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Myoclonus
July 2019
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What is Myoclonus?
“a long-standing source of confusion and debate”
(Gastaut, 1968)
Definitions:
“quick muscle jerks, either irregular or rhythmic”
“sudden, brief involuntary movement”
“any brief muscle contraction”
“ sudden, brief, shock-like muscle contraction arising from
the CNS”
“abrupt, jerky, involuntary movements”
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Other movement disorders
Tics
Simple partial seizures with motor dysfunction
Chorea
Startle syndromes
epileptic vs. non-epileptic myoclonic disorders
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Myoclonus → Tics
Myoclonus Tic
No preceding urge to move Urge to move
Simple movement Simple/Complex movement
Often bilateral upper extremities,
little variation
Midline (facial) or lateralized –
never bilateral
No vocalization Vocal tics (5-30%) – Tourette’s
Non-suppressible Temporarily suppressible
Difference in treatment!• Treatment of myoclonus → not effective for Tics
• Treatment of Tics →may worsen myoclonus (epileptic)
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Myoclonus → simple partial seizure
(motor)
EEG to differ!
Phenotype of simple partial seizure (motor):
Consistent focality
Unilaterality
Jacksonian spread
Also lower extremities
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Myoclonus → Chorea
Chorea + athetoid (writhing) movements
Patients with Chorea often attempt to incorporate
choreiform movements into volunatary actions
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Myoclonus → startle syndromes
stiff baby syndrome: exaggerated startle to tactile or
acoustic stimuli with no loss of consciousness
Generalized stiffness after startle
Absence of habituation → normal startle reflex
+ cognitive deficiency / + cerebral palsy
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Myoclonus - Definition
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Myoclonus - Definition
Sudden, brief, shock-like involuntary movement
burst of muscular activity (positive myoclonus) OR silencing
of muscular activity (negative)
At rest / during voluntary movement (action-induced) / due
to provoking stimuli (sensory, visual, auditory, emotional)
Short (10-50 ms), non-rhythmic
Exceptions: CJD (> 100 ms – “dystonic myoclonus”),
familial cortical myoclonus, progressive myoclonic
epilepsies, CBD, spinal segmental myoclonus (“rhythmic”)
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Cortical Subcortical Segmental Peripheral
Focal discharge
from M1 / S1
cortex
A) Cortical-
Subcortical
Thalamus-cortex
network impaired
B) Subcortical-
nonsegmental
myoclonus manifests
far beyond the
segments near to
the originating site
Particular
Segment(s) of
brainstem/spinal
cord
PNS lesion →
hyperactive
discharge to
muscle
Cortical reflex
myoclonus,
neurodegenerativ
e disease
A) Primary
generalized
epileptic
syndromes (JME),
Absence
B) Essential
Palatal
myoclonus,
spinal
segmental
myoclonus
Hemifacial spasm
EEG: variable
EMG: Bursts < 75
ms
EEG: Generalized
spike and wike
EMG: Bursts < 100 ms
EEG: normal
EMG: Bursts >
100ms
EEG: normal
EMG: variable
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Etiologies - Overview
Physiologic
Essential
Epileptic
Secondary / Symptomatic
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Etiologies
Physiologic:
Jerk during sleep or sleep transition, anxiety-induced
myoclonus, exercise-induced myoclonus, singultus, benign
infantile myoclonus with feeding
Nocturnal Myoclonus (period limb movements of sleep):
Stereotyped repetitive dorsiflexion of toes and feet (see ‘RLS’)
→ sleep disturbance / excessive daytime sleepiness
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Etiologies
Essential I:
Myoclonus = most prominent or only finding
Mild disability / slow or absent progression / normal cognition
Sporadic → hereditary (A-D: arms and axial muscles)
Palatal Myoclonus:
Often secondary due to brainstem lesion – but also essential
Contractions of tensor veli palatini – roof of the mouth
+ clicking/popping in the ear
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Etiologies
Essential II:
Myoclonus-Dystonia:
Dystonia as a common feature of hereditary essential myoclonus
(involunatary, repetitive or twisting movements)
Cervical / limb dystonia + short jerks
Onset: > 6 years (f > m)
DYT11 gene
little or no functional disability
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Etiologies
Epileptic I:
= myoclonus in the setting of epilepsy – seizures dominate
Infantile spasms (West syndrome):
Triad: infantile spasms + interictal EEG hypsarrhythmia + mental
retardation
→ ACTH, steroids, vigabatrin
Severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy (Dravet syndrome):
Severe seizures triggered by hot temperature and fever
+ ataxia, psychomotor delay
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Etiologies
Epileptic II:
Lennox-Gastaut-Syndrome:
+ mental retardation + regression
Multiple seizure types: absence / tonic / atonic / tonic-clonic
Benign myoclonic epilepsy of infancy
Myoclonic astatic epilepsy (Doose syndrome)
Cryptogenic myoclonus epilepsy (Aicardi):
= agenesis of corpus callosum + retinal abnormalities + seizures
X-linked (in girls or in boys with Klinefelter syndrome)
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Etiologies
Symptomatic:
Drug-induced syndrome
Neurodegenerative disease
Encephalopathies, including hypoxia
Progressive myoclonus ataxia
Infectious and postinfectious disorders
Autoimmune inflammatory disorders (opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome)
Metabolic disorders
Mitochondrial disorders
Storage diseases
Exaggerated
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Symptomatic Myoclonus
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Drug-Induced
Levodopa
TCA, SSRI, MAO inhibitors, lithium
Antibiotics (penicillins, cephalosporins, quinolones)
Anticonvulsants
CCB
Drug withdrawal (e.g. sedatives)
→ Myoclonus typically resolves upon withdrawal
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Metabolic
Hyperthyroidism
Hepatic failure
Renal failure
Electrolyte disturbances
Hypoxia: Lance-Adams-Syndrome
Posthypoxic myoclonus, days after successful CPR
Triggered by intentional actions or external stimuli
→ acute posthypoxic seizure: + comatose state
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Neurodegenerative diseases
Alzheimer‘s, PD, FTD, LBD
Wilson‘s
Huntington‘s disease
Autosomal-dominant, CAG repeats
Chorea (involuntary, irregular, nonrepetitive, arrhythmic)
Oculomotor disorders (nystagmus)
Hyperreflexia, sensory deficits, autonomic dysfunction
→ hypokinetic (dystonia), akinetic mutism, myoclonus
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CNS damage
Post-stroke
Post-thalamotomy
Tumor
Trauma
Infection (Cryptococcus, HIV, Lyme, Malaria, PML, SSPE, Syphilis)
Inflammation (paraneoplastic, postinfectious)
idiopathic
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Tay-Sachs disease
Autosomal-recessive, more common in Ashkenazi Jews
Hexosaminidase A deficiency→ GM2 ganglioside buildup → neurodegeneration
Developmental delay, regression, “cherry-red” spot on macula
Dx: lysosomes with “onion skin” appearance
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Gaucher disease
Autosomal-recessive
Glucocerebrosidase deficiency→ glucocerebrosidebuildup → brain, liver, spleen, bone marrow
Hepatosplenomegaly, osteoporosis, pancytopenia, neurodegeneration with myoclonus
Dx: reduced glucocerebrosidase activity in leukocytes
Th: recombinant glucocerebrosidase
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Progressive myoclonic epilepsy
(Unverricht-Lundborg)
Age: 6-16 years, prevalent in Scandinavia
Autosomal-recessive
Progressive myoclonus
+ cognitive decline
+ lifespan: middle-age
Cave: Phenytoin – seriously exacerbates this condition
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Lafora disease
autosomal-recessive, fatal condition
Lafora bodies in multiple organs (glycogen storage disorder)
Myoclonic seizures + ataxia + hallucinations + rapid dementia
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Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red
fibres (MERRF)
Mitochondrial disease
Myoclonic seizures + cerebellar ataxia + myopathy
→ dementia, optic atrophy, WPW syndrome
Dx: ragged red fibres on muscle biopsy
Th: Coenzyme Q10, B complex, L-Carnitine
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Dentatorubralpallidoluysian atrophy
Autosomal-dominant (CAG repeats): spinocerebellardegenaration
Naito-Oyanagi-disease
+ ataxia, choreoathetosis, dementia
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Creutzfeld-Jakob disease
Rapid progression
Motor symptoms:
Myoclonus + hypokinesia + ataxia
Neuropsychiatric features:
Mutism, sleep disorders, anxiety, paranoia, dementia
Dx: EEG (periodic sharp wave complexes), CSF (14-3-3 protein)
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Malabsorption
Celiac disease (HLA-DQ8):
Chronic and recurring diarrhea + extraintestinal manifestations:
vitamin deficiency, dermatitis herpetiformis
Neuropsychiatric (myoclonus, neuropathy, ataxia)
Etc.
Dx: transglutaminase antibody, gliadin peptide, endomysial
antibody
Whipple‘s disease:
Tropheryma whipplei infection
Malabsorption + arthritis + myoclonia + ataxia+ cardiac symptoms
Dx: PAS-positive macrophages → Th: ceftriaxone
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Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome
Paraneoplastic: SCLC, Ovarian, Breast, Neuroblastoma
Antibodies against fastigial nucleus →
Opsoclonus = rapid, involuntary, multivectorial, conjugate fast eye
movements
First Aid: Step 1…
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Hashimoto’s encephalopathy
Encephalopathy + Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
hypothyroidism
Neuropsychiatric features: personality changes, delusion, amnesia,
myoclonus (65% cases), ataxia, sleep disorder
Responsive to steroids
Dx: anti-TPO, anti-Tg
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MELAS
= mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like
episodes
→ brain + muscles affected
Muscle weakness, pain, exercise intolerance
myoclonus
Short stature, diabetes mellitus
Stroke-like episodes before age 40 – temporary hemiparesis, AMS
Dx: blood lab (lactic acids, CK), genetic testing
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Myoclonus - Summary
Myoclonus is not a diagnosis
Physical sign seen in diseases of many different
pathologies and in normal physiological situations
Effort of diagnosis is not trivial
A good understanding of the features associated with
other neurological disorders that resemble myoclonic
disorders, is the best aid to accurate diagnosis