gapw;rpia fhiy my;yJ khiyapYk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. Fhiy gpaw;rpapd; NghJ cly; cWjpahfTk; kdk; J}a;ikahfTk;. Khiy gapw;r;rpapd; NghJ cly; RygkhfTk;. kdk; J}a;ik mw;wjhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;.

· kpfTk; fhw;Nwhl;lhkhd> rg;jk; ,y;yhj J}a;ikahd ,lj;jpy; ,e;j gapw;rpia Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;

· ,ij nra;Ak; NghJ tapW fhypahfTk;> rpWePh; fopj;j gpd;Gk; Njitg;gl;lhy; $rpwpJ jput czT vLj;J nfhs;sTk;.

· rhg;gpl;l gpd;G 4 kzp Neuk; fopj;Jk;> kpjkhd czT cz;lhy; 1 kzp Neuk; fopj;Jk; gapw;rpia Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

· Nahfh gapw;rp Kbj;jgpd; 15 epkplk; fopj;J Fspf;f Ntz;Lk;

· clypy; ve;j ghfj;jpYk; jir gpbg;G Vw;g;gl;lhy; clNd gapw;rpia epWj;jp> gapw;rpahsUf;F njhptpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

· gapw;rp nra;Ak;NghJ kdij xUKfgLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

318

t[;uhrdk;

fhy;fis kbj;J> epkph;e;J cl;fhuTk;

iffis fhy; Kl;b kPJ itf;fTk;

Mokhf %r;ir cs; ,Of;fTk;. Xk; vd;fpw xypNahL ghjp fhw;iw tha; topahfTk;> thia %bf;nfhz;L kPjpf; fhw;iw %f;F topahfTk; tplTk;.

,J xU Rw;W vdg;gLk;

,J Nghy; 10 Kiw nra;ayhk

· jho;T kdg;ghd;ikia Nghf;Fk;

· jplkhd kdJ cz;lhFk;

euk;G jsh;r;rp> kdNeha; Mfpait FzkhfpwJ

Mj;k rhjidf;F Vw;w Mrdk;

· ,Uja Jbg;ig rPuhf;FfpwJ

· %l;L tpahjpfs; FzkhFk;

·

gyd;fs;

· gapw;rpahsh; mwpTiwgb Rthrgapw;rpia Nahfh gapw;rpNahLk; xd;whf nra;aNtz;Lk;. Rthrj;ij %f;fpd; topahf kl;Lk; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. tha;%yk; nra;af;$lhJ> Rthrj;ij epWj;jTk; $lhJ.

· VjhtJ cly; gpur;ridfs; ,Ue;jhy; gapw;r;rpahsUf;F njhptpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

· khjtpyf;F ,Ue;jhYk; fh;g;gkhf ,Ue;jhYk; njhptpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

· Nrhh;thf ,Ue;jhYk; eil gazk; gpd;Gk;> J}q;fhky; ,Ue;jhYk; vz;iz Fspay; vLj;jhYk;> cly; cwTf;F gpd;Gk; nra;a $lhJ.

· vg;NghJk; ,Wjpahf rthrdj;NjhL Kbj;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

· vy;yh Mrdj;Jf;F gpd;Gk; Mokhf Rthrpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Nahfhrdj;jpd; gyd;fs;

1. MNuhf;fpa MAisAk;> Qhgrf;jpidAk; Mz;ikiaAk;

mjpfhpf;fr; nra;fpwJ.

2. ehs; KOtJk; Gj;Jzh;r;rpNahL nray;gl cjTfpwJ.

3. %isf;F gyj;ij je;J> mbf;fb kdr;Nrhh;G Vw;glhky;

ghJfhf;fpwJ.

4. Neha; vjph;g;G rf;jpia mjpfhpf;fpwJ.

5. clypy; cs;s euk;Gfis tPhpag;gLj;JfpwJ.

6. Kdij ey;to;g;gLj;JfpwJ.

7. ,jak;> EiuaPuy; Nghd;w Rthr cWg;Gfs; rPuhf ,af;f Jiz

nra;fpwJ.

174

8. vy;yh Neha;fSf;Fk; mbg;gil fhuzkhd kyr;rpf;fiyAk;>

nrhpahikiaAk; ePf;FfpwJ.

9. Grpapd;ik> J}f;fkpd;ik Mfpatw;iw Nghf;FfpwJ.

10. Qhgf rf;jpia mjpfhpf;fpwJ.

11. ek; Ntiyapy; KO ftdk; nrYj;J cjTfpwJ.

12. Kfj;jpy; njspTk; moFk; cz;lhfpwJ.

13. ehskpy;yh Rug;gpfis J}z;b mtw;iw rkepiygLj;Jtjhy;

vz;zw;w tpahjpfspypUe;J tpLjiy ngw KbfpwJ.

14. ePz;l ehs; tpahjpf;F Kw;W Gs;sp itf;fpwJ.

cl;fl;lhrdk;

· epkph;e;J Neuhf epy;Yq;fs;

· fhy;fis xU mb mfyk; tphpj;J itj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;.

· ,U iffisAk; Neuhf ePl;Lq;fs;

· cliy tpiug;ghf itf;fhky; glj;jpy; fhl;bagb ghjp cl;fhh;e;j epiyapy; vt;tsT Neuk; ,Uf;f KbANkh ,Uq;fs;.

· %l;by; Nyrhf typ Muk;gpj;jTld; mg;gbNa cl;fhh;e;J tplTk;.

ryghrdk;

1. jhil jiuapy; gLk; tz;zk; Fg;Gw gLf;fTk;.

2. iffisAk; Fg;Gw %ba epiyapy; mb tapw;wpy; fPo; itf;fTk;

3. %r;ir mlf;fpathW fhy;fis tpiwg;ghf;fp NkNy J}f;fTk;. 20 tpdhb fs; epWj;jp nkJthf fPNo ,wf;fTk;.

4. fhy;fis NkNy J}f;fpaTld; rhjhuz %r;R

5. xU Kiwf;F 20 tpdhbahf 2 Kiw nra;aTk;

gyd;fs;

tapw;Wtyp ePq;Fk;

Mngz;birb]; tuhky; jLf;fpwJ

kyr;rpf;fiy Nghf;FfpwJ

· mb KJF gyk; ngWk;

· ePupopT Neha;f;F rpwe;j Mrdk;

· fy;yPuy;> kz;zPuy; gyk; ngWfpwJ

· njhe;jp fiuAk;

· %yk; FzkhfpwJ

516

gyd;fs;

· euk;G kz;lyk; rkd;gLfpwJ

· njhilg; gFjp cWjp milfpwJ

· KOq;fhy; kw;Wk; %l;L typia Nghf;FfpwJ

gj;khrdk;

rhjhuzkhf cl;fhh;e;J ,uz;L fhy;fisAk; ePl;b nfhs;sTk;

tyJ fhiy ,U iffshYk; gpbj;J ,Oj;J mbg;ghjk;> mbtapw;iw njhLk;gbahf ,lJ njhilNky; itf;fTk;.

mNjNghy; ,lJ fhiy ,Oj;J gpbj;J tyJ njhil Nky; itf;fTk;.

KJif Neuhf epkph;j;jp fz;fis %bf;fnfhz;L if tpuy;fis glj;jpy; fhl;bagb rpd; Kj;jpiu nghUj;jTk;.

gyd;fs;

Nfhgk; FiwAk;

kdcWjp Vw;gLk;

$d;KJF epkpUk;

ed;whf grp vLf;Fk;

jpahdk;> gpuhzhahkk; nra;a rpwe;j Mrdk;

kr;rhrdk;

· gj;khrdj;jpy; mkuTk;

· nkJthf gpd;dhy; rha;e;J gLj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;

· iffis jiyf;F Nky; nfhz;L te;J cs;sq;ifia Cd;wp ,Lg;ig J}f;fTk;.

· Jiyia jiuNahL mOj;jp clk;gpw;Fk; jiuf;Fk; ,ilntsp Vw;gLj;jTk;

· iffshy; fhy; fl;iltpuiy gpbj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;

· Mokhf %r;ir cs;spOj;J ntspNa tplTk;

cly; jsh;r;rpia Nghf;fp RW RWg;gspf;fpwJ

Mo;e;j epj;jpiuf;F top nra;fpwJ

fOj;J typ FzkhFk;

cly; gUkd; FiwfpwJ

EiuaPuy; gyg;gLk;

gyd;fs;

156

`yhrdk;

· ky;yhe;J gLj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;

· ,uz;L fhy;fisAk; xNu %r;rpy; J}f;fp tpghPjfuzp epiyf;F tuTk;.

· nkJthf fhy;fis gpd;Nd ,wf;fTk;

· iffis Nfhh;j;jthW jiyapd; Nky; itf;fTk;

· 20 tpdhbfs; mg;gbNa epd;w gpwF nkJthf fhy;fis fPNo ,wf;fTk;

· ,JNghy; 3 Kiw nra;ayhk;.

gyd;fs;

epidTj;jpwd; mjpfhpf;Fk;

Kfj;jpy; Nj[]; Vw;gLk;

ePuopT tuhky; fhf;Fk;

euk;Gfs; tPhpakilAk;

,sikia fhf;Fk;

khjtplha; gpur;ridia rPh;nra;fpwJ

Nahf Kj;uh

· gj;khrdj;jpy; mkh;e;J nfhs;sTk;

· iffis gpd;dhy; fl;b nfhz;L tyJ ifahy; ,lJ kzpf;fl;il gpbf;f Ntz;Lk;.

· %r;ir ntspNa tpl;lthNu new;wp jiuia njhLk; tiu nkJthf FdpaTk;> mNj epiyapy; 20 tpdhb ,Ue;j gpwF nkJthf %r;ir cs;spOj;Jf; nfhz;Nl epkpuTk;.

· xU Kiwf;F 20 tpdhb vd;W 3 Kiw nra;aTk;.

gyd;fs;

euk;G jsh;r;rpia Nghf;Fk;

kyr;rpf;fYf;F kpfr;rpwe;j Mrdk;

KJF jz;L Kd;Df;F tistjhy; ,sik ngWk;

ePuopT tpahjp rpwe;j Mrdk;

%y tpahjp FzkhFk;

ypth; Neha;fs; tuhJ jLf;Fk;

njhe;jp fiuAk;

714

[hDrPuhrdk;

Neuhf cl;fhh;e;J ,uz;L fhy;fisAk; mfykhf tphpAq;fs;

,lJ fhiy kl;Lk; kbj;J mjd; Fjpfhy; Mrdthapy; gLk;gb itf;fTk;

nkJthf Fdpe;J ,U if tpuy;fshYk; tyJfhypd; fl;iltpuiy gpbf;fTk;

gpwF gbg;gbahf glj;jpy; fhl;bagb ,uz;L iffSf;F eLtpy; jiyia nfhz;L te;J tyJ Kl;bia njhlTk;

,NjNghy; mLj;j Rw;whf tyJ fhiy kbj;J nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

fhy; Kl;b klq;fhky; ,Ug;gJ Kf;fpak;

,uz;L Kiwahf 15 tpdhbfs; nra;aTk;

gyd;fs;

· thAnjhy;iy ePq;Fk;

· tapw;W typ jPUk;

fUg;ig NfhshWfs; tuhky; jLf;Fk;

· rpWePufk; rk;ge;jkhd Neha;fs; tuhky; fhf;Fk;

· ePuoptpw;F kpfr; rpwe;j Mrdk;

· Cisr; rij fiwAk;

rh;tq;fhrdk;

,J tpghPjfuzpapy; nfhLf;fg;gl;l nra;KiwfNs

tpghPjfuzpapy; ,Ue;J nfhz;Nl> gpd;KJif glj;jpy; fhl;bagb nkJthf mOj;jp Kd;Nd js;sTk;.

tpghPjfuzpapy;> khh;Gf;Fk;> fOj;Jf;Fk; cs;s ,ilntsp rh;thq;fhrdj;jpy; ,Uf;ff; $lhJ.

fPNo ,wq;Fk; NghJ jiyia J}q;fhky; kpfkpf nkJthf fhy;fis ,wf;fTk;.

,uz;L epkplj;jpw;F xU Kiwahf 2 Kiw nra;aTk;

Rhjhuz %r;R

njhlh;e;J nra;jhy; fz;fs; xsptPRk;> fhJ $h;ikailAk;> ,sikAk; $Lk;.·

ijuha;L xOq;fhf Ntiy nra;fpwJ

· fpl;dp NfhshWfs; tuhky; fhf;Fk;

· ENT gpur;rid tuhky; jLf;fpwJ

· jiyKb nfhl;LtJ epw;fpwJ

· Mz;ikia mjpfhpf;fpwJ

· kyl;Lj;jd;ikia Nghf;FfpwJ

· %yk; FzkhfpwJ

· ypth; ed;F nrayhw;w JizGhpfpwJ.

· tpiutPf;fk;> Flypwf;fk; tuhky; fhf;fpwJ.

gyd;fs;

138

g];rpNkhj;jhrdk;

ky;yhe;J gLj;J nfhs;Sq;fs;

,uz;L fhy;fisAk; xd;whf Nrh;j;J fhy; njhilia xl;bathW itj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;

Rthrj;ij cs;spOj;J xNu %r;rpy; Kd;Nd te;J if tpuy;fshy;> fhy; fl;il tpuiy gpbf;fTk;

nfhQ;rk; nfhQ;rkhf iffSf;fhd jiyia nfhz;L te;J fhy; Kl;bia jiyahy; njhlTk;. fhy; Kl;b klq;fhky; ,Ug;gJ mtrpak;

xU Kiwf;F 15 tpdhbfs; vd;W ,uz;L Kiw nra;aTk;

gyd;fs;

· ngz;fs; khjtplhapd; NghJ tUk; tapw;Wtyp jPUk;

· euk;G kz;lyk; Gj;Jzh;r;rp ngWfpwJ

· Gw;WNeha;> kQ;rs; fhkhiy tuhky; jLf;fpwJ

· Cis rij FiwAk;

· tapw;wpy; Nyrhf njhg;ig Muk;gpg;gJ Nghy; Njhd;wpdhy; clNd ,e;j Mrdj;ij gof Muk;gpAq;fs;

· ePuopT Neha;f;F kpfr; rpwe;j Mrdk;

tpghPjfuzp

cliy ,sf;fkhf itj;J ky;yhe;J gLf;fTk;

fhy;fis tapw;wpd; Nky; kbj;J xNu %r;rhf fhy;fis NkNy J}f;fTk;

ghjp fz;fs; %ba epiyapy; fhy; fl;il tpuiy ghUq;fs;

,wq;Fk; NghJ clNd jiyia J}f;fhky; kpfkpf nkJthf Kjypy; fhy;fis ,wf;fp 5 tpdhb fopj;J jiyia J}f;fTk;

fhiy 5 epkplKk;> ,uT cztpw;F Kd; 10 epkplK; nra;ayhk;

rhjhuz %r;R

gyd;fs;

· Qhgf rf;jpia mjpfhpf;fpwJ

jiytypia Nghf;FfpwJ

ijuha;L Rug;gpia ed;F Ruf;fr; nra;fpwJ.

M];Jkhtpw;F rpwe;j Mrdk;

,uT cztpw;F Kd; 10 epkplk; nra;jhy; ed;F J}f;fk; tUk;

· ngz;fs; fw;gg;ig Neha; tuhky; jLf;Fk;

Fwpg;G

NkNy fhiy epWj;j Ngyd;]; fpilf;fhjth;fs; ehd;F jiyaidia mLf;fp mjd; Nky; cl;fhh;e;J nkJthf gpd;dhy; rha;e;J epiyf;F tuyhk;.

912

cj;jhdghj Mrdk;

· ,uz;L fhy;fisAk; xl;bathW ky;yhe;J gLj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;

· iffis clk;NghL xl;bathW itj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;

· cly; tpiwg;ghf ,y;yhky; jsh;thf ,Uj;jy; mtrpak;

· ,U fhy;fisAk; xUNru nkJthf miumb J}f;fTk;

· %r;R rhjhuz epiyapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;

· 2 my;yJ 4 Kiw nra;aTk;

gyd;fs;

euk;Gfs;> gyk; ngWk;

[Puz cWg;Gfs; ed;F Ntiy nra;Ak;

thA njhy;iy ePq;Fk;

njhe;jp fiuAk;

ethrdk;

· jiuapy; ky;yhe;J gLj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;

· cliy gpd;Gwkhf “u” tbtpy; tisf;fTk;

· fz;fs; fZ;fhy;fis ghhj;j tz;zk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;

· rhjhuz %r;R

· ,uz;L fhy;fisAk; NkNy J}f;Fk; NghJ fhy;fs; kWgb fPNo ,wq;fptpLk;. mjdhy; NkNy J}f;fpaTld; iffshy; fhy;fis gpbj;J epWj;jTk;.

gyd;fs;

euk;G jsh;r;rpia Nghf;FfpwJ

ePupoptpw;F rpwe;j Mrdk;

kyr;rpf;fy; xopAk;

tapw;Wg;Gz; ePq;fp Gspj;j Vg;gk; tUtJ FzkhFk;

,sikia fhf;FfpwJ

EiuaPuy;> fpl;dp fy;yPuy;> kyf;Fly; RWRWg;G milfpwJ

1110