MYCORRHIZA

Mycorrhiza Mutualistic symbiosis (non-pathogenic

association) between soil-borne fungi and roots of plants.

Greek: mykes (mushroom) and rhiza (root) (Frank, 1885)

The plant nourishes the fungus : C The fungus nourishes the plant : water and

soil nutrition (P, N, K, Ca, Zn, Mn, S, etc)

Role of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi onGrowth of Banana derived from tissue culture

Types of mycorrhiza Ectomycorrhiza

The fungus grows intercellularly (never intracellularly) in the cortex of plant’s root (so called Hartig net)

Endomikoriza The fungus grows inter- and intracellularly and forms specific

fungal structures within the corcical cells. Ectendomycorrhiza Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (Arbuscular Mycorrhiza) Arbutoid Mycorrhiza Monotropoid Mycorrhiza Ericoid Mycorrhiza Orchid Mycorrhiza

Colonization structure

Structural and developmental features of roots

Morphology of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM)/Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM)

(Glomalean Fungi)

Glomus sp. Scutellospora sp.

Acaulospora sp.

Vesicle (V), Arbuscule (A) and Entry Point (EP)

EPEP EP

Cortical cell invaded by an arbuscule

Plasma membrane

Peri-arbuscular membrane

Cell wallArbuscule

Interface Compartment

Fungal cell wall

Fungal membrane

Interface Compartment

Ectomycorrhiza

A = Eucalyptus

B = Pinus

C and D = Ectomycorrhizal

root

E and F = cross section of

ectomycorrhizal root

Ecto-

mycorrhiza

Ectendo-

mycorrhiza

VAM Arbutoid Monotropoid Erikoid Orchid

Fungi

septate

aseptate

+

-

+

-

-

+

+

-

+

-

+

-

+

-

Hifa intra-selular

- + + + + + +

Selubung hifa

+ +/- - +/- + - -

Jarungan Hartig

+ + - + + - -

Vesikula - - +/- - - - -

Aklorofilus - - - (+?) - + - +*

Takson cendawan

Basidio

Asko

Zigo

Basidio

Asko

Zigo Basidio Basidio Asko Basidio

Takson tumbuhan

Gymno

Angio

Gymno

Angio

Bryo, Pteri

Gymno

Angio

Ericales Monotropa-ceae

Ericales

Bryo

Orchidaceae

The characteristics of the important mycorrhizal type

Colonization Process VAM/AM

A = External mycelium in soil

B = Fungal Structure - spore in soil - vesicle in root - auxiliary cell of hypha in soil

C = Fungal structure in root

VAM/AM

Colonization Process: Ectomycorrhiza

Ectomycorrhiza

A = Eucalyptus

B = Pinus

C and D = ectomycorrhizal root

E = Ectomycorrhizal root

cross section : Angiosperm

F = Ectomycorrhizal root

cross section Gymnosperm

VAM FungiZigomycete: Glomales

Obligate fungi Glomus Acaulospora Entrophospora Sclerocystis Gigaspora Scutellospora

Acaulospora dan EntrophosphoraGlomus, Gigaspora, Scutellospora

Spore formation and spore-based taxonomy

Knobby auxiliary cells

Scutellospora

Spiny auxiliary cells

GigasporaEntrophosporaGlomus

Acaulospora

Arbuscules

Extraradical auxiliary cells

Spore in saccule nect

Sporiferous saccule

Spore lateral on saccule nect

Spore terminal on sporogenous hypha

Intraradical vesicles

Phylogenetic trees for VAM fungi (Glomelian)

Germination shield

Ectomycorrhizal fungi

Ascomycete Fungi

*Ectomycorrhizal fungi

A = Xylaria sp.B = Geoglossum glutinosumC = Aleria rhenanaD = Peziza sp.E = Helvella sp.*F = Morchella elataG = Cordyceps sp.H = Elaphomyces sp.*I = Labyrinthomyces varius*

Basidiomycete:Agaricaceae

*Ectomycorrhizal fungi

A. Amanita sp. cf hemibapha*B. Amanita sp.*C. Amanita sp.* (vaginatae g.)D. Amanita muscaria *E. Amanita brunneibulbosa *F. Limmacella cf. illinata **

Function of mycorrhiza Increase nutrient uptake of plant from soil

P nutrition and other elements: N, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, S, B, Mo, Fe, Mn, Cl

Increase diversity of plant Produce uniform seedling Significant role in nutrient recycling More tolerant to adverse soil chemical constraints which limit crop

production Increase plant resistance to diseases and drought Stimulate the growth of beneficial microorganisms Improve soil structure

Stable soil aggregate – hyphal polysaccharides bind and aggregate soil particles

Function of mycorrhiza in Nutrient uptake

Increase the soil volume explore for nutrient upatake Enhance the efficiency of nutrient absorption from the soil solution P concentration in the soil solution is very low in tropical soils the soil around the growing root is rapidlydepleted of P ions within a

distance of few mm Soil P diffusion rate is extremely slow Mycorrhizal external mycelium grows far beyond P depletion zone Influence by soil fertility particularly P Determined by host dependency on mycorrhizal fungi

Mycotrophic Obligate mycotrophic plant Facultative mycotrophic plant

Non-mycotrophic Non-host:

Non-host Amaranthaceae, Brasicaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Chenopodiaceae,

Commelinaceae, Lecythidaceae, Portolaceae, Proteaceae, Restionaceae, Sapotaceae, Zygophyllaceae

Within some plant families in which almost all genera or species are non-mycotrophic, there are a few mycorrhizal

Within some plant families in which almost all genera or species are mycotrophic, there are a few non-mycorrhizal, Leguminoceae are mycotrophic except Lupinus.

Importance for management of mycorrhizal fungi No definitive explanation on the resistance of the plants to funag infection

Genetic Specific site adaptation

Cyperaceae groows under flooded, anaerobic soils condition Certain compound

Lupinus spp.--- glucosinolate?

Volume of soil explored by 1 cm-long root with and without mycorrhiza

Benefit from symbiosis is low

Benefit from symbiosis is high

P fertilizer

mycorrhizaNon-mycorrhiza

Insoluble inorganic P

soluble interchangeable

“pool of available PO4

chemical

fixation

solubilization

Biomass

microbes

Organic P

mineralization

Effect of P on mycorrhizal fungi development

RESPONMAKSIMUM

Biomass production of plant without (unbroken line)and with mycorrhiza (broken line)

Obligate

Facultative

Low respond

Low respond

High respond

High respond

Effect of P and light intensity on mycorrhizal development

High light, low P

High light, +P

Low light, low P

Low light, +P

VAM/AM Endomycorrhiza Inter- and intracellular colonization

Cross section MA. PH: hyphal penetration, A: arbuscule, V: vesicle, D: digested arbuscule by plant, S: spore dan sporocarp, HE : external

mycelium

D

V AS

PH

HE

Carbon metabolism Fungal derived carbon from host plant

photosynthesis Obtained as glucose and fructose Fructose metabolite to manitol dan glucose

to trehalose trehalosa (fungal carbon compounds). Plant can not metabolize fungal carbon compound