December 2009CO2 Flood Conference

Christine Snitkin, Mustang Engineering

CO2 Transportation

CO2 Transport Options

• Pipelines– Onshore CO2 Pipelines– Offshore CO2 Pipelines

• Marine transportation • Compress or Pump• Dehydration • Measurement• Risk

CO2 Pipeline Network - USA

CO2 Pipelines

CO2 Pipelines

– 30+ Years operating experience in USA– Dense phase (neither liquid nor gas)– High operating pressure, typically above 2000 psig– Highly corrosive when wet, so dehydration is critical– Metallurgy - Carbon Steel acceptable when dehydrated– HSE Risks

• Asphyxiant• Heavier than Air• Often containsH2S• Avoid Heavily Populated Areas

CO2 Pipeline Network – Abu Dhabi

Offshore Pipelines

Offshore CO2 Pipelines

• The design issues are similar to onshore pipelines• Material Selection – temperature and solubility issues • Risk of long running brittle fractures• Corrosion – Wet CO2 is highly corrosive • Control of water content needed or use of stainless steel

or GRE materials

GRE pipe

1.5" to 10“Diameter

P ≤ 4000 psig

Photo courtesy Cnac Industries Ltd

Offshore CO2 Pipelines

• Flow assurance – risk of hydrate formation & two phase flow at low temperatures seen subsea

• Control of impurities needed - impurities effect phase diagram of CO2

• Risk of valve blockage• Design Codes – No offshore pipeline code for CO2

Offshore CO2 Pipelines

CO 2

CO2 Pipeline Costs by Flow Rate

Transport costs for onshore and offshore pipelines per 250 km.

High (broken lines) and low range (continuous lines) are indicated.

From IPCC Special Report “Carbon Dioxide Capture & Storage” Sept. 2005

CO2 Marine Transport

Photo courtesy Anthony Veder Group

CO2 Marine Transport

CO2 Shipping Conference, LondonMay 12-14, 2010

Organized by Riviera Maritime Media

The first world conference dedicated to the transportation of CO2 by sea

CO 2 Marine Transport

• Established Technology • Currently Small Scale• Temporary Storage Required• Delivery Point - Platform, Floating Storage,

Single-Buoy Mooring

CO2 Marine Transport

• Loading• Transport to site• Unloading• Return to port

CO2 Transport Costs by Distance

From IPCC Special Report “Carbon Dioxide Capture & Storage” Sept. 2005

New technologies

•Pipeline guidelines•Compression and pumping•Dehydration•Measurement

DNV Pipeline Guideline

CO2PIPETRANS

1. Best practice pipeline transmission of dense CO2

2. Gap-analysis for transmission of dense CO2 in pipelines onshore3. The effect of CO2 on the fatigue capacity of welded pipeline steel 4. Evaluation of fast propagating fracture using numerical tools5. Decompression flow in CO2 gas pipeline6. Pipelines in operation7. Simulation tools and models for CO2 pipeline transmission8. Corrosion of carbon steel in CO2 transportation9. Material compatibility for polymers and elastomers10. Pipeline safety design

Supersonic Compression

DOE awards $20 Million for CO2 compressor technology (Carbon Capture Journal - Aug 18 2009)

“The Department of Energy has awarded Ramgen Power Systems based in Washington $20 million in funding from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act to scale up a device that uses supersonic shockwaves to compress CO2for capture and storage.”

Compression or Pumping Supercritical (Dense Phase) CO2

• CAPEX/OPEX for pumps is less than compressors. • Equipment is less complex. No after cooling required.• A pump will cause a smaller density change and less

temperature increase in comparison to a compressor. • Low CO2 inlet temperature is more suitable for a pump. • A pump may be used at higher temperatures if the inlet

pressure is > 2000 psig .

CO2 Dehydration

Glycol (TEG) Refrigeration Joule -Thomson

Most commonly used High CAPEX and OPEX Low CAPEX and OPEX

Costs more than the J-T Reheating the CO2 may be required

Simple

Suitable for locations where the winter temperature is not very low

CO2 Measurement

TUV NEL embarks on CO2/CCS measurementproject

www.processingtalk.com/news/edt/edt273.html

CO2 Risks

CO2 is HEAVIER than Air

Recent Mustang CO2 / CCS / EOR Experience

1. Confidential CO2 EOR Field Development & CO2 Recovery Plant, California 2009 – Ongoing2. Occidental Mallet Plant (MCRP) Expansion Project, Texas 2009 - Ongoing3. Confidential CO2 EOR Implementation Study & Pre-FEED, North Dakota 2009 – Ongoing4. Confidential CO2 EOR Field Development & CO2 Recovery Plant, California 20095. Kinder Morgan Central Basin CO2 Pipeline Reversal, Texas 2009 – Ongoing6. Chevron Dollarhide CO2 Recovery Plant Expansion, Texas 2009 – Ongoing7. ADCO CO2 EOR Field Development & CO2 Recovery Plants, Abu Dhabi 2009 – Ongoing8. Masdar Future Energy Company CO2 Pipeline Project, Abu Dhabi 2008 – Ongoing9. Masdar Future Energy Company CCS Projects, Abu Dhabi 2008 – 200910. SandRidge Century Plant CO2/HC Gas Plant Project, Texas 2007 – Ongoing11. Occidental CO2 Booster Pump Projects, Texas 2008 - Ongoing12. Occidental North West Bravo Dome CO2 Development Project, Texas 200813. Occidental of Elk Hills CO2 Gas Treating Unit, California 2008 – 200914. Confidential High CO2 Gas Production Facility & Pipeline, Arizona 200815. Occidental Denver Unit CO2 Recovery Plant (DUCRP) Expansion, Texas 2007-200816. Occidental North Hobbs CO2 Project Expansion, Texas 2007 – Ongoing17. Confidential Reeves CO2 EOR Project, Texas 2007 - 200818. Occidental Mallet 3 CO2 Recovery Plant Project, Texas 2005 – 200819. Hess Seminole Gas Processing Plant (SGPP) Expansion Project, Texas 2007 – 200920. Hess West Bravo Dome (SSAU ROZ) CO2 EOR Field Development Project, Texas 2007 – 200821. Occidental North Hobbs CO2 / NGL Project, Texas 2005 – 2006 22. Occidental North Hobbs CO2 EOR Project, Texas 2001 – 2004

Further Information

• Mustang Engineering:www.mustangeng.com– Houston, Abu Dhabi, Saudi Arabia, London, Perth, Mumbai, Kuala Lumpur– Upstream, Midstream, Process Plants, Pipelines, Automation– Concept, FEED, Detailed Design, Procurement ,Construction Management

• Contact:christine.snitkin@mustangeng.comtom.davison@mustangeng.com