n orthwest h igh i ntensity d rug t rafficking a rea marijuana 101 history, science, commerce and...
TRANSCRIPT
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA Marijuana 101
History, Science, Commerce and Politics
_________________________________________________
Marijuana 101
History, Science, Commerce and Politics
_________________________________________________
Meth Etc.
The Luxury BoxSpokane, Washington
June 16, 2011
Steven Freng, Psy.D., MSWNW HIDTA Prevention/Treatment Manager
Meth Etc.
The Luxury BoxSpokane, Washington
June 16, 2011
Steven Freng, Psy.D., MSWNW HIDTA Prevention/Treatment Manager
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA
What is a HIDTA?What is a HIDTA?
“HIGH INTENSITY DRUG TRAFFICKING AREA”
HIDTAs are part of the national drug control strategy. They are grant programs managed by the Office of National Drug Control Policy,
awarded to geographic areas that are considered to be critical centers of drug production, manufacturing, importation, distribution and/or chronic consumption.
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA Northwest HIDTA Northwest HIDTA
Whatcom
Skagit
Snohomish
King
Clallam
Jefferson
GraysHarbor Mason
ThurstonPierce
PacificLewis
Wahkiakum
Cowlitz
Clark
Skamania
Klickitat
Yakima
Kittitas
Chelan
Douglas
OkanoganFerry
Stevens
PendOrielle
SpokaneLincoln
WhitmanAdams
Franklin
Grant
Benton
Walla Walla
Columbia
Asotin
Garfield
Island
Kitsap
San Juan
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA Northwest HIDTA Strategy
Combining Public Safety and Public Health Approaches:
Northwest HIDTA Strategy
Combining Public Safety and Public Health Approaches:
ENFORCEMENTInvestigative SupportTask Force Support
PREVENTION
Community Coalition Support
Public Education & Awareness
TREATMENT
Drug Court Programs
Data Management & Evaluation
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA Investigative Support Center
(ISC) Primary Components
Investigative Support Center (ISC)
Primary Components • Information Services Unit
– Watch Center• Officer Safety• Deconfliction
• Analytical Unit– Intelligence Research/Strategic Studies– Tactical Analysis– Case Support
• Administrative Unit– Technical Equipment & Services, Database Management,
Fiscal Management, Training
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA
Threat IndicatorsThreat Indicators“Critical Events” registered with the NW HIDTA by 61 L.E.A.s in 1998:
• Cocaine: 128• Methamphetamine 79• Heroin 33
• Marijuana: 27
• Other: _6_
273
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA
Percentage CEV by Drug
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
METHCOCAINEMARIJUANAHEROINMDMAOTHER
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA
Threat IndicatorsThreat Indicators“Critical Events” registered with the NW HIDTA by 75 L.E.A.s in 2010:
• Methamphetamine: 819
• Marijuana: 639
• Cocaine 475
• Rx Opiates: 413
• Heroin: 383
• MDMA (Ecstasy): 97
• Other: 146
2,972
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA Psychoactive Drugs by Psychoactive Drugs by
Group/TypeGroup/Type
• NicotineNicotine• MarijuanaMarijuana• StimulantsStimulants• OpiatesOpiates• SedativesSedatives• ““Atypical” DrugsAtypical” Drugs• HallucinogensHallucinogens
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA
CannabisCannabis Cultivated Harvested Cultivated Harvested
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA
““Ma” is a pictograph of Ma” is a pictograph of two two plants under a two two plants under a shelter sheltershelter shelter
““Ma” is a pictograph of Ma” is a pictograph of two two plants under a two two plants under a shelter sheltershelter shelter
The herb is a “liberator of sin –
good for female weakness, gout,
rheumatism, malaria, beri beri, constipation and
absent mindedness”.
Chinese Emperor , 2700
B.C.
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA
Cannabis sativa Cannabis sativa from from Vienna Dioscurides, 512 ADVienna Dioscurides, 512 AD
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA
Marijuana HistoryMarijuana History• Archeological evidence indicates the cultivation of grain, grapes and
hemp as early as 10,000 years ago -- concurrent with the development of pottery and prior to the development of metallurgy
• Approximately 5,000 years ago the Egyptians were known to brew at least 5 varieties of beer, and hemp was known to be cultivated for fiber, oil, food, medicinal and herbal uses throughout Asia
• Herodotus recorded Scythian use during funeral rituals in the early 5th Century B.C.
• Although there is little evidence of use among Greeks and Romans, ritual and medicinal use in noted by Persians, Hindus, Arabs and Chinese
• Hemp cultivation and cannabis use as a medicinal herb becomes common in Europe approximately 1,000 years ago, but is soon persecuted by the Church
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA Marijuana Policies Marijuana Policies
• Hemp is an important crop for the colonies and later for the new nation throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, cannabis widely used in medical practice but rarely for intoxication or “recreational” use
• Pure Food and Drug Act is passed in 1906, regulating the labeling of products containing alcohol, opiates, cocaine, cannabis and other substances
• Marijuana use is noted along the Mexican border and among immigrantlaborers, and states begin to pass prohibitive legislation as early as 1914 – including California (1915), Texas (1919), Louisiana (1924), New York (1927)
• In 1926 a New Orleans newspaper publishes stories of a murder committed by “Mexicans who smoked marijuana” – and the stories spread up the Mississippi River and into the rest of the country
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA Marijuana PoliciesMarijuana Policies
• Harry Anslinger is named Presidential Advisor for Drug Issues in 1930, moves to eradicate hemp (cannabis) following his appointment by Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon (banker to the DuPont family, developers of synthetic fibers)
• All 48 states have outlawed marijuana by 1936
• “Reefer Madness” produced and released in 1936
• The Marihuana Transfer Tax Act is passed in 1937 despite contradictory research and political positions, popular sentiment and animated by racial antagonisms, creating the federal prohibitions to buy, sell, barter or give away cannabis within paying a transfer tax
• 1964: 19,000 Americans arrested for marijuana offenses1974: 450,000 arrests
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA
Cannabis flyer, 1935Cannabis flyer, 1935
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA
Marijuana CharacteristicsMarijuana Characteristics• Alters brain perception and mood; described by
researchers as an intoxicant, a stimulant, a psychedelic and a depressant
• Can be eaten (onset in 30-60 minutes, duration 3-5 hours) and smoked (onset in minutes, duration 2-3 hours)
• Known as weed, pot, grass, hemp, reefer, ganja, mary jane, 4-20, joint, roach, bowl, nail
• Grown outdoors (on every continent) and indoors (hydroponics: using nutrient-rich liquid rather than soil, totally controlled environment, yields several crops a year, and hybrids such as “northern lights”, “white rhino”, “train wreck”, and B.C. bud varieties, producing seedless “Sinsemilla”
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA
Ingredients in Cannabis SativaIngredients in Cannabis Sativa
• 483 natural constituents:• 61 cannabinoids (including
THC and CBD)• 50* Hydrocarbons• 120* Terpenes• 25* Phenols• Plus: microbes, fungi, pesticides
*Known carcinogens
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA Acute EffectsAcute Effects
• Euphoria• Calmness• Increased concentration, eliminates boredom• Appetite stimulation (munchies)• Decreased saliva (cotton mouth)• Analgesia• Altered perception of time• Impaired coordination and balance• Anxiety, panic• Increased heart rate• Impaired short-term memory• Difficulty with learning and complex tasks• Impaired decision-making
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA
Long-Term EffectsLong-Term Effects
• Cognitive Impairment (learning, memory, attention)• Affects REM (dream) sleep• Interferes with the maturation process, has the
capacity to induce regression, “irreversible immaturity” – may affect brain development during adolescence
• Produces tolerance and dependence (10% in several studies)
• Withdrawal: irritability, restlessness, poor concentration, decreased appetite
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA
Long-term Effects Long-term Effects
• Impairs lung function • Immunosuppressant (colds, flu)• Several reports of an association with
schizophrenia – to a lesser extent, depression, anxiety and suicidal ideation
• Pregnancy: THC crosses the placental barrier and can be passed in breast milk; some
evidence of low birth weight and Apgar scores; withdrawal in newborns
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA
Percentage of At-Risk Marijuana Percentage of At-Risk Marijuana Users Who Reported Problems Users Who Reported Problems
Associated With UseAssociated With Use
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Concentration Problems
Regularly Put Self in Physical Danger*
Drive After Using Marijuana
Giving Up Important Activities*
Oversleep and Miss Class
Problems with Friends
Problems with Family
Serious Problems at Home, Work, or School*
Housing Violation
Repeated Trouble With the Law*
40.1%
24.3%
18.6%
14.4%
13.9%
8.4%
8.0%
7.6%
3.0%
2.3%
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA
30
DAY 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 WEEK 1 WEEK 2 WEEK 3 WEEK 4 WEEK 5 WEEK 6
THC GRAPH
Compliments of - STERLING REFERENCE LABORATORIES - Phone 800/442-0438
Marijuana (THC): Graph is a theoretical visual aid of the THC level in urine over time. There are many factors that influence semi-quantitative values; frequency & duration of use, quality of marijuana, personal metabolism, etc. As a rule of thumb, the higher the value the more likely use has been heavy &/or recent. The half-life of THC can vary, however, for most it is 1-3 days. Meaning the THC level is expected to decrease by approx. ½ every 24 to 72 hrs during a period of abstinence. Typically, levels drop to <50 ng/ml fairly quickly, with low levels (<50) persisting for longer periods depending on usage history.
Line A = occasional use Line B = Heavy use
>750 500 400 300 200 100 50 20 ng/ml
Cutoff
(A)
TIME in Days 1 2 3 4
Other Drug Classifications (excluding THC)
L
EV
EL
- n
g/m
l
(B)
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA
Drugs in CombinationDrugs in Combination
• Additive Effect: When two or more drugs are taken at the same time, and the action of one plus the action of the other results in an action as if just one drug had been given. An example would be a barbiturate and a benzodiazepine given together before surgery to relax a patient.
• Potentiation: Occurs when tow drugs are taken an one of them intensifies the action of the other. An example would be an antihistamine given with an opiate to intensify its effect, lessening the amount of the opiate needed.
• Synergism: When two drugs with similar actions are taken together resulting in an exaggerated action, out of proportion to that of each drug taken separately. An example would be alcohol taken together with an opiate.
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA
SPECT Image of Normal Brain
Top Underside SPECT Image of Normal Brain
Top Underside
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA
Normal Marijuana Use Normal Marijuana Use
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA First Specific Drug Associated with Initiation of First Specific Drug Associated with Initiation of
Illicit Drug Use, Aged 12 or Older: 2009Illicit Drug Use, Aged 12 or Older: 2009
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA Past Year Initiates of Specific Illicit Drugs Past Year Initiates of Specific Illicit Drugs
Persons Aged 12 or Older: 2009Persons Aged 12 or Older: 2009
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA Past Month Illicit Drug UsePast Month Illicit Drug Use
Person Aged 12 or Older: 2009Person Aged 12 or Older: 2009
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA
Percentage of High School Students Percentage of High School Students Reporting Past-Year Use, 2004-10Reporting Past-Year Use, 2004-10
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20100%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
34% 34%32% 32%
38% 39%
6% 7% 7% 6%
10% 10%Ecstasy
* Marijuana
*
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA Dependence on or Abuse of Specific Illicit Drugs in Dependence on or Abuse of Specific Illicit Drugs in
the Past Year, Persons Aged 12 or Older: 2009the Past Year, Persons Aged 12 or Older: 2009
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA
Marijuana-Related Admissions toMarijuana-Related Admissions toPublicly Funded Treatment , 1994-2006Publicly Funded Treatment , 1994-2006
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA WA State Treatment Admissions by
Drug (Adults) -- SFYs 2003-09WA State Treatment Admissions by
Drug (Adults) -- SFYs 2003-09
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Meth 5,994 6,512 7,975 10,021 9,22291
8,652 7,431
Marijuana 3,833 4,129 4,497 5,130 5,440 5,662 6,393
Cocaine 2,913 3,075 3,449 4,134 4,371 4,561 3,813
Heroin 2,390 2,617 3,712 3,449 3,137 3,439 4,393
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA Primary Drug of Choice –Primary Drug of Choice –
CJTA Clients, 2008-09CJTA Clients, 2008-09
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA
Publicly-funded Tx AdmissionsWA State Youth
Publicly-funded Tx AdmissionsWA State Youth
19.0%
62.0%
3.0% 4.0%0.7%
11.0%
0%
20%
40%
60%
Alcohol Marijuana Meth Heroin Cocaine Other
Drugs
% A
dm
itte
d
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA
Publicly-funded Tx AdmissionsWA State Adults
Publicly-funded Tx AdmissionsWA State Adults
48%
13%10%
3%5%
21%
0%
20%
40%
60%
Alcohol Marijuana Meth Heroin Cocaine Other
Drugs
% A
dm
itte
d
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA
Marijuana ProductionMarijuana Production
• “M-7” States (indoor and outdoor cultivation):
– California– Washington– Tennessee– Kentucky– West Virginia– Hawaii– Oregon
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA Cannabis Eradication by Cannabis Eradication by
National Forest, 2008National Forest, 2008
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA
Marijuana Commerce
• “Domestic” dominates the region although “BC Bud”, Californian, Mexican and other varieties are available
• Asian-Canadian DTOs operate indoor grows; Mexican DTOs operate outdoor grows
• Domestic marijuana ranked 1st (tied with methamphetamine) in prevalence and as a threat within the regional
2007 2008 2009 2010Gram $21 $15 $18 $19Ounce $233 $245 $250 $261Pound $2,537 $2,593 $2,838 $2,698
NW HIDTA TAS Cannabis Prices
Cannabis
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA
June 2, 2010Investigative Assistance Division
Marijuana SeizuresMarijuana Seizures
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
Total Seizure Comparison by YTD
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA
June 2, 2010 Investigative Assistance Division50
2010 Marijuana Eradication Statistics Statewide2010 Marijuana Eradication Statistics Statewide293,442 Plants Seized293,442 Plants Seized
1-500
501-1000
1001-5000
Non Reported
10,000
Indoor/Outdoor/Hotline #s
5001-9,999
TOTAL SEIZURES(As of September 28, 2010)Grows 321Indoor Plants 25,710Outdoor Plants 267,732MJ Hotline Plants 60,669Arrests 236Weapons 224
Wahkiakum
Island
San Juan54
I-84
I-82
97
I-82
I-90
I-5
I-5
395
I-84
I-90
12
128
Seattle
Tacoma
Yakima
Portland
Tri-Cities
Spokane
Olympia
101
101
101
12
97
2
97/20
20
2
2
20
97/20
O R E G O N
I D
A H
O
C A N A D A
P A
C I
F I
CO
C E
A N
P U G E TSOUND
Kitsap499/28/7
Chelan6/3,291
Clallam
Jefferson79/39
Mason322/19/246
Lewis442/17,264/13,825
Skamania14,125/840
Pacific445
Thurston441/1,133/23
Yakima2,661/54,799/8,207
Pierce2,201/7/58
Klickitat79/93,873/9,964
Snohomish1,511/511
Douglas60
Grant118/17,704/8,011
Kittitas
Clark279/3,095
Benton81/12,324/22
Skagit652/271/36
5
Whatcom864/427/290
Okanogan72/17,277/5,323
Ferry116
Stevens193/416
PendOreille
Lincoln Spokane1,081/200/5
Whitman15
Garfield73
Columbia5,703
Franklin10,067
Asotin107
Adams245
Walla Walla132/1,025
Grays Harbor1,527/24/228
Cowlitz2,977/2,948
King12,263/100/310
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA
Marijuana Border SeizuresMarijuana Border Seizures
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA Percentage of Drugs Submitted for AnalysisPercentage of Drugs Submitted for Analysis
(WSP Forensic Laboratory)(WSP Forensic Laboratory)
Seattle Tacoma Vancouver Kennewick Spokane Marysville
Meth 13.88 29.53 37.37 34.64 24.48 17.75
Cocaine 16.14 11.56 6.18 13.20 11.38 14.78
Heroin 6.54 8.28 11.02 4.74 3.40 13.74
Oxycodone 6.29 4.70 3.40 1.69 5.19 5.94
Marijuana 26.40 22.55 8.64 21.03 18.65 13.40
PCP/LSD 0.87 0.29 0.00 0.00 0.18 0.06
MDA/MDMA 1.08 0.51 0.22 0.58 1.43 1.77
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA Drug Distribution Originating Drug Distribution Originating
in Washington Statein Washington State
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA What is “Spice” and “K-2”?What is “Spice” and “K-2”?
• Olive-colored plant material, can be laced with synthetic cannabanoid mimicking compounds, most notably “HU-210” and “JWH-018” – available as early as 2002 in Europe.
• Sold over the Internet (and previously in smoke shops) as “all- natural” and “herbal” incense at $30-$35/gram (compared to marijuana @ $80 for 14 grams).
• Each bag of Spice/K-2 could contain a different mix of substances.
• WA Board of Pharmacy adopted emergency scheduling (Schedule I) for five compounds effective 1/7/11 and again on 4/15/11 – each ruling stands for 120 days, requiring action to adopt permanent rules.
• DEA also temporarily scheduled the same compounds on 3/1/11, placing them into the Controlled Substances Act pursuant to temporary scheduling provisions.
• There are no set standards to test for the substances in Spice/K-2.
54
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA
The abbreviated chemical names for the The abbreviated chemical names for the substances found in Spice are:substances found in Spice are:
– HU-210• A Schedule I controlled substance• Various studies show it is anywhere from 66-800 times more potent than THC • Presence is not detectable with standard Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
– JWH-018• A Schedule I controlled substance • Believed to have THC-like effects
– CP 47,497• A Schedule I controlled substance• 3 to 28 times more potent than THC• Used to research effects of THC
– JWH-073• A Schedule I controlled substance• THC-like effects probable
– HU-211• Not currently a controlled substance• Studies tentatively show no THC-like effects• Field tests for THC will result in a negative result
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA
Ingredient Information for “Spice”
Spice contains a combination of plants and aromatic extracts including:
Baybean - Canavalia maritimaSmoked on the Gulf Coast of Mexico as Marijuana substitute. Seeds have been found in royal grave sites in the Yucatan and Peru dating from 300 B.C. to A.D. 900.
Blue Lotus - Nymphaea caerulea & Nymphaea albaWorshipped by ancient Egyptians as a symbol for the origins of life. The flowers were known for their visionary and inebriating effects. White Lotus was successfully used as an anesthetic in WWI when the more traditional opiate anesthetic wasn't available.
Dwarf scullcap - Scuttelaria nanaScullcap is well-known among the Cherokee and other Native American tribesas a sedative and excellent treatment for anxiety and insomnia. It has been known to cause giddiness when large amounts are ingested.
Indian Warrior - Pedicularis densifloraAt least one Native American tribe is known to smoke the flowers of certain Pedicularis species for their narcotic effects. Pedicularis densiflora is one of the most rare and potent species of Pedicularis. It has been used for many years as an aphrodisiac, muscle relaxer and strong sedative. More potent than any other herb of its kind.
Lion's Tail - Leonotis leonurusUsed by the Xhosa and Hottentot tribes of South Africa for inebriant and euphoric effects.
Maconha Brava - Zornia latifoliaDried leaves smoked by Indians in Brazil as a visionary aide. The vernacular name Maconha Brava means "false Marijuana".
Pink Lotus - Nelumbo nuciferaPossesses great significance in Eastern religion. Indians believe that Brahma, creator and God of the universe, sprang from a lotus blossom. Pink Lotus was often smoked or made into a tea to create a mystical feeling of joy that permeated the mind and body.
Siberian Motherwort - Leonurus sibiricusUsed in Chinese medicine for thousands of years under the name Yi Mu Cao.
Also commonly used in Brazil and Chiapas as a substitute for another popular smoking herb giving it the nickname "Little Marijuana".
(Source: www.spicesales.com)
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA Common Brand NamesCommon Brand Names
• Silver Spice• Diamond Spice• Yukatan Fire Spice• PEP Spice• Fire n’ Ice
How is it Used?How is it Used?• Rolled in papers and smokedRolled in papers and smoked• Packed into a bluntPacked into a blunt• Hookah pipesHookah pipes• Inhaled while burned as incense Inhaled while burned as incense
57
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA
Medicinal Marijuana Medicinal Marijuana • FDA has approved pill form (Marinol) for nausea
associated with chemotherapy and the wasting disease that appears with AIDS
• Inhaling burnt leaves impairs lung function, increases the risk of bronchitis, asthma and other chronic respiratory diseases and may damage the immune system
• Not proven to help: glaucoma, multiple sclerosis
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA Medical Marijuana approved in 15 states and D.C. --Medical Marijuana approved in 15 states and D.C. --
RED: passed by ballot initiativeRED: passed by ballot initiative GREEN: passed by legislation GREEN: passed by legislation YELLOW: 2011 efforts YELLOW: 2011 efforts
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA National Overview – National Overview –
State Legislation State Legislation
• 110 pieces of pro-drug legislation
introduced in 37 states• 27 are bills to establish medical
marijuana programs• 16 seek to decriminalize marijuana• 6 seek to tax and/or regulate marijuana• 28 seek to expand current medical marijuana programs• Remaining are proposals regarding hemp,
rescheduling marijuana, and restructuring criminal penalties
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA WA State Medicinal Marijuana LawWA State Medicinal Marijuana Law
Chapter 181, Laws of 2011 (effective 7/22/11)Chapter 181, Laws of 2011 (effective 7/22/11)
• A health care professional must now examine the patient and document need• A health care professional cannot have a business consisting solely of
authorizing use• Qualifying patients may still assert an affirmative defense• Patients’ parental rights and organ transplant rights are protected• Allows up to 10 patients and designated providers to establish collective
gardens of up to 45 plants and 72 ounces of “useable cannabis”• Providers may serve only one patient in a 15-day period• Drug-free workplaces, correctional facilities and supervision authorities are
not required to permit marijuana use• The WSIPP is to conduct a cost benefit analysis; UW and WSU can
conduct research on medical use• Local governments can adopt zoning, licensing requirements and
business taxes for community gardens• Dispensaries are no longer allowed
NO
RT
HW
ES
T H
IGH
IN
TE
NS
ITY D
RU
G T
RA
FF
ICK
ING
AR
EA
QUESTIONS?QUESTIONS?
Contact Information/Resources
Tel: 206.352.3603
“M-Files”: www.mfiles.org
ONDCP: whitehousedrugpolicy.gov