myers’ psychology (5th ed)
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Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (5th Ed). Chapter 8 Learning James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers. Learning. Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience experience (nurture) is the key to learning. Association. We learn by association - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY
(5th Ed)
Chapter 8
Learning
James A. McCubbin, PhDClemson University
Worth Publishers
Learning
Learning relatively permanent change in an
organism’s behavior due to experience experience (nurture) is the key to
learning
AssociationWe learn by association
Our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence
Aristotle 2000 years ago John Locke and David Hume 200 yrs ago
Associative Learning learning that two events occur together
two stimulia response and its consequences
Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning
We learn to associate two stimuli
Two related events:
Lightning
Stimulus 1
Thunder
Stimulus 2
Result after repetition
We see lightning
Stimulus
We wince anticipatingthunder
Response
Operant Conditioning
We learn to associate a response and its consequence
Behaviorism
John B. Watson viewed psychology as objective science
generally agreed-upon consensus today
recommended study of behavior without reference to unobservable mental processesnot universally accepted by all schools of
thought today
Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov 1849-1936 Russian physician/
neurophysiologist Nobel Prize in 1904 studied digestive secretions
Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning
Pavlov’s device for recording salivation
Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning
Classical Conditioning organism comes to associate two stimuli
lightning and thundertone and food
begins with a reflex a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus
that evokes the reflex neutral stimulus eventually comes to evoke
the reflex
Classical or Pavlovian ConditioningUnconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
effective stimulus that unconditionally-automatically and naturally- triggers a response
Unconditioned Response (UCR) unlearned, naturally occurring automatic
response to the unconditioned stimulussalivation when food is in the mouth
Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) previously neutral stimulus that, after
association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
Conditioned Response (CR) learned response to a previously neutral
conditioned stimulus
ConditioningAcquisition
the initial stage of learning, during which a response is established and gradually strengthened
in classical conditioning, the phase in which a stimulus comes to evoke a conditioned response
in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response
ConditioningExtinction
diminishing of a CR in classical conditioning, when
a UCS does not follow a CS in operant conditioning, when
a response is no longer reinforced
Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning
Strengthof CR
Pause
Acquisition(CS+UCS)
Extinction(CS alone)
Extinction(CS alone)
Spontaneousrecovery ofCR
Classical or Pavlovian ConditioningSpontaneous recovery
reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished CR
Generalization tendency for a stimuli similar to
CS to evoke similar responses
Classical or Pavlovian ConditioningDiscrimination
in classical conditioning, the ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that do not signal and UCS
in operant conditioning, responding differently to stimuli that signal a behavior will be reinforced or will not be reinforced
Generalization
Drops of salivain 30 seconds
60
50
40
30
20
10
0Hindpaw
Pelvis Shoulder Frontpaw
Thigh Trunk Foreleg
Part of body stimulated
Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning
UCS(passionate kiss) UCR
(sexualarousal)
CS(onionbreath)
CS(onion breath) CR
(sexualarousal)
UCS(passionate Kiss) UCR
(sexualarousal)
Nausea Conditioning in Cancer Patients
UCS(drug)
UCR(nausea)
CS(waiting room)
CS(waitingroom) CR
(nausea)
UCS(drug)
UCR(nausea)
Operant ConditioningOperant Conditioning
type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment
Law of Effect Thorndike’s principle that behaviors
followed by favorable consequences become more likely and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
Operant ConditioningOperant Behavior
complex or voluntary behaviorspush button, perform complex task
operates (acts) on environment produces consequences
Respondent Behavior occurs as an automatic response to
stimulus behavior learned through classical
conditioning
Operant Conditioning
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) elaborated Thorndike’s Law
of Effect developed behavioral
technology
Operant Conditioning
Skinner Box soundproof
chamber with a bar or key that an animal presses or pecks to release a food or water reward
contains a device to record responses
Operant ConditioningReinforcer
any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
Shaping conditioning procedure in which
reinforcers guide behavior toward closer approximations of a desired goal
Successive Approximations reward behaviors that increasingly
resemble desired behavior
Principles of ReinforcementPrimary Reinforcer
innately reinforcing stimulus satisfies a biological need
Secondary Reinforcer conditioned reinforcer learned through association with
primary reinforcer
Schedules of ReinforcementContinuous Reinforcement
reinforcing the desired response each time it occurs
learning occurs rapidly extinction occurs rapidly
Partial Reinforcement reinforcing a response only part of the time results in slower acquisition greater resistance to extinction
Schedules of ReinforcementFixed Ratio (FR)
reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
faster you respond the more rewards you get
different ratios very high rate of responding like piecework pay
Schedules of Reinforcement
Variable Ratio (VR) reinforces a response after an
unpredictable number of responses average ratios like gambling, fishing very hard to extinguish because of
unpredictability
Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed Interval (FI) reinforces a response only after a
specified time has elapsed response occurs more frequently as
the anticipated time for reward draws near
Schedules of Reinforcement
Variable Interval (VI) reinforces a response at unpredictable
time intervals produces slow steady responding like pop quiz
PunishmentPunishment
aversive event that decreases the behavior that it follows
powerful controller of unwanted behavior
Problems with PunishmentPunished behavior is not forgotten,
it's suppressed- behavior returns when punishment is no longer eminent
Causes increased aggression- shows that aggression is a way to cope with problems- Explains why aggressive delinquents and abusive parents come from abusive homes
Problems with PunishmentCreates fear that can generalize to
desirable behaviors, e.g. fear of school, learned helplessness, depression
Does not necessarily guide toward desired behavior- reinforcement tells you what to do--punishment tells you what not to do- Combination of punishment and reward can be more effective than punishment alone
Punishment teaches how to avoid it
Cognition and Operant ConditioningCognitive Map
mental representation of the layout of one’s environment
example- after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it
Latent Learning learning that occurs, but is not apparent
until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
Latent Learning
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 220
2468
101214161820222426283032Average
errors
Days
Observational LearningObservational Learning
learning by observing and imitating others
Modeling process of observing and imitating
behaviorProsocial Behavior
positive, constructive, helpful behavior opposite of antisocial behavior