music and the brain
TRANSCRIPT
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Tone deafness: a disorder of the mind’s ear
Tim Griffiths
Auditory Group, Newcastle UniversityCognitive Neurology Clinic, Newcastle General Hospital http://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/t.d.griffiths/tdg.html
Supported by the Wellcome Trust (UK)
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My work: Ordered and disordered acoustic worlds
The Ear
The person 2. NEUROLOGY Disordered sound patternanalysis
Speech Music Environmental Sound
The mind’s ear1. NEUROSCIENCEOrdering of sound pattern
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How do we explain this?
Click picture for sound
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Famous subjects with tone deafness
Che Guevara Milton Friedman
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Tone deafness: some basic questions
His brain? His DNA?His neurons?His deficit?
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Tone deafness: clues from neuroscience
Disorder in the pitch domain: music assessments show input problem with melody perception
What is pitch? How does the brain analyse pitch
and pitch patterns?
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Pitch: normal mechanisms
Most neuroscience text books are wrong, and so was von Helmholtz
It’s not frequency Pitch is a percept not a stimulus
property
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Pitch: normal mechanisms
von Helmholtz On the sensation
of tone (1862)
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400Hz sine 400Hz fundamentalHarmonic 1 - 6
400Hz fundamentalHarmonic 4 - 6
frequency (kHz)
time (s)
frequency (kHz)frequency (kHz)
time (s)time (s)0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
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0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
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0 1 2 3 4 5-60
-40
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0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1-0.2
-0.1
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0.10.10.1
Construction of the pitch percept
Common pitch explained better by time structure than frequency structure of stimulus
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Pitch representation in the cortex
Functional imaging studies where brain activity measured when time structure of sound and associated pitch strength are varied
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Individual data:Structural MRI Scan
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noise - silencefixed pitch – noise
Individual fMRI data:Pitch Activation
Griffiths et al Nature Neurosci 1998, 2001Patterson et al Neuron 2002
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Neural activity corresponding to the pitch of individual notes occurs in secondary auditory cortex
Accumulating evidence that activity in this area correlates with the perception of the pitch of sound and is not just a representation of the stimulus
Analogy to colour area in visual brain where perceived colour not stimulus wavelength represented
A ‘pitch centre’ in the auditory cortex?
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Pitch sequences in the cortex
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noise - silencefixed pitch – matched noise‘lively’ pitch – fixed pitch
NB NO TASK
Individual fMRI data:Pitch sequence
Griffiths et al Nature Neurosci 1998, 2001Patterson et al Neuron 2002
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PET group data:Pitch sequenceNB TASK
Griffiths et al Neuroreport 1999
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Pitch sequences in the cortex
Distributed networks beyond auditory cortex
For very high level processing (tonality) frontal processing only: no specific involvement of auditory cortex
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Pitch: studies of stroke patients
Summary data Stewart et al Brain 2006
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Tone deafness: clues from neuroscience
Normal functional imaging and studies of stroke patients broadly congruent
Analysis of the pitch of individual notes involves a pitch centre in secondary auditory cortex
Highly distributed networks for pitch sequence analysis beyond auditory cortex
If the deficit in melody perception in tone deafness is due to abnormal pitch pattern analysis, it is likely to be a problem with cortex beyond primary cortex
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Tone deafness: what is the pitch deficit?
0.01
0.1
1
10
100th
res
ho
ld in
se
mit
on
es
Pitch change and pitch direction analysis Foxton et al Brain 2004
PitchChange 1
PitchChange 2
PitchDIRECTION
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Tone deafness: what is the pitch deficit?
Abnormal perception of pitch direction
‘Bottom up’ basis for melody deficit: musicology
Deficient memory ‘trace’ for pitch –subjects unable to ‘keep track’ of pitch?
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Tone deafness: Brain structure 1
White matter density: Montreal and Newcastle structural MRI dataHyde, Zatorre, Griffiths, Lerch and Peretz Brain 2006
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Cortical thickness: Montreal and Newcastle structural MRI dataHyde, Lerch, Zatorre, Griffiths, Evans, Peretz (Human Brain Mapping Meeting 2006)
Tone deafness: Brain structure 2
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Decreased white matter in right inferior frontal lobe
Increased cortical thickness in right inferior frontal lobe and right auditory cortex
Single-gene basis for both findings possible (connectivity deficit due to axonal migration disorder or cortex neuronal migration disorder)
Tone deafness: brain structure
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Tone deafness: genes?
Family undergoing genetic analysis in NewcastleStewart, McDonald, Kumar, Chinnery, Griffiths (Music and Genetics Meeting Bologna 2007 )
Proband
Family
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Single gene explanations unlikely to be universal explanation for tone deafness
Analogy with early onset Alzheimer’s disease (rare single-gene families and more common genes of major effect)?
Tone deafness : genes?
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Apart from occasional disturbances of the peace, sufferers are generally useful members of society
Model system where we have the potential to explain a complex behaviour in terms of abnormal cortical development and connectivity
Other examples of disorders where abnormal connectivity implicated: schizophrenia, autism
Tone deafness: who cares?
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Acknowledgements: Current (previous) group members and collaborators
Newcastle Auditory Group: Simon Baumann: Freya Cooper; (Jessica Foxton); Manon Grube; (Amanda Jennings); Katharina von Kriegstein; Sukhbinder Kumar; Tobias Overath; (Lauren Stewart)
Wellcome Centre for Imaging Neuroscience:Ray Dolan; Richard Frackowiak; Karl Friston
Cambridge University (CNBH): Roy Patterson Montreal (BRAMS): Krista Hyde; Isabelle
Peretz, Robert Zatorre