my energy bundle 2

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My energy bundleWorking folder in science

1HF-eng

Name: _____________________________________________________________

Class: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________Flemming Toft and Leif Busk

Grindsted Landbrugsskole2011

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Working folder in scienceThis Workbook is designed to help you retain the things you learn along the way in

science.

Science consists of elements from physics, chemistry and mathematics. It ispractically applied physics and chemistry academic phenomena from everyday life.Where the experimental work has a prominent place in schools.As evidence, you must prepare a portfolio to work with science. You must work witha professional chemistry and 1 physics academic topic.

There are really many options, but we have chosen three main areas

1. Biogas - chemistry2. Hydropower Physics3. Muscle Power Physics

4. Solar heating - Physics

Examination in science is based on your working directory, also called a portfolio.Working folder include this booklet, plus everything else you collect along the way. Forexample. are the practical things you need to build also a part of your working directory.

For the exam you need to make a presentation portfolio, over the 2 topics that will formthe basis for an oral exam. In practice, this means that you take the two subjects fromthe working directory, and sets them up in a job where you show us what you havelearned about the topics. There must be a written work, but you can also bring to theexam that you have made water mill, a biogas installation, a water turbine, or just a

poster with pictures of them.

The presentation must contain:

Title, subject, your name, date and school. Introduction - what topics Your selected pages Your comments showing what you have learned. A closure that brings together the threads. Sources you have retrieved information from.

More so when we approach the exam.

So until then, really good fun - and remember now to gather all relevant in your folder. Remember that through working drawings and sketches of models and experimentalsetups. Make photos of all your work for the presentation. Make copies of each other when working in groups so that each man has his ownbundle of energy.

For exam you have to do your own presentation.

Good luckFlemming and Leif

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BiogasExercise instructionsBiogas:

Materials:

1 pc. plastic bottle2 pcs. glass cylinder tube1 pc. stopper with 2 holes2 pcs. stopper with 1 hole

plastic tubingglass tubesqueezing cock1 tripodslurryhorse manureGrafting Material (methane bacteria)

safety glassMethod:1. Make a Stand2. Fill the container with manure, horse manure mix of horse stables and possible. alittle water in.3. The third Add a little methanbakterier4. Screw the lid on and drill a hole for a glass tube and assemble the experiment asshown (there must be water in the beaker)5. Make sure that everything is close (anarobe conditions, oxygen-free)6. The presentation made at the corner of the garage, under plastic.

After a few days there is no gas formed. The atmospheric air can now be squeezed outof bottle. There must be aired for only natural gas in the bottle.

7. Be sure to glascylindren with terminal tap is completely filled with water when youstart.8. Close up slightly to clamp9. let air leak out until it starts to smell - this is pure gas

---Leave the mixture and work until 8 weeks - it's ready.---

Use safety glasses here:10. Hold a match in front of the glass tube and gently close up the tube clip - what

happens?It is important that all plugs and pipes keeps close as methane would otherwisedisappear

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Biogas

What is biogas - and how it formed?(Use this page for notes and theory)

Why do Biogas?

Advantages and disadvantages of biogas?

Gas production at different biomass?

How much biomass does it take to heat a household?


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Drawings of biogas plant

Show drawings and sketches of biogas plant


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Pictures of biogas plant

Insert pictures of biogas plants.Remember especially pictures of the entire process in your own bio-gas experiments.


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HydropowerPractice Guide:

Materials:5 laths of 3 meters1 tub 90 liters

1 tub 60 litersScrews2.5 m 1-inch hose with20 cm. PVC pipe 110 mm connectionsand cock

2 bearings with shaftWater-resistant plate 19 mmBicycle wheelsDynamoLightCordMultimeter meter

Method:1. Make a drawing with a tripod that can carry a bucket of 60 liters max. 3meters. Connect your tub with water turbine which is placed below.

2. After the approved drawings made your list.3. Dynamo mounted and made calculations about how much energy isproduced by your turbine4. Connect a light bulb (from the main body) along with dynamo and goalsusing multimeter I = amps. and U = volts. Then calculated how muchwattage they produce.5. Remember to stop and make comments on your work.

Ammeter and voltmeter put into orbitAmmeter shows that runs a current of 1 Athrough the bulb. Voltmeter indicates that thebulb is connected to a voltage source at 6 V.


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Hydropower

Water Turbine, flow machine, is the central part of a hydroelectric plant. In plant andturbine inlet part converted water location energy (potential energy) to kinetic energy(kinetic energy) of a rotating turbine wheel with blades. The energy is convertednormally passed on to electric energy via a dynamo / alternator driven by the turbine

shaft. At a drop height h (in meters) and a water volume v (in kg / s), the theoreticalturbine output to be 9.81 N / kg h v = kW. (9.81 N / kg is the force the earth pullingon us)

Theoretical power (potential energy)If 2 kg water falls 4m at 4 seconds it can give (9.81 4m 2kg/4s = 19.62 kw)

Energiopgave:

Water Turbine:

Calculate the potential energy (theoretical energy in water)

Calculate the kinetic energy from water turbine for theory watts = * m * v2 (m = mass, v = kg / s)

Calculate the kinetic energy of the water turbine for measurement (W (P) = amp (I) x V (D))

Why is there a difference between potential and kinetic energy?

How big is your use of %?

How much water does it take to cover a Danish electricity consumption with your water turbine?


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Hydropower

How can water be converted into energy?

(Use this page for notes and explanations of theory)


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Drawings of a water turbine / mill

Show drawings and sketches of water turbines


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Pictures of water turbine / mill

Insert pictures of your windmill.

Remember especially pictures of the entire process in your own experiments.


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Muscle powerExercise instructions electric bicycle:

Materialer:

1 pc. crank with pedals1 pc. rear wheel with sprocket1 pc. saddle1 pc. handlebars1. pc. bicycle chain

1 pc dynamo20x2 mm rr20x2 mm squareLightcordMultimeter meter

Method:1. Make a rack with seat and steering2. Connect with crank wheel

3. Mount the alternator to the wheels and made calculations about how much energyis produced from your turbine.4. Connect a light bulb (from the main body) along with dynamo and goals usingmultimeterI = amps. and U = volts. Then calculated how much wattage they produce.5. Remember to stop and make comments on your work.


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Muscle power

Calculate the kinetic energy into electrical bikes after measuring (W (P) = amp (I) x V (D))

How long should you cycle to cover a Danish electricity consumption?

Where there are losses of energy from food for the bulb?


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Muscle power

How can muscle force is converted into energy?

(Use this page to describe the theory behind muscle force)


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Drawings of electric bicycle

Show drawings and sketches of your elcykel


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Pictures of electric bicycle

Insert pictures of electric bicycle.

Remember especially pictures of the entire process from your own electric bicycleconstruction.


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Solar Energy


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Drawings of Solar heating panel

Show drawings and sketches of your solar heating panel


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Pictures of Solar heating panel

Insert pictures of Solar heating panel.

Remember especially pictures of the entire process from your own Solarheating panel construction.

General energy questions for the exam


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From where comes the energy supply in Denmark (transport, heating and power)?

How big is the energy consumption in Denmark ?

Total electricity consumption was 36 392 TWh in 2006. The consumption increased about

3 % in 2001-2006 when correspondingly change was a 3 % reduction in Sweden, 2 % reduction inNorway and 10 % increase in Finland.

Danish consumption of wind electricity has been highest in the world pro person: 1,218 kWh in

2009. The renewable electricity sources may give some protection against high annual changes. The

electricity consumption fell in Denmark only 4 % in 2009-2008 recession while 7.1 % in Sweden,

7.9 % in Finland and 8.6 % in the UK. In Iceland decline was only 0.9 %. Danish average

consumption of electricity pro person was 0.8 GWh less than EU 15 average 7.4 GW in 2008.

What energy is there today and tomorrow?

The world-wide economy is driven by huge amounts of energy. Most of it comes from fossil

fuels (oil, natural gas and coal). Experts from the International Energy Agency (IEA) assume that in

the coming decades fossil fuels will account for 85% of the energy need.

Wind energy can be used more efficiently at sea close to the coast (offshore) than on land (onshore).

It is becoming more and more competitive with fossil fuels.

Hydro power makes already up 17% of the globally produced electricity (about 2% of the global

primary energy demand). This is more than all other renewable resources together.

Solar energy group

Photovoltaics transform solar energy by means of semi-conductors. It is probably the technology

with the highest potential, but also with the highest development needs and the highest price at themoment. Electricity generation based on photovoltaics costs between 0.5 and 0.75 EUR per kWh

compared to less than 0.05 EUR for fossil fuel driven power plants.

A more competitive technology is solarthermal energy. Here, solar energy is focussed with the help

of mirrors or glass tubes onto an absorber, for example water, heating it up . The conversion into

electricity can be only efficient in larger power plants (in contrast to photovoltaics).

Biomass-wood, sugar cane, sunflower and rape seed oil and gas from bio-waste are typical biological

products used for energy production. After processing they can be used for electricity generation or

heating.

What energy, agriculture can provide?

The diversification to bioenergy could provide economic incentives for much needed investments

in capital and skills in agriculture.

With the exception of biomass energy crops, the land area required for renewable energy projects

is usually relatively small. It is calculated that the fraction of land needed to displace global fossil fuel

use with solar and wind energy technologies would use around 1.5 percent of the approximate land

area currently used for agriculture.

Energy crops, such as corn, sugarcane and oilseed rape, are being purposely cultivated in some

countries to provide biomass for conversion to liquid biofuels for transport and combined heat and

power.


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Alternator

An alternator is generally made of a non-magnetic material such as aluminum and contains a

number of parts, including a rotor, a stator and the output diodes.

Each of these parts is necessary for the alternator to properly function. The rotor is the first step

in the process. It is made of wire wrapped around a dense metal core, such as iron.

When current is passed through the wire coil, it produces a low-level magnetic field. As the

rotor spins, it allows the magnetic field produced in the wire coil to interact with the next component,

the stator.

The stator surrounds the rotor. The stator is made up of several windings. With each turn of the

rotor, the magnetic poles interact with these windings which produces a small amount of current.This produces an alternating current which is unusable in modern automobiles and must be

transformed in the output diodes.

Generator

Generators work similarly to alternators. A generator produces current by passing a copper wire

near a magnet which creates the current to supply electrical systems.

These were originally attached directly to engines which provided the motion required. As the

engine crankshaft rotated, it turned a copper wire near magnets.

The magnet field interacts with the copper wire, producing electric current. This current was

supplied directly to the battery.

The battery supplied steady power to the car's electric lights, radio and air conditioner blower.

Explain Ohm's Law, what is it used for?

ohms-law_en.jar

An electrokinetics law- that says the intensity I (measured in amps) of power supplies that

crosses a portion of the circuit is equal to the ratio of the voltage U (measured in volts) applied to the

end portion and the electrical resistance R (measured in ohms) of it:

I=U/R


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Notes to the preparation ofpresentation portfolio for the exam

On examination, I have the following topics:

1.

2.

What I mainly learned about these topics?

What I have also learned in science?

my energy bundle 2

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