myers ch. 7a. encodingstorageretrieval sensory memory short-term memory long-term memory outdated,...
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Myers Ch. 7A
Outdated, but still a useful starting point
Iconic—250 milliseconds
Echoic—2 seconds Tactile Taste Olfaction
Holds sensory information in the raw, unprocessed form
If we attend to it, it is encoded in short-term memory
Automatic processing• Describe your day
so far… Effortful processing Parallel processing
—dejavu (theory)
What you do all of the time for school
Serial position effect• Primacy effect• Recency effect • Mnemonic devices
Methods and demonstration
Uncertain conclusions—some argue we convert sensory stimuli into verbal information others argue we convert it to an image…others believe it is something more abstract
Rule of 7 Info is gone in 30-60
seconds if not attended to.
Demonstration #1• Two groups• Whatever group remembers the most words
wins.
Demonstration #2• Remember the list of words in order• Two rounds
Rehearsal—Verbal • Best for phone #s,
passwords, SS #s, learning alphabet, etc…
Elaboration—visual (or otherwise) connection to something you already know
1) Relatively permanent
2) Assumed to be unlimited
3) Contains different types of memories
1) Explicit/Declarative• Semantic—meaning• Episodic—personal
2) Implicit—unaware of retrieval (nondeclarative) • Procedural--(i.e.,
riding a bike, tying shoes, etc…)
• Emotional—love, hate, fear, anxiety, etc…
Memory occurs in the synapse via neural connections
LTP—Long term potentiation
Hippocampus /Frontal Lobe= explicit/declarative
Cerebellum /Amygdala= implicit/ nondeclarative
ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA RETROGRADE AMNESIA
Inability to transfer new information from short-term into long term
Clive Wearing
50 First Dates
Inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or operation
ENCODING SPECIFICITY PRINCIPLE
Context matters! This is why you stare at
me while taking a test sometimes
Don’t study in your bed!!!!!
1) Transience • Proactive interference—when information learned earlier impairs memory for information acquired later.
•Retroactive interference—when information learned later impairs memory for information acquired earlier
•P: proactive•O: old•R: retroactive•N: new
2) Absentmindedness—lapse of attention results in memory failure
3) Blocking—failure to retrieve information that is available—tip of the
tongue phenomenon
4) Memory misattribution—assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source
New Jersey SC Elizabeth Loftus Eyewitness Testimony
Try to remember the list of words I read aloud to you.
#5) Suggestibility—the tendency to incorporate misleading information from
external sources into personal recollections
false memories 1992: El AL cargo Plane, Amsterdam
#6) Bias—distortion of memories due to present knowledge/beliefs/feelings
We remember the good and forget the bad
We like to think of ourselves as consistent so we diminish the memory of change in ourselves—cognitive dissonance
Confirmation Bias
#7) Persistence—the intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget, usually
tied to a heightened level of emotion
Embarrassing Moments
Flashbulb Memories
Mnemonics Massed vs. distributed practice Overlearning Imagery
Autobiographical Memory
Alfred Adler• Present determines
past• What is your earliest
memory—write it down or draw it in detail…
Are memories based on present mood and situation?
What does it mean to lose your memory? Are you still the same person to yourself and to others? Do you still have your identity?