MAY 7TH

What is Popular Music?Represents a whole series of meanings now

(Post World War II) a fusion of Rhythm n Blues (Black Culture), Country and Western (Southern Rural White Culture), and Tin Pan Alley (Northern Urban White Culture) Dependant on the development of: The Industrial Evolution The Middle Class Large Urban Population Copyright Law Technologies of Mass Production and BroadcastingBy 1945: Music industry divided into 3 distinct categories:1. Popular (or pop): white/ middle class/ urban2. Race: black, regardless of class or location3. Hillbilly: origins in poor, white, rural- is now migrating to urban areas (particularly in the southern US) Products of the music industry are sheet music and recordings Sheet music dominates recordings until the late 1920s While sheet music is still important, by the end of WWOO the Recording Industry has come to dominate

Development of American Music Industry: What creates conditions for Popular Music to become a consumer product?1831- Amendments to the copyright law to cover sheet music

The Victorian Ballad: Minstrel Show and Parlour MusicMinstrel Show:-variety show that depicted African-Americans in a racist and stereotypical lightnot created blacks and the performers and song writers. Wore black face paint stuff. Not representative of black culture

Most important composer was Steven Foster:Example: Massas in de cold, cold ground (Steven Foster, 1852)Characteristics: Guitar Accompaniment & fiddle Vocal ControlFoster wrote a lot for Minstrel show. Show depicted slavery as not being bad, b/c theyre outside in the country they get fresh air, they take care of them. Didnt mention the bad stuff. The slaves were portrayed by speaking very phonetically was reinforcing stereotypes.Think about what the singer would look like- man standing still, restrained physical performance, formal dress, controlledBlack singers usually move aroundLyrics are disturbing, say the slaves would mourn the death of their masters Enforced the ideas that they liked/cared for the slave ownersViolin and Fiddle are the same the difference is the way you play them.

Parlor Music:Industrial RevolutionRise of Middle ClassLuxury items- Piano- a symbol of wealthDaughters pursue leisure activities

How show youre middle class, you buy things, conspicuous consumption. Big house, new car often, etc. . Victorian Era get a piano, its big, loud, expensive and no one uses it to make money since youre middle class. It is used to demonstrate a useless women, show successful b/c the women in your family dont need to work, u can make them extra useless, let them have long painted fingernail, outfits they cant move around in well. Pay to teach women how to play them.Used for social skills, like dinners and things. Daughters quiet, and dressed in ridiculous things, younger plays, the older sings. Used to entertain. Invite boss and son to dinner. Daughters dont write music, teach music, etc. Song writers wrote stuff for the middle class Victorian women

Example: Believe Me, if All those Endearing Young Charms- Thomas Moore (early 1800s)Parlour Song- AABA form (pic on phone) has piano accompiment

Vrs 1:A) Believe me, if all those endearing young charms, which I gaze on so fondly to-dayA) Were to change to by to-morrow, and fleet in my arms, Like fairy-gifts fading awayB) Thou wouldst still be adored, as this moment thou art, Let they loveliness fade as it willA) And around the dear ruin each wish of my heart would entwine itself verdantly stillCharacteristics: Piano Accompaniment Vocal control Themes: loyalty, honesty, control, restraintDemand for newly composed songs leads to the increased organization of the music industry

1830- try and make living in music, rise of middle class b/c they want it to play.Have parlour music writers, performance a play the minstrel showWhite middle class urban ppl, target to middle class ppl At this point, not have modern music industry just yetMost musicians died moderately wealthy or poor, none really got rich

Tin Pan Alley: Charles K Harris, After the Ball 1892Message is the idea of being dedicated, trusting, honestyCould have been any of the parlour songs, something happened with this particular song. Sells a few copies, keeps selling and over a short period of time sells 5 million copies in a place of less than 100 million pplMade him wealthyIntroduced an idea, if you write the one song that catches on youre set for life. Start pursuit of hit song

From 1890 to 1990 see the rural to urban shift.

Success of After the Ball gives birth to Tin Pan Alley (TPA)Both a musical style and a place: Manhattan in New York City Becomes the center of professional music making During 20s 30s , 21,000 publishers and 36,000 composers Division of labour: composer, lyricists, publisher, publicity, performers Sheet music dominates- transaction to recordings begins during the 1920s

Divide labour- ppl are good at different things so have ppl good at things do those and combine to sell a better final product assembly linePpl get good at job and know how much will produce in a dayQuality and predictabilityKnow whos responsible for what

How got the nameIn the summer NY is really hot, when you walk down the street, you see a bunch of ppl with old out of tune pianos singing different sounds windows open etc. What were they looking for a hit, money, Very few would make it, the gold rush was happening so they called it tin pan alley. Cause they used them to find gold. Were looking for that hit song to strike it rich

big things comes down to race and economy. Music played a big part is US history. Canada isnt a bad place to live when it comes to race, not the best but still better than other places like the US. Its still a big factor in the state (Boston Riots). Some ppl still weird about Obama as president. Since they can get away with saying they have a Kenyan Muslim as president. If paid attention would notice same problem with all presidents. Say popular music is a fusion of 3 elements a fusion of Rhythm n Blues (Black Culture), Country and Western (Southern Rural White Culture), and Tin Pan Alley (Northern Urban White Culture)Blues (mostly by black ppl), Country (hill billy music), Tin Pan Alley (by whites in Northern Urban Centres)Song- something about drinking by big bill brunseyWill the circle by unbroken- by the carter familyDifferences- dancing Has always been an important part of black culture, however country and western much more auspicious of dancing so harder to dance to. More interested in telling stories and narrativesTin Pan song- The Andrew Sisters- the booey woogey buggle boyClip was from a movieWouldnt see the other 2 in movies b/c blues related to black, and country seen as lower economic statusLook at how these 3 combined

Industrial Evolution- bunch of things happened based on simple idea, why does everyone have to make their things their self. If you cant do it yourself you trade them what you have for what theyre good at. Barter instead, no one gets rich b/c you trade what you have for what you need. Someone created money and can now accumulate wealth. Money around for a while, the revolution brought factories and jobs where they get paid. Allows ppl to begin to build up wealth. Go back prior to it and you had pesants and the church and stuff who were well off. Now pessants sane money and it accumulates over generation and you get a middle classBefore only rich rich ppl could afford musicians and so few musicians. Now instead a lot of middle class ppl chip in to hire a musician and you get public concerts and now more musicians jobs. Ppl like music at home, but cant create music so now you have song writters. Now you have a lot of jobs for musicians.Economies of Scale, cant get wealthy in small rural areas, you need thousands of ppl in on spot. Need a city a place with lots of middle class ppl. Need copywright law, b/c music Is an idea. Pay for the idea not the CD or the file. The years spent learning to create or play. Establish laws to protect the right to the idea so they alone have the right to sell it and copies of it.Need to be able to get it to lots of ppl, need a way to let thousand access what you do. Mass produce, way to share etc.

What are you selling in the music industry sheet music till 1920s recording catch up then but still big. Mostly for pop musicBlues and Hillbilly more records barely any sheet music

Copyright lawstarted by queen in britian. Pamphleteers are ppl that have an issue with the laws, they write a essay/ objection and print out a bunch of copies. You stand on a box and start talking and if you were interested you could buy a copy of the pamphlet. If its popular, what ppl were doing is theyd print the same paper out and use it to make more and could sell them at the same place for cheaperSo royals created the stationers and they let you register your work, and so it they steal your idea they needed to pay the one they took it from. It went through a royal company and so known as royalties. It developed over several years. When states created and stuff the amendment made in 1831 a bunch of musicians probably kept asking about it. So the gvt paid attention. In 1831 there were a lot of ppl trying to write songs for a living.

MAY 14THWhy 1954, what was in place to make him the King of Rock and Roll.

Left off on Tin Pan Alley, thousands of ppl gravitated to this part of New York. How it worked, was division of labour. So music industry based on the separation of tasks.Assembly line, not one person does it all. Now when say tin pan alley, can be talking about the place itself of the style itself. The songs tend to have simple lyrics, b/c you want them to be understood. Very easy to grasp.

Style: Lyrics base rhyme scheme syllabic idealized romance- beginning and ending

Sign not too much has changed, still love songs about relationships

Style: Music easy to play easy to sing- phrasing and range AABA musical form

Sheet music still one of the main forms, so written for amateurs Short, and narrow in range. Breath control cant sing in big range.Targeted home musicians. Playing piano more important then, since not have records so more relevant to entertainment

Tend to follow AABA structure, Song- Somewhere Over the Rainbow- Wizard of OzIt was mainstream pop music at the time.These songs were new and popular and revolutionary at the time.

Now popular music has big connection with Hollywood.The popular music industry and Hollywood were essentially created/ took shape at the same time and have always had a strong connection.

AABA- use capital letters to indicate musical structures, which are distinguished from song lyrics and normal words it indicates the melodyLyrics have nothing to do with the melody. The more familiar you get with it the more you like itWhat does this accomplish:The first section introduces you to the idea,The 2nd repeats the idea so you are now familiarThe 3rd get something new they can give you contrast in Rainbow double up the time, so its faster. Big idea is the end of the B section is supposed to be the point of the greatest tensionThe 4th the 3rd makes you want to hear the 4th, resolve the tension and hear A

Typically the A sections wont vary too much, but will be very similar, the A sections keep the same length and B will be the same length. But besides that song writers can do whatever they want

AABA was vast majority of music in this period.Standard form is 32 bars AABA

That was how the business side of music took place before WW2

Music after WW2 and now sounds very different. Need to take a look at other forms

North American Slave Trade 1619-1863

Could say rock and roll started then1619 was when African Americans sold to farms/into slaveryfor 250 years, millions were treated very poorly like machines only good for work

In the midst in this awful thing elements of culture survive, and they were going the be a huge part of American cultureThey kept the importance of music

Those who were enslaved engaged in singing, they had songs for everything.

Work song: pass time/set pace, coordinate work song leader floating pool of verse

Played a song, a recording of a work song but technology created after.Listened to a recording of African American convicts. Old Alabama 1947 they were chopping a tree

African influenceAfrica huge country, with tons of different cultureSahara dessert, have north African culture similar to middle east and sub-Saharan culture.We are generally referring to ppl that are from West Africa

What was the point of singing?Slavery, most likely mind numbingly boring, singing probably made it a little more liveable. Lets them know theyre not alone. Practical use, co-ordinated work, not want to be out of synch and a safety factor.How did it work, there was a figure called the song leader, they had a talent.They could carry in their mind thousands of little bits of songs, little 2 liners and have hundreds of little melodies.The song leader would make it up on the spot. Each time the song leader starts and then they join in if they know it. Hed either going to sing the same line or a new contrasting line. So they listen to the first word then join in when they can tell what hes doing. Not a worked out song, being made up on the spot by the leader. What he might do is make a song about a person there, or someone who died, or joke about the slave owner. A good song leader could help keep you alive, if he knows someone is sick and he watches the sick one and subtly slows the pace so they can maybe keep up and hopefully be better tomorrow

Floating pool of verse- pool of lyrics and melodies that no one owns

Harmonizing done on the spot, sing all of their lives. Everyone sings all the time, no self-consciousness. Singing today is still valued more today in black communities than white ones. To see the difference all you have to do is go to different churches.What you get is this rich sound, each one is individual but they work together.

Folk Music: performed by amateurs for self rcommunity entertainment oral tradition more concern with tradition than innovation (lacking self-consciousness)

amateur- not bad just dont do it for a livingDont learn from sheet music, generally just learn by watching ppl that are good at itMore concerned with preserving culture than creating new things Here self consciousness means in terms of as a musicianEveryone is looking for something to make them stand outFolk tradition tends to change very slow since they want to preserve cultures

Scotland- hear old music go to Cape Britian b/c they worked hard to maintain the tradition

African Retentions:1/ Interest in percussive and distorted timbres2/ Value in the Ecstatic and the Cathartic3/ Rhythmic complexity- syncopation4/ Use of riffs5/ Use of call and response

Parts of African culture that stayed and added and combined to create what we hear todayClich is African music is based on drums, small kernel of truth but blown out of proportionCultures of west Africa interested in percussive and timbre- the quality of a soundWhat makes it unique and describe itPercussive- things that are struck, drums, piano hit string with a mallet. Not just drums it is when sound is produced through strikingDistorted timbre- The term distortion carries a value, defined as a alteration of a signal. Not want message distorted it is a negative, loss of control outside of ability to reign inIn west African culture distortion is encouraged and has a different definition, it means being t and engaged and singing its a overflow of emotion. Very different definition.

Melody, Harmony- cords play with is, Rhythm- how play music in timeWestern music good with harmonyThe least developed was rhythm, common in European music

African music plays around with rhythm, when you break it down so much you cant tell the like main beat its syncopation

Riffs- is a small self contained musical fragment that is repeated as the basis for a larger composition. Motif- ex/ 4 notes Beethoven not a riffA motif has alterations, he plays it different like higher lower etc. A riff stays the same and the song is created over the top of that riff

Call and response- in west African music shows that communication is 2 way. When kiss plays expect communication back, fans energeticAs opposed to a piano/ classical concert it flows one way, just the musician

It brought the culture of west Africa into north America, NA become an experiment, where massive number of ppl from west Africa and ppl from Europe. When you put the 2 groups next to each other they will influence each other

American Civil War (1861-1865)Slavery end 1865Thought the war was to free ppl, but not really.The realistic reason was they were planning on creating new states and were debating if pink or blue. North and South was tied. Political issues too different parties favoured different parts. South wanted to leave and form new country north said nope and broke out in war.

Post Slavery: (1865- ) Institutional Racism Acceleration of Rural-to-Urban shift New forms of music appear during late 1800s I/Ragtime 2/ Jazz 3/ BluesThese new forms of music take shape in 1890s or around thenDont see the new culture because they need a new generation, they werent free in their minds and most didnt shake it. So get the new generation that had grown up as free people. They are able to see differently and create new culture

Rid of slavery in name, but could still have laws that say they cant vote, own certain things, go certain places. They were heavily enforced.Common that if black person was accused of a crime, a mob of white ppl would go and demand the prisoner and hang themCluclucks clan, would go around and burn houses and murder ppl. Would target black, jews, catholic. So being black in the south was dangerous, so many moved North to the city centres

Country(Rural) Blues: Wandering musician Male vocalist, with Acoustic Guitar Plaintive vocal sound- lament Themes include: Travel, Economics, and Love

Typically an individual that would travel between a few rural areas to make a little money and usually have a acoustic guitar. Were relatively inexpensive. Sound of a blues musicians was plaintive, sounds sad etc.Themes that are new to a generation that previously didnt have the options. Also still have institutional slavery. Before didnt need to worry about money.

Musical form characteristics: 12 measure phrases a-a-b lyric pattern call and response between guitar and voice floating pool of verse

hear measure in classical, hear bar in jazz and pop, but are same things.They are subsets of musical time.In order to keep track of where they are in a song they number the pulsesBut if you just numbered them all youd have really big numbers.So group the beats together in subsets. Most common is a set or 4 called a bar or measure. Blues usually come in sets of 12. This is unusual.Tin pan alley usually were 4,8,16,32 etc. iterations of 2s a-a-b lyrics lower case b/c refer to wordsstill not dealing with worked out songs, still use floating pool of verse

Most songs not follow the pattern exactly usually have a twist or something different.One of the most signigficant forms that influenced music

No record till 1920s and 30s

Robert Johnson(1911-1938) Defined standards for blues guitar November 1936/ June 1937 Mythic characterSweet Home Chicago Robert Johnson (November, 1936)

One of the most important country blues musicians helped define the sound, the guitar techniques are still very highly regarded. Helped that he had an extraordinary life, only recorded enough songs to fill 2 compact discs with 12-13 songs.He did early in his life, at the age of 27.27 club, considered the founding member.

He tried to play with people and was awful, for 18 months he disappeared and when he shows up again he is the best blues guitar player and soon after he dies on the verge of greatness. Speculate he was poisoned. Not know the real cause of his death.Story developed, he went to the crossroads at midnight and say he asked to be the best blues guitar player.Immortalized in a song called crossroads. Might have been in Memphis studying.Fact is he becomes the most influential country blues musician of his time.

Rural and country blues the same at this pointRobert Johnson one of the first blues musicians ever recorded.Blues musicians werent really recorded till the 1920s

Blind William Tell contrast with Johnson

MAY 21ST

Sweet Home Chicago- Robert Johnson (November, 1936)12 bars in blues usually with black culture influenceAABA associated with tin pan alley

Music that follows the end of slaveryFolk can encompass blues, rock etc. many types just folk stylizedRobert Johnson appears to be a blues musician that is self-conscious as in he is trying to do something new. He creates an introduction (the piano thing)He bases what he does in the introduction on what he does in the song. He thinks through his song.

Other cultures largely being ignored, African American and hillbilly. Cultural Chauvinism, if you were middle class and white you dont thing the Black and Hillbilly culture wasnt worth paying attention to. Racism and economic status.This is a leftover of the civil war. The north won the war.The defeat of the south has tainted the norths view of the south. They think they are lower class, country bumkinness, its all leftover from the civil war.So when these new cultures are appearing they put more focus on their own and ignore the othersAnother thing the music industry was based on sheet music, and blues/black music or folk music didnt have sheet music really. They learned orally generation to generation. Since they dont have sheet music they werent a big part of the industry.To get black and folk music into the industry need to shift from sheet to recordings

Changes in Technology:Mechanical Reproduction- audio recording1877- Edison invents the phonograph (gramophone)Designed as a business machine, have a cylinder that wears out.Was designed for a person to record a letter or something and send it to the other person. Wasnt very good1892-1912- transition from cylinder to disks1925- industry standard speed set to 78rpm

Took so long to standardize b/c companies would be releasing different machines that you could only play a certain kind of disc on and it had its own speed

What was recorded? sheet music/TPA black music/ rural southern white msic not recorded because: cultural chauvinism rural areas- sales?Just recorded what was in front of them, so they had the discs in store and theyd play it to help them decide.It took them a while to accept that they could listen to the music from a box.Now had something to sell to the rural market but didnt bother b/c it wasnt profitableFocus on TPA

Commercial Radio: 1920 Jan. 1922-28 Stations/ December 1922-570 Stations Controlled by only a few Networks (CBS, NBC, Mutual) First radio network, NBC in 1928 Very few independent radio station exist Network radio begins to change patterns of consumption from regional to national

When discovered had no clue what use itd beIn 1920 it was the first time someone set it up and started broadcasting entertainment and was paid for by advertisting.Took a year or 2 to take off 1922 went from 28 to 570.Doesnt mean that you can get all the stations in the same place, youll get the few that are local and broadcast thereVery quickly big business gets involved see the emergence of networksBusiness buys all the stations. Mutual becomes ABCNetwork radio systems changed the way people listened to music.Itd play in one place then catch on in other places, it would take a long time to get around.Not because of the networks shift from regional to national, stuff played everywhere at once.

Success of Radio: expensive one-time purchase, unlimited content why buy records?

In the 1920s radio was like television, radio theatre, music and moreGet the box and you have everythingWhy buy records, need the player and a record, it only has 2 songs max.They were fragile and could get scratched.Didnt have to keep buying things for radio or anything.Problem b/c the record industry was just starting to emerge with good enough quality and where ppl are starting to think yeah I could use a record player its a thing. Radio comes along and threatens it

The Rise of the Record Industry:Record Industry concerned- needs to find new markets Mamie Smith: Crazy Blues (1920) Ralph Peer- Okeh Records Market Research in popular music Introduction of Hillbilly Carve that Possum 1927 Uncle Dave Mason and the Fruit Jar drinkers Introduction of Race How Long Blues: 1928 Carr and Blackwell

Standardized b/c they were being threatenedIf youre listening to radio what kind of style of music are you hearing?Probably tin pan alley, white northern city musicRecord industry has an idea to expand their markets

Ralph was a R&R man job was to find artist to record and a song1920 hes going to record Crazy Blues and the singer calls in sickA musician says he knows a girl that could come and sing it really well.Ralph is a very openmined person and so say what the hell why notActually not a blues song and has very little to do with blues.The first blues song wont be recorded for 7 years.Blues was starting to permeate Tin Pan Alley but they are not technically bluesRepresent the first significant hit record by an African AmericanWere prior recording but most were a joke.Ralph files this away and as radio rises he thinks well what is radio playing TPA, theyre not going to beat radio with the same thingsCrazy blues sold to white but also to lots of black people.Radio is ignoring certain kinds of music, its in some cities and it isnt on the radio.Need to go record black artists to keep the industry goingBy the time you get to the mid-late 1920s get HillbillyHillbilly have banjo, fiddle, guitar, etc. instruments of rural folk music, used them in the minstrel show. Simple, low cost, easy to fixRace music which was black musician and black audience. Have a collection of distinct styles, meant to identify by race. Now not right to say, but this was 100 years ago. Cant completely escape the cultural inertiaHow long blues- race it was city bluesWhen first generation of country blues musicians move to the cityWhat identifies it is the vocal styleRobert John and Carr and Blackwell similar sound to the way they sing developed from country blues. The addition of the piano, lots of sense, cities are noisy, lots of people and you have to carry over the noise so need to get louder the piano is louder.Variety of tambre, variety of sound. How Long Blues- he does a solo in the song with the guitar, while the other plays the piano, becomes more promininet when the amplifier comes aroundDont control the audience and the middle class white start to but hillbilly and race and they start to influence white music.

John Gomm- cool guitar guy clip

Television:First demonstration 1927Experimental and low-resolution broadcasts through the 1930sNetwork broadcasts begin in 1939By 1945- 6 stationsBy 1955- 411 stationsMajor Networks move to televisionFirst Black Appeal radio station- WDIA Memphis, 1948By 1954-200 BA radio stations are on the airWho is listening?Extended Adolescence

Rock and roll and televisionPerson who invented it thought of it as the worlds greatest educational tool1920s and 30s tv was a novelty.By the end of the 1930s it was starting to take off, but WW2 started and everything not related to the war was put offIn 1945 it picks up again, had 6 stationsNot national, only available in some places and only a channel or 2. Not what we know it to be today its black and white, on air for maybe 3-4 hours a day not want to interrupt dinner. All shows are broadcast live no recording of showsIt quickly catches on and becomes the new must have device of the middle class.In 1955 lots of stations, and most places get one or 2 stations. And so the networks start buying up the stations. How do they make money?By advertising, they sell the peoples attention and add views.Radio makes its money by selling ears and ppl listening.Now have a new media where they can show the product, how much better looking, how better off youll be if you buy this product. TV is much more attractive for advertisement. The major networks find themselves with lots of radio networks.Company provides a product or service thats how you make money. They keep a few stations but sell a lot to ppl that live localy. One had the letters WDIA. WDIA was located in Memphis.2 pharmacists bought it because they thought itd be fun. Used to make money from advertisement, they wanted to sell local advertisement but no one came. So decided to do something crazy, to find out which people got the best reception, turned out it was black people. In 1948 changed their way and became the first black appeal radio station.Then had tons of ppl wanting to advertise. And so other people started doing the same thing.Similar thing happened by hillbilly, realized that was their audience and catered to it. One station had the Saturday Night Barn Dance, it was so big and influential to hillbilly music that those that wanted to make it were starting to move to Nashville where the show was. The theatre where it was broadcast was Grand OlRock theatre.Not too far from Memphis was the city where Elvis is from and he loves WDIA.And so the white culture is being influenced by the new sounds theyd never heard before.Most of the people tunning in were younger a new demographic that were drawn to this music. Created teenagers, used to be considered a child till 12-13 then were pretty much considered an adultWW2 mostly fought in Europe, and the US became the industrial machine powering the war. US has transformed into the biggest industrial country theyve ever seen. Mastered supply management, manufacturing etc.Easy to change the factory to produce consumer products insteadThere are so many factories and were set up so that the people that came back had a job, with a good wage and so more people could buy the things. Not when the kids reach 10-13 life was so good that they didnt need to go work then, so they get to stay in school. High school was for the wealthy, university was for the super wealthy.They became known as the baby boomers.They can get a part time job and can spend on what they want.They become a new leisure class, they can spend It on leisure goods its disposable.Most of the goods produced are aimed at the teen generation

Transistor Radio

Some of the white teenagers dont like the new/other kinds of musicBut some do, but not seen as acceptableHave transistor radio a little one and so can listen secretly and stuff.Changed the way ppl were addressed, used to be a group activity so talk to everyone.So now change act like talking to just one person, bc of the transistor radio.Not all kids liked it but some did

Gospel:Ray Charles (Robinson) 1930-2004 born, Albany Georgia blind at age 7 learns music in a school for the blind 1952 Atlantic Records Success with white audiences- heightened level of intensity

Music can be broken up into 2 division to sacred and secular.Sacred in the curchSecular- the work song etc.The sacred music of black culture before the civil war was referred to as spiritualSwing loAfter the civil war referred to as GospelNot talking about that kind of Gospel were talking about another one

Ray Charles- born in Georgia grew up poor and was blind.In 1930s someone like him wouldnt have much of a future. The school lacked supplies but had teachers that cared.He could play back a song he heard once, and he could teach himself an instrument over a weekend. He learned electronics by taking them apart and putting them back together.He realized he had the ability to make a living with music.He 1950s signs on with Atlantic RecordsMajor record companies had little interest in black artists. Minor ones did. Atlantic records did take an interest, he starts performing a new kind of black music he called it GospelI Got a Woman Ray CharlesWhen a film about ray Charles came out, with Jamie foxx. Kayne song using some

Why did he call it Gospel?Blues has a slower pace and it was popular with black and known by some white White people were not experiencing the music of the Black church.Was faster paced and exciting, would really go for notesDidnt get the intensity in blues but in churchWhat ray did was take the church songs and change the lyrics keep the intensity and things and make it secular.Was controversy, some thought it was sacrilegious to play those songs Gained many white fans b/c they liked it

Chicago/Electric Blues:Muddy Waters 1913-1983 born in Misissippi played guitar and harmonica emulated Robert Johnson moves to Chicago, early 1940s switches to electric guitar 1945 1946, records for Aristocrat Records (would later become Chess Records)Evolution of city blues, start using the electric guitar, have an entire bandOnly a couple years younger than Robert Johnson was, he died early.Muddy Waters emulated him.Moved to Chicago during the war, many black people moved to the cities, since the men were away there were better paying jobs for African americans and womenHe starts hanging around the players there and is influenced to use the electric guitarAristocrat would become one of the most important independent blues labels

Hoochie Coochie Man (1954, Willie Dixon) verse chorus (modified 12-bar blues) Stop TimeSong not written by muddy waters, written by Willie Dixon, played the stand up bass, and was very important as a song writer at ChessLater in life he becomes prominent for a law suit with Led Zeppelin3rd kind of song structure, is verse chorusVerse: same music different wordsSong based entirely on verses like Christmas carolsSame melody different set of wordsIn pop song usually alternate with a chorusChorus: same music same words, may include the song title, may feature a higher level of intensityEx/ Living on a prayer- Bon JoviAnother sign of self-consciousness, called stop time, where the instruments emphasize something so kind of feels like a stop. Changes the texture

Rural blues- 1 guyCity blues- 2 guys guitar and pianoChicago blues- more guys more instruments

Theory more sounds and more interesting, see a lot of instruments that will become an important part of the rock band

Started where sheet music and TPA ruledThe threat of radio posed to the record industy they had to look for something else and they looked at black and hillbilly.Then ww2 changes things the new demographic, teenages and tv.Now radio outdated so sold and get black and hillbilly on thoseNot just target market were listening white middleclass were listening and this scares the parents.

Have 50 minutes, MC, may find some challengingNever make you choose between a good answer and a better answerWill have a right answer and everything else wrong

MAY 28TH

End of 1940s billboard say the music is getting popular. Realize the names are a little offensive. After WW2 name hillbilly as country and western, black as rhythm and blues.Music on radio, middle class white teens are tuning in to BA radio and country and western

2 charts,the pop chart, TPAcountry and westernrhythm and blues

So song on rhythm and blues chart, so popular with black audiencesThey called the record stores that sell to certain kinds of ppl and use what they say for the chartsWhat started happening is that they call the white store and the blues song is popular.Cross over hit, one song is popular on one chart and it got popular on another.When one crossed over to pop chart ppl stated getting scared.

What happens is white teenagers listen to other music and leads to moral panicMoral panic significant change in culture but the change is so big and profound you cant comprehend it, so you target a small part of it and say if you stop this it will go awayTeens were listening to black music and it brought out racist tendencies in parents

Black culture is becoming more prevalent in white culture, and teens are listening to it and they worry that it will result in mixing

Popularity with white teens leads to moral panic.

So what would happened is that when a song would cross over a second version of the same song would appear but by a white artist. The songs would be on the charts simultaneouslyIt was legal if you followed 3 rules:Give credit to the original song writers and singers.If you make money on it have to pay a certain amount goes to whoever holds the copywright on the songYou cant change the song in a way that demeans the copywright

So have 2 songs competing at the same time

Weird Al has to get permission from whoever he does a parody of most ppl say yes.Only Prince and Eminem turned him down

Cover versions: 1954-1956 white versions of black recordsOne of the most famous of the Cover Versions was:Little Richard (Richard Wayne Penniman) born 1932, Macon Georgia first big hit was Tutti Frutti released late 1955 on Speciality Records (lyrics revised by Dorothy LaBostrie) Crossover hit: #2 R&B, #17Original lyrics were very rude, so they changed the lyricsSong structure, influenced by blues, but is verse chorusHuge hit, and so crosses over and within a well another version

Born in bone crushing poverty, and very incredibly religious and so thought singing out of church was wrong.He was also bisexual, tremendous self loathing because of it

Pat Boone: born 1934 was just breaking as a pop star in 1955 early 1956 releases a cover of Tutti Frutti No R&B, #10 Pop

By 1950s TPA term is going out of date

What was changed? Some of the lyrics cleaner

Cover Versions: Sh-BoomIs AABA song essentiallyGroup of African americans the style is so dominant that it is all over the place

Cover by The Crew Cuts: July 1954/ Mercury Records

The white one cover was released by a major label , the original released by a smaller less known labelThis one is a very obvious AABA not break it and repeats twiceDone on purpose, by the time get to 1950s record and radio , have heard so many songs in these structures. This is more reassuring to typical AABA listeners the white middle class

First versions had different of not clean arrangements, bc were by untrained ppl. The structures in the cover versions were arranged properly and formallyThe tambre of the voices, the voices in the original have an edgier sound and distortion. Clean and distorted voices, crew cut further from mike cant hear the breathing and the little things. Miss the sense of intimacyPeople make records the way they have seen them before.Hip hop started with bad mikes, difference was high frequency reproduction. So base and stuff is good, but the treble not used b/c cant without better mike

The low voice and tone, has a different feel and possible sensuality.Change from that to high and more friendly sounding one

First version, very simple instrumentation, drum guitar and sax.The sax solo seems like it could be improvised, its a moment that threatens to overflow with its level of intensity, whoevers playing in on the edge Even if worked out should sound improvised.Think of division of labour, does anyone get to step up and have that transcendent moment, no, you play what you getThe crew one, have lots of instruments, and have everything written out

Timpani in kids cartoons

Did it work,

The Chords: #3 on R&B, #5 on PopThe Crew Cuts: no R&B/ #1 Pop#1 for 9 weeks - #1 song of the year

So yeah it worked, the pop chart is where the money is

1956 new generation of artists, both white and blackinfluenced by black has white influence too

This was named Rock and Roll