myocardial infarction
DESCRIPTION
Myocardial InfarctionTRANSCRIPT
+
Myocardial InfarctionMolly Chaffin
Denielle SaittaClaire HolladayLauren MitchellKarly Childress
+What is a myocardial infarction?
A heart attack occurs when blood flow to the heart muscle is decreased or blocked completely, keeping the heart from getting enough oxygen, which can damage or destroy part of the heart muscle.
Heart attacks are most often caused by the buildup of plaque in the arteries that lead to the heart.
Plaque is the accumulation of calcium and fatty acids such as cholesterol and triglyceride.
+What are the symptoms?
Most common warning symptoms of a heart attack: Chest pain or discomfort Upper body discomfort Shortness of breath
Other possible symptoms of a heart attack include: Breaking out in a cold sweat Feeling unusually tired for no reason, sometimes for days
(especially if you are a woman) Nausea and vomiting Light-headedness or sudden dizziness
+What is angioplasty?
Angioplasty is a nonsurgical procedure to open narrowed or blocked coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart.
A coronary artery stent is a small, metal mesh tube with a balloon that expands inside a coronary artery which is placed during or after an angioplasty. The stent helps prevent blockages in the artery in the future.
+Meet James Klosterman
+Client History (CH)
Personal History 61 y.o. male Occupation: Lutheran Minister Marital Status: Married, with grown children Tobacco use: 1 ppd for 40 years Alcohol use: 1 glass of wine per day
Patient Medical History Brought to emergency room by his wife after having
severe chest pain returning home from work. He described having pressure-like pain radiating to his jaw and left arm and had an episode of emesis and nausea
+Client History (CH)
Medical History con’t Surgical History:
Appendectomy Cholecystectomy (10 years prior)
Allergies: none
Family History Father: Coronary Artery Disease;
MI age 59
+Client History (CH)
Treatments/ Therapy Alternative Medicine Surgical treatment
Diagnosed as myocardial infarction Angioplasty of distal right coronary artery Stent placement to stabilize patient
+Anthropometric Measurements (AD)
Height: 5 feet 10 inches
Weight: 185 pounds
BMI: 26.6 kg/m2
Unplanned Weight Loss: N/A
+Nutrition-Focused Physical Findings (PD)
Overall Appearance Slightly overweight, pale, distressed
Nerves and Cognition Alert and focused
Vital Signs Temp: 98.4 BP: 118/78 Pulse: 92 bpm Respiratory rate: 20 bpm
+Biochemical Data, Medical Tests and Procedures (BD)
Chemistry Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Ref. Range
Carbon Dioxide (CO2, mEq/L)
20 L 24 26 23-30
Glucose (mg/dL)
136 H 106 104 70-110
ALT (U/L) 30 215 H 185 H 4-36
AST (U/L) 25 245 H 175 H 0-35
CPK (U/L) 75 500 H 335 H 55-170 (M)
CPK-MB (U/L) 0 75 H 55 H 0
Lactate Dehydrogenase (U/L)
325 685 H 365 208-378
+Biochemical Data, Medical Tests and Procedures (BD)
Chemistry Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Ref. Range
Troponin I (ng/dL)
2.4 H 2.8 H <0.2
Troponin T (ng/dL
2.1 H 2.7 H <0.03
Cholesterol (mg/dL)
235 H 226 H 214 H 120-199
HDL-C (mg/dL)
30 L 32 L 33 L > 45 (M)
LDL-C (mg/dL)
160 H 150 H 141 H <130
LDL/HDL ratio
5.3 H 4.7 H 4.3 H <3.55 (M)
Apo A (mg/dL)
72 L 80 L 98 94-178 (M)
Apo B (mg/dL)
115 110 105 63-133 (M)
PT (sec) 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.4-14.4
+Food and Nutrition-Related History (FH): Food and Nutrient Intake Drug-Nutrient Interactions
Lopressor Lisinopril Nitro-Bid NTG Aspirin
Purpose Blood Pressure
Blood Pressure
Chest Pain Chest Pain Blood thinner
Mechanism
Beta blocker
ACE inhibitor
Vasodilator Vasodilator COX inhibitor
Nutritional Interaction
Calcium interferes with absorption, avoid licorice
Avoid high potassium
Avoid alcohol
Avoid alcohol
Vitamin K affects thickness of blood, Calcium decreases absorption
Unclear as to why Mr. Klosterman was not prescribed a statin drug
+Food and Nutrition-Related History (FH): Food and Nutrient Intake
Previous nutrition therapy: Year prior with community dietitian
Hospital medical treatment: Nitroglycerin and morphine until pain recession IV Heparin: 5000 bolus units; 1,000 unit/hr continuous infusion Chewable aspirin: 160 mg continued daily Lopressor: 50mg twice daily Lidocaine: as needed
Current dietary prescription: Pre-surgery: NPO Post-surgery:
High protein (1g/kg body weight) Low saturated fat (5-6%) Moderate cholesterol
New guidelines supported by AHA suggest no specific limit for dietary cholesterol
+Food and Nutrition-Related History (FH): Food and Nutrient Intake24 hour recall: Breakfast None
Morning snack 1 large cinnamon raisin bagel1 tbsp fat-free cream cheese8 oz orange juicecoffee
Lunch 1 cup canned vegetable beef soupSandwich (4oz roast beef, lettuce, tomato, dill pickles, 2 tsp mayonnaise)1 small apple8 oz 2% milk
Dinner 2 lean pork chops (3 oz each)1 large baked potato (2 tbsp margarine)½ cup green beans ½ cup coleslaw1 slice apple pie
Snack 1 oz pretzels8 oz 2% milk
+Mid-Morning Snack
Food List Carbohydrate (g)
Protein (g) Fat (g) Calories
Large Cinnamon Raisin Bagel (4 carb exchanges)
60g (0-12)g (0-4)g 320
1 tbsp fat free cream cheese(1 free exchange)
8 oz orange juice (2 fruit carb exchange)
30g 120
coffee
TOTAL 90g 0-12g 0-4g =440
+Lunch
Food List Carbohydrate (g)
Protein (g) Fat (g) Calories
1 c. canned vegetable beef (1 carb exchange)
15g (0-3)g (0-1)g 80
Sandwich bread (2 carb) 4oz roast beef lettuce, tomato, pickels 2 tsp mayo
30g30g
28-34g(0-6)g28g
10-15g(0-1)g(0-4)g
10g
434160184
90
1 small apple (1 fruit exchange)
15g 60
8 oz 2% milk 12g 8g 5g 120
TOTAL 72g 36-45g 15-21g =694
+Dinner
Food List Carbohydrate (g)
Protein (g) Fat (g) Calories
2 lean pork chops (6 meat exchanges)
42g (0-18)g 600
Large baked potato (4 starch exchange)
60g (0-12)g (0-4)g 320
½ cup green beans (2 low carb exchanges)
10g 4g 50
½ cup coleslaw (1 carb + 1.5 fat exchanges)
15g (0-3)g 7.5g 147.5
1 slice apple pie (3 carb + 1 fat exchange)
45g (0-9)g (5-6)g 285
TOTAL 130g 46-70g 12.5-35.5g =1,402.5
+Snacks
Food List Carbohydrate (g)
Protein (g) Fat (g) Calories
1oz pretzels (1.25 carb exchange)
18.75 g (0-3.75)g (0-1.25)g 100
8 oz 2% milk (1 milk exchange)
12g 8g 5g 120
TOTAL 30.75g 8-11.75g 5-6.25g =220
+Food and Nutrition-Related History (FH): Food and Nutrient Intake
Current dietary intake (according to online nutrition database) Calories= 2,201 Carbs = 280 g (54% ) Protein = 106 g (19%) Fat = 89 g (36%)
Sat. Fat 12% = 30 g (rec. <5-6%)
Fiber 19 g (recommended 30g) Sodium 5,064 mg
(recommended < 1,500mg)
Dietary Intake (according to food exchange list)
Calories = 2,756.5 Carbs = 322.75 g Protein = 90-138.75 g Fat = 65-66.75 g
+Food and Nutrition-Related History (FH): Food and Nutrient Intake
History: Appetite good Recent diet changes
Corn oil instead of butter Less fried foods
Food Allergies: none
Physical Activity 15 minute walk daily—walking dog, leisurely pace
+Comparative Standards (CS):
Resting Energy Requirements (using Mifflin St. Jeor) REE= (10 * 84kg) + (6.25 * 178cm) – (5 * 61yr) + 5 =
1,652 kcal
Total Energy Requirements Normal activity factor: 1.4 (low activity)
1,652 kcal/day x 1.4 = 2,313 kcal/day Hospitalized factor: 1.2 (surgery)
1,652 kcal/day x 1.2 = 1,982 kcal/day
+Comparative Standards (CS):
Macronutrient needs Normal protein needs (67-84 g/day)
84 kg x 0.8-1.0= 67.2-84 g protein/day Post-op protein needs (84-126 g/day)
84 kg x 1.0-1.5= 84-126 g protein/day
+Nutrition Diagnoses
PES #1: Altered nutrition-related laboratory values
related to high saturated fat diet as evidenced by total cholesterol >200mg/dL, HDL <45mg/dL, and LDL >130mg/dL
PES #2: Physical inactivity related to sedentary
lifestyle as evidenced by only walking 15 minutes each day
+Nutrition Intervention
PES #1: Altered nutrition-related laboratory values related to high saturated fat diet as evidenced by total cholesterol >200 mg/dL, HDL <45 mg/dL, and LDL >130 mg/dL
Nutrition Rx: Modify diet to consume less than 5-6% of daily calories from saturated fats; this translates to between 99.1-118.92 calories from saturated fat or 16 grams of saturated fat per day for Mr. Klosterman
Nutrition Intervention: This can be done by decreasing dietary consumption of saturated fats by choosing a lower fat milk option. Provide nutrition education to promote healthy cooking and appropriate portion sizes. Also, continue to replace butter with oil when cooking and reduce fried foods. Participate in the DASH diet to reduce sodium intake and have a better heart healthy diet and help reduce BMI.
+Nutrition Intervention
PES #2 Physical inactivity related to sedentary lifestyle as evidenced by only walking 15 minutes each day
Nutrition Rx: Increase physical activity to 150 minutes per week of moderate intensity physical activity.
Nutrition intervention: From Nutrition Care Manual, increase walking to 30 minute per day, five or more times per week. Discuss other options for physical activity to decrease sedentary time. Gradually increase daily activity time to walking the dog for 30 minutes twice daily two times per week. Also, meet with a personal trainer to set and achieve specific goals.
+Monitoring and Evaluation
Evaluate the effectiveness of the nutrition interventions in meeting the nutrition goals
Monitor the patient’s Cholesterol (>200mg/dL), HDL (<45 mg/dL) and LDL (>130 mg/dL) levels for changes through laboratory values
Monitor Anthropometrics by checking weight, BMI, and waist circumference
Have patient keep track of a food diary so dietary intake can be monitored
Monitor his daily physical activity to see an increase from only walking 15 minutes per day
Monitor the patient’s progress in his cardiac rehab program
Monitor the patient’s progress in cessation of smoking
ADIME Notes
Client History (CH): Age – 61 Gender – Male Race/Ethnicity – White Living/housing situation- living with wife Smokes 1 PPD Dx: Myocardial Infarction s/p angioplasty
ADIME Notes, cont. Food- and Nutrition- Related History (FH):
Meal type: clear liquids, no caffeine History: Appetite good. Has been trying to change diet. Wife indicates
that she has been using “corn oil” instead of butter and has tried not to fry foods as often.
24-hour recall: Breakfast- none Midmorning snack- 1 large cinnamom rasiin bagel with 1 tbsp. fat-
free cream cheese, 8 oz orange juice, coffee Lunch- 1 c canned vegetable beef soup, sandwich with 4 oz roast
beef, lettuce, tomato, dill pickles, 2 tsp mayonnaise, 1 small apple, 8 oz 2% milk
Dinner:- 2 lean pork chops (3 oz each), 1 large baked potato, 2 tsp margarine, ½ c green beans, ½ c coleslaw (cabbage with 1 tbsp. salad dressing), 1 slice apple pie
Snack- 8 oz 2% milk 1 oz pretzels Food allergies/intolerances/aversions: none Previous nutrition therapy? Yes, last year with community dietation Food purchase/ preparation: spouse Vitamin/mineral intake: none
ADIME Notes, cont. Anthropetric Data (AD):
Height and Weight: 5’10 and 185 pounds: BMI: 26.6 kg/m2
Biochemical Data (BD): Cholesterol214mg/dL HDL 30mg/dL LDL 141mg/dL VLDL 40mg/dL HDL/LDL ratio 4.8 ApoA 98mg/dL
Physical Findings (PD): Vital signs
Blood Pressure 118/78 mm Hg Temperature 98.4 F Pulse 92 bpm Respiratory rate 20 bpm
Comparative Standards (CS): Total Energy estimated needs: 2300 calories Total Protein estimated needs: 67.2 – 84 g protein/day Total Fat estimated needs: 25-35%
ADIME Notes, cont.
Diagnosis: PES #1: Altered nutrition-related laboratory
values related to high saturated fat diet as evidenced by total cholesterol >200mg/dL, HDL <45mg/dL, and LDL >130mg/dL
PES #2: Physical inactivity related to sedentary lifestyle as evidenced by only walking 15 minutes each day
ADIME Notes, cont Intervention
PES #1: Nutrition Rx: Modify diet to consume less than 5-6% of daily calories from
saturated fats; this translates to less than 162 calories or 18 grams of fat for Mr. Klosterman.
Nutrition intervention: This can be done by decreasing dietary consumption of saturated fats by choosing a lower fat milk option. Provide nutrition education to promote healthy cooking and appropriate portion sizes. Also, continue to replace butter with oil when cooking and reduce fried foods. Participate in the DASH diet to reduce sodium intake and have a better heart healthy diet and help reduce BMI.
PES #2: Nutrition Rx: Increase physical activity to 150 minutes per week of moderate
intensity physical activity (1). Nutrition intervention: Increase walking to 30 minute per day, five or more
times per week. Discuss other options for physical activity to decrease sedentary time. Gradually increase daily activity time to add up to 300 minutes per week until healthy weight is reached.
+References
Nahikian-Nelms, Marcia, and Sara Long. Roth. Medical Nutrition Therapy: A Case Study Approach. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, 4th ed., copyright 2014. Print.
Internet Resources American Heart Association: http://www.heart.org/ Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: http://www.eatright.org Nutrition Care Manual: http://www.nutritioncaremanual.org National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute:
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/heartattack/