mushroom
TRANSCRIPT
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Indian Phytopath. 65 (1) : 1-11 (2012)
Mundkur Memorial Lecture Award*
~a~~
Current scenario of mushroom research in India
V. PRAKASAM*
Department of Plant Pathology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,Coimbatore 641 003
Agriculture will continue to be the main strength of Indianeconomy. With the variety of agricultural crops grown today,we have achieved food security by producing about 240
million tonnes of food grains. However, our struggle toachieve nutritional security is still on. In future, the ever
increasing population, depleting agricultural land, changesin environment, water shortage and need for quality food
products at competitive rates are going to be the vital issuesand secondary agricultural vocations are going to occupy aprominent place to fill the void of quality food requirements.
The demand for quality food and novel products is
increasing with the changes in life style and income. Tomeet these challenges and to provide food and nutritional
security to our people, it is important to diversify the
agricultural activities in areas like horticulture. Diversificationin any farming systems imparts sustainability. Mushlbomare one such component that impart diversification and also
help in addressing the problems of quality food, health andenvironmental sustainability. The present century is going
to be a century of functional foods from synthetic chemicals
and mushroom cultivation fits very well into this categoryand is going to be an important vocation.
Mushrooms represent microbial technology thatrecycles agricultural residues into food and manure. It is asolid state fermentation system in which crop residues are
converted into valuable food rich in microbial protein. Theseare important source of quality protein, minerals and various
novel compounds of medicinal value, do not compete forland and have very high productivity per unit area and time.
These are considered to be the highest protein producers
per unit area and time due to utilization of vertical spaceand short crop cycle. Due to their cultivation under controlledconditions the water requirement is less than any other crop
grown in the field and has all the potentials of being a majorcrop in coming years.
*Mundkur Memorial Lecture Award was delivered on 3m December,2011 during 64th Annual meeting of the Indian PhytopathologicalSociety and National Symposium on "Biology of infection, immunityand disease control in pathogen-plant interactions" at Universityof Hyderabad, Hyderabad.Email: [email protected]
Mushroom farming today is being practiced in morethan 100 countries and its production is increasing at anannual rate of 6-7%. In some developed countries of Europeand America, mushroom farming has attained the status ofa high-tech industry with very high levels of mechanizationand automation. China leads in mushroom production and
china alone is reported to grow more than 20 different typesof mushroom at commercial scale and mushroom cultivation
has become China's sixth largest industry. The USA is thesecond largest producer of mushroom sharing 16% of theworld output. Presently, three geographical regions- Europe,America and East Asia contribute to about 96% of world
mushroom production.
History of Mushroom cultivation in India
The history of mushroom cultivation goes back to the agesof "VEDA" wherein the mention was made in the classical
religious scriptures like 'Rig Veda' and 'Atharva Veda' aboutuse of juice from fly agaric mushroom (Amanita muscaria)as a intoxicating drink, named as "Soma". However, thesystematic research on Mushroom domestication was not
aimed for quite a long period.
Newton (1886) exhibited some edible mushrooms inthe annual flower show of Horticultural Society of India. B.C.Roy (1896-1897) of the Calcutta Medical College carriedchemical analysis of the local mushrooms prevalent in cavesor mines. Sir David Prain (1908) made thorough search foredible mushrooms from various parts of India. In 1918,Kirtikar of Imperial Mycological Society ~ecorded theoccurrence of mushrooms from Calcutta. Bose (1921-1926)successfully raised Agaricus on sterilised dung. Bose andBose (1940) discussed some methods for growingmushrooms on horse manure. In 1940, Su and Sethdescribed the procedure for spawn and cultivation ofVolvariella.
However, the first successful cultivation techniques forpaddy straw mushroom, Volvariella volvacea wasdemonstrated by Thomas in the year 1943 in AgriculturalCollege, Coimbatore. This lead to the spread of cultivationof this mushroom in all parts of India. Asthana (1947)investigated on the supplementation of paddy straw
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2 Indian Phytopathology 65 (1) : 1-11 (20'
mushroom beds with horsegram powder to boost the yield.But it is yet to be adopted on a commercial scale. Being atropical mushroom, it is highly suitable for northern Plainsas well as coastal and plateaus of South India. However, avery little research support has been extended of thismushroom in India because of its very low yield potentialcoupled with highly perishable nature of the fruiting bodies.In 1961, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi,started first cultivation of Agaricus bisporus at Solan inHimachal Pradesh in collaboration with Government ofHimachal Pradesh. Researches conducted during 60s and70s were more or less adaptive in nature and productiontechnology developed lacked the refinement.
Directorate of Mushroom Research
In 1971, an ICAR sponsored coordinated scheme onmushroom research was started at Solan, Ludhiana,Bangalore and New Delhi. During 1974 under UNDP apilot scale cultivation plant for button' mushrooms wasstarted in Himachal Pradesh. E.F.K.Mandel, one of the FAOexpert guided the Department of Agriculture, HimachalPradesh for the construction of a modern spawn laboratory.These efforts paved the way for the introduction of buttonmushroom in India. Meanwhile the National Centre for
Mushroom Research and Training (NCMRT) wasestablished on 23rdOctober, 1982 and the centre becamefunctional with effect from 8thJune, 1983 under the aegis ofIndian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi. Thiscentre was renamed as National Research Centre forMushroom in 1997 and upgraded to Directorate ofMushroom Research in December, 2008.
Mandateand Objectivesof AICRP-Mushroom,DMR,Solan
This Directorate is the only organization exclusivelydedicated to mushroom research and development in thecountry.The Directorate has developed array of technologiesfor different types of mushrooms suitable for cultivation invarious agro-climatic regions of the country.The Directorateis also the headquarter of Nationwide coordinated initiativenamely, All India Coordinated Research Project onMushroom. Initially, AICRP- Mushroom was started with sixcentres one each at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University(Tamil Nadu), Punjab Agricultural University (Punjab), G.B.Pant University of Agriculture and Technology (Uttarkand),C.S. Azad University of Agriculture and Technology(Kanpur), Bidhan Chandra Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya (WestBengal) and Mahatma Phule ,Agricultural University(Maharashtra).
After establishing the All India Coordinated ResearchProjects on Mushroom (AICRP-Mushroom) at Solan, theresearch on this mushroom was intensified. Our countryhas registered twenty-fold increase in production ofmushrooms in th~ last four decades, even though, buttonmushroom continues to occupy a prominent place andcontributes about 85% of the total mushroom production ofthe country.
At present 14 co-ordinating centres and 2 co-operatingcentres are functioning under AICRP-Mushroom, locatedin 15 states. Of these, 14 centres are based at State
.--
Agricultural Universities, while 2 at ICAR institutes. Thncentres functioning at Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Gcwere closed.
Current Status of mushroom production in India
Commercial production of edible mushrooms represen'unique exploitation of the microbial technology for the blconversion of the agricultural, industrial, forestry anhousehold waste into nutritious food (mushrooms). Olcountry can emerge as a major player in mushroorproduction in wake of availability of plenty of agriculturiresidues and labour. Integrating mushroom cultivation ilthe existing farming systems will not only supplement thlincome of the farmers but also will promote proper recyclin!of agro-residues thereby improving soil health ampromoting organic agriculture. In India, mushroom researctstarted in 60s and the cultivation picked up in 70s.
India has varied agro-climate, abundance ofagricultural residues and plenty of manpower making ilsuitable for cultivating different mushrooms. Major part 0agricultural waste produce to India is let out to decomposnaturally or burnt in situ. This can effectively be utilized tproduce highly nutritive food such as mushrooms and spentmushroom substrate can be converted into organic manure.Mushrooms are grown seasonally as well as in state-of-artenvironment controlled cropping rooms all the year roundin the commercialunits. Mushroom growing is a highly labour,oriented venture and labour availability is no constraint inthe country and two factors, that is, availabilities of rawmaterials and labour make mushroom growing,economically profitable in India. Moreover, scope for intensediversification by cultivation of other edible mushrooms likeoyster, shiitake, milky and other medicinal mushrooms areladditional opportunities for Indian growers.
At present, four mushrooms viz., button mushroom(Agaricus bisporus), Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus spp.),paddy straw mushroom (Volvariella spp.) and milkymushroom (Calocybe indica) have been recommended forround the year cultivation in India.
India produces about 600 million tonnes of agriculturalbyproducts, which can profitably be utilized for the cultivationof mushrooms. Currently, we are using 0.04% of theseresidues for producing around 1.2 Jakh tons of mushrooms
of which 85% is button mu;;hroom. India contributes about3% of the total world button mushroom productiol). Even if
we use 1% of the residues for mushroom production, wecan produce 3.0 million tons of mushrooms, which will bealmost equal to current global button mushroom production(current world production 3.4 million tons). To remaincompetitive it will be important to harness science and
modern technologies for solving the problems of productionand bio-risk management. Mushroom being an indoor crop,utilizing vertical space offers an solution to shrinking landand better water utility.
The world mushroom production is continuouslyincreasing from 0.30 to 3.41 million tonnes over period oflast 50 years from 1961- 2010 as per FAO Statistics. Thethree major mushroom producing countries are China, USA
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and Netherland which account for more than 60 per cent ofthe world production. The s~are of China itself is 46 percent.
The other leading countries which contribute much for
mushroom production are Poland, Spain, France, Italy,Ireland, Canada and United Kingdom.
The current Indian estimates, mushroom production in
India is about 1.2 lakh metric tons, which is 3 per cent ofworld production. In India mushroom production systems
are of mixed type i.e., both seasonal farming as well ashigh-tech cultivation. In India mushroom research started
in 60s and the cultivation picked up in 70s. Presently, the
country produces 1.2 lakh tonnes of mushrooms and growthrate, both in terms of productivity as well as production, has
been phenomenal. In seventies and eighties buttonmushroom was grown as a seasonal crop in hills, but withthe development of the technologies for environmental
control and increased understanding of the croppingsystem, mushroom production shot up from 5000 tons in1970 to over 1,20,000 tonnes in 2011.
Button, oyster, milky and paddy straw mushrooms are
cultivated in different parts of the country as per temperature
profile in different seasons. Two-three crops of button
mushroom are grown seasonally in temperate regions with
minor adjustments of temperate in the growing rooms, while
one crop of button mushroom is raised in North western
plains of India seasonally. Oyster, paddy straw and milky
mushrooms are grown seasonally in the tropical/sub-tropicalareas from April to October. The cultivation methods for these
sub-tropical/tropical mushrooms and others like Lentinula,
Flammulina, Auricularia, Agrocybe, Stropharia, Macrocybe,
Hericium, Ganoderma, etc. have also been standardized.
Indian Phytopathology 65 (1) : 1-11 (2012) 3
Table 1. Present State-wise mushroom production in India (tons)
State Button Oyster Milky Other Mushroom Total Production
Andhra Pradesh 2,992 15 15 0 3,022Arunachal Pradesh 20 5 0 1 26
Assam 20 100 5 0 125Bihar 400 80 0 0 480
Chattisgarh 0 50 0 0 50Goa 500 20 0 0 520
Gujarat 0 5 0 0 5
Haryana 7,175 0 3 0 7,178Himachal Pradesh 5,864 110 17 2 5,993J&K 565 15 0 0 585Jharkand 200 20 0 0 220Karnataka 0 15 10 0 25Kerala 0 500 300 0 800Maharashtra 2,725 200 50 0 2,975
Madhya Pradesh 10 5 0 0 15
Manipur 0 10 0 50 60
Meghalaya 25 2 0 0 27Mizoram 0 50 0 0 50
Nagaland 0 75 0 250 325Orissa 36 810 0 5,000 5,846Punjab '58,000 2,000 0 0 60,000Rajasthan 100 10 0 10 120Sikkim 1 2 0 0 3Tamil Nadu 4,000 2,000 500 0 6,500Tripura 0 100 0 0 100Uttarakhand 8,000 0 0 0 8,000Uttar Pradesh 7,000 0 0 0 7,000West Bengal 50 50 0 0 100Union TerritoriesA&N Islands 0 100 0 0 100Chandigarh 0 0 0 0 0
Dadar&Nagar Haveli 0 0 0 0 0Daman&Diu 0 0 0 0 0Delhi 3,000 50 20 0 3,070Lakshadweep 0 0 0 0 0
Puducherry 0 0 0 0 0
Total 1,00683 6,399 920 5,313 1,13,315
(Manjit Singh et al., 2010)
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4 Indian Phytopathology 65 (1) : 1-11 (2012~
Table 2. A scenario of Mushroom production in India
Mushroom Annual Production (Tons)
Button mushroom
Oyster mushroom
Paddy straw mushroom and other
Milky mushroom
100683
6399
5313
920
Mushrooms are popularly grown in Punjab,Uttarakhand, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh,Tamil Nadu, HimachalPradesh, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Kerala andNorth eastern regions of India. Many commercial units arelocated in different regions of our country and producequality mushroom for export round the year.
Table 3. Leading states in Mushroom cultivation
State/ Union Territory
Punjab
Uttarakhand
Annual Production (Tons)
60000
8000
7178
7000
6500
5993
5846
3022
3070
2975
80D
Haryana
Uttar Pradesh
Tamil Nadu
Himachal Pradesh
Orissa
Andhra Pradesh
Delhi
Maharashtra
Kerala
(Manjit Singh et al., 2011)
Bio diversity of mushrooms in India
One of the main mandates of all the centre under AICRP-Mushroomis regular survey forcollectionofwildgermplasm,identification and conservation. As many as 914 wildmushroom specimens collected from differentcentres werepreserved and data base was developed. Almost samegroup of fungi were identified year after year in theecosystems of the different centres. The fungi which arevery frequently collected from the different sources mainlycome under the following genera: Agaricus, Pleurotus,Volvariella,Calocybe, Tricholoma,Schizophyllum, Lentiula,Hypsizygus, Auricularia, Termitomyces, Ganoderma,Morchella, Cortyceps, Boletus, Russula, Amanita,Cantharellus, Hericium, Grifola,Tuber,Xylaria, Polyporus,Agrocybe, Coprinus, Laccaria and Lactarius,.
Button mushroom.
White button mushroom is the most popular ofthe cultivatedmushrooms. This was the first mushroom to be commerciallyexploited on industrial scale. The genas Agaricus has twocultivated species namely A. bisporus (temperate buttonmushroom) and A. bitorquis (tropical or high temperaturetolerant white button mushroom). The former is a lowtemperature species requiring 16:t2° C for its fruiting, thelater, on the other hand grows at higher temperature
Pleurotus collections
Schizophyllum
Morchella
Cordyceps
Hypsizygus
Termitomyces
Coprinus
Agaricus
Lentinula
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Indian Phytopathology 65 (1) : 1-11 (2012) 5
Auricularia
Boletus
Amanita
Hericium
Xylaria
Agrocybe
Trir;holoma
Russulla
Cantharellus
Grifola
Polyporus
Laccaria
(23:t2) °C. A bisporus is very popularlygrown in India andonly a very limited cultivationis focussed on A bitorquis.The cultivation technology is common for both the
Lactarius
Tricholoma
Calocybe
Ganoderma
mushrooms. A bisporus requires 23-25° C for spawn runand 16-18° C for cropping where as Abitorquis needs 28-30° C for spawn run and 25° C for cropping. Both themushroomneed high relative humiditymore than 85-90percent.
A.bisporus A.bitorquis
The research on button mushroom took a drasticchange after introduction of the AICRP-Mushroom. Thedifferent centres which work on this mushrooms identifiedstrains which are suitable for their states. The strainsdeveloped by DMR, Solan namely NCS-100, NCS-101 andNCH-102 were popularly recommended for commercialcultivation. The preference of some selections from differentcentres are listed in the Table 5.
However, in India the introduction of exotic strains and
testing their suitability for Indian conditions continued tilllate eighties as there lacks enough variability in the existing
Table 4. Leading states in Button Mushroom production
State/ Union Territory
Punjab
Uttarakhand
Haryana
Uttar Pradesh
Himachal Pradesh
Tamil Nadu
Delhi
Andhra Pradesh
Maharashtra
Annual Production (Tons)
58000
8000
7175
7000
5864
4000
3000
2992
2725
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6Indian Phytopathology 65 (1) : 1-11 (2012):
3. Sparying of 0.15 per cent Veradix (rooting hormone) aj,pinning stage was advocated for increasing the yieldin Maharashtra.
Table 5. Performance of A. bispous strains at different centres
Centre/ State Strains
Coimbatore- Tamil Nadu
Udaipur- Rajasthan
NCS- 1, S-11, NCB-6, NCS-145
CM-5, CM-10, S-11, NCB-1,NCB-2, NC-6
NCS-100, NCs- 102
CM-14
P-1
Raipur- Chhattisgarh
Barapani- MeghalayaPune- Maharashtra
bispored strains of Agaricus due to high degree ofinbreeding and practically no wild germ plasm of A. bisporusis available in Indian Gene bank.
The following are the exotic hybrids/ varieties of A.bisporus commercially grown in India.
Table 6. Exotic hybrids/ varieties of A. bisporus cultivated in India
Country
Mentel, Germany
Darlington, UK
Sylvan, USA
Fritsche, Holland
Mycelia, Belgium
Amycel, Canada
Le Lion, France
Varieties/ Hybrids
S-11
S-791
S-130, S-140
Hybrids U-1, U-3
M-7207, M-7218, M- 7219
Delta
X-13
,
However, due to the efforts taken by Indian scientistsemploying hybridization, mutation and genetic manipulationin the field of button mushroom, there has been almost anexponential growth both in production and productivityduring last ten years, out put reaching 25,000 tonnes in1995 from meager 1000 tonnes in 1985.
In addition to the Long Method of Composting (LMC),Short Method of Composting (SMC), a new technologynamely Indoor composting was developed for cultivation ofButton mushroom. Compost prepared either under LMC orSMC involves traditional outdoor composting which causesenvironmental pollution. Large amounts of malodorousgases viz., ammonia, methane, hydrogen sulphide andother methylated sulphur compounds are emitted in theatmosphere creating nuisance.
In this case, whole composting process is carried outindoors in specially built tunnels and hence, it is calledindoor composting. Total duration of the process is over by12 days.
Salient finding in button mushroom research
The followin1 are the some of important research findingsidentified by the various centres which work on mushroom.
1. Wheat straw based compost was found to be best forMaharashtra and Coir pith was identified as a goodcasing medium for the mushroom cultivation.
Spraying 0.2 per cent calcium chloride wasrecommended for higher yields in Maharashtra.
2.
4. The research work done by Coimbatore centre atUthagamandalan in Nilgiris lead to release of twovarieties of button mushroom for commercial cultivation.The varities are Ooty 1 and Ooty 2
Strain-NCS-1 (A. bisporus) and NCB- 6 (A. bitorquis)'form DMR, Solan were also found to be highly suitablefor Tamil Nadu.
5.
6. Farm Yard manure+ loam soil was the besy casingmaterial for Tamil Nadu Conditions.
7. Compost using wheat straw was found to be the beslfor Tamil Nadu conditions.
8. Compost formulation with sugarcane bagasse + whealstraw (2:1) was found to be very cost- effective in,Chhattisgarh.
In A. bitorquis, the strains NCB- 2 and NCB-6 werefound to be highly suitable for Rajasthan state. In A.bisporus, NCS-11 and MS-39 were found to performbetter at Rajasthan.
9.
10. Farm yard manure was found to be better casingmedium for cultivation of button mushroom in Rajasthan.
11. The strains NCS-100 and NCH- 102 were suitable forChhattisgarh state.
12. The casing material prepared with a mixture of farm,yard manure+spent compost+vermin compost wasfound to be highly suitable for Himachal Pradeshconditions.
13. Strain CM- 14 of A. bisporus was the best suitable onefor Meghalaya.
Oyster Mushroom
Pleurotus mushroom which is generally referred to as'Oyster mushroom' world over and as 'Dhingri' in India, hasits origin from Greek word "pleuro" which means formedlaterally or in a side way position, particularly referring tothe lateral position of the stipe (stem) in relation to pileus(cap). Species of the genus Pleurotus are well appreciated'for their broad adaptability under varied agro-climatic iconditions. The several species of this mushroom OCCUr!commonly as wood- decomposers in forests throughout theworld. Pleurotus has always been most attractive tocommercial mushroom growers because of the ease bywhich most species can be cultivated. Majority of the oyster:can be better grown in the temperature range of 20-30° Cwith high relative humidity more than 85 per cent. Majorityof the species need 25-30° C for spawn run and 20-25° Cfor cropping. :
After inception of AICRP on mushroom the researchlwork on mushroom took a new diversion and several newspecies of Pleurotus were identified for commercial'cultivation. Mushroom Research and Training Centre of theTamil Nadu Agricultural University contributed much for the
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Indian Phytopathology 65 (1) : 1-11 (2012) 7
5.Table 7. Leading states in oyster mushroom production
State/ Union Territory
Tamil Nadu
Annual Production (tons)
2000
2000
810
500
200
110
100
100
100
Punjab
Orissa
Kerala
Maharashtra
Himachal Pradesh
Assam
TripuraA&N Islands
(ManjitSingh et al., 2011)
introduction of several new oyster mushrooms as this centreis one of the oldest centre of AICRP- Mushroom and the
scheme was implemented in the year 1983. The centre hascontributed in releasing the following oyster mushroomsfor commercial cultivation: P sajor-caju (M2), Pcitrinopileatus (C01), P. florida (Pf), P. eous (APK 1), P. djamor
(MDU1), P. flebellatus (MDU2), Pplatypus (Pp) and
Hipsizygus ulmarius (Co2). ,
The work done at ND University of Agrl and Technology,Faizabad in Uttar Pradesh lead to identification of one
species of P. florida, p,. sajor- caju, one hybrid strain ofP.sajor-caju and Hypsizygus ulmarius for cultivation in thestate. The contribution from Indira Gandhi Agrl. Univerity,
Raipur is identifying two oyster mushrooms (NMS- strain ofP.florida and Indira Sweta OM-1) for commercial cultivationin Chhattisgarh. One variety of oyster viz.,Ananthan (P.petaloides) was identified by Kerala Agricultural Universitycentre at Vel layan i. P.sajor-caju and P.florida were identifiedfor cultivation in .Uttarakhand. P.fossulatus, P.floida and H.
ulmarius were ide~tified for cultivation in Rajasthan. Twooyster mushrooms, Pflorida and Ptlabellatus wererecommended for cultivation in Chhattisgarh. For the stateof Jhatkhand, P.floida, P.sajor-caju and H. ulmarius wererecommended for commercial cultivation. P.floida, and H.
ulrT}arius are found to perform better at Meghalaya.
Salient findings in Oyster mushroom research
The following are the some of important research findingsidentified by the various centres which work on mushroom.
1. All the identified oyster mushrooms viz., P.sajor-caju, P.citrinopileatus, P. florida, P. eous, and P.platypus wererecommended for cultivation thorough out the year.
Blue oyster mushroom, Hypsizygus ulmarius wasidentified with 124 per cent bio efficiency andrecomfnended for cultivation in Tamil Nadu.
2.
3. Spraying 0.1 M K2HPO4 at pin head stage isrecommended for increasing the yield of P. florida inTamil Nadu.
4. Supplementation of paddy straw with 5 per cent of steamsterilized neem cake is recommended in Tamil Nadu
for increasing the yield in oyster mushrooms.
....
Wheat straw supplemented with soy bean flour isrecommended for oyster mushroom cultivation inMaharashtra.
6. Supplementation of 2 per cent of deoiled soy beanmeal with paddy straw is recommended forMaharashtra for increasing the yield of oystermushrooms P. sajor-caju and P.florida.
7. Four per cent rice bran supplementation wasrecommended for higher yields of P sajor-caju inRajasthan.
8. Hollow bed method was found to increase the yield ofP. florida in Chhattisgarh.
9. Supplementation of 2 per cent wheat bran enhancedthe yield of Psajor- caju, P.florida and P.ostreatus inRanchi, Jharkhand.
10. Supplementation of substrate with 5 per cent wheatbran and sparying 0.1 per cent urea increased the yieldof P. florida in Meghalaya.
11. In the cultivation of oyster mushroom in India, in additionto the existing technologies viz., Hot water treatment,Steam sterilizaton, Chemical treatment, a newComposting technology was developed.
Composting technology
The substrate is cot into small pieces and add ammoniumsulphate or urea (0.5 to 1 per cent) and lime (1 per cent) nmdry weight basis. After mixing, the mixture is completelywetted with water ans prepare Triangular heap of 77- 90 cmbut not more than 1 metre height. After 2 days, turning isdone and super phosphate) 1 per cent) and lime (0.5percent was added. The compost is ready after two days of thisturning. The compost is pasteurized inside a tunnel at 58-60°C for 4 h and conditioned at 40-45°C for 30-36 h.
Milky Mushroom
Milky mushroom (Calocybe indica) is of recent introductionto the mushroom world. The mushroom was first identified
by Purkayasha and Chandra in west Bengal during 1974.All though the work was attempted in several states of India,successful technology for cultivation of this mushroom wasdone in Tamil Nadu by Krishnamoorthy during 1998. Atpresent Tamil Nadu is the majqr producer of milky mushroomin India. Several new strains of Calocybe were identified byPrakasam and Karthikayini in the year 2009. Two strainswere identified as promising Ci (N) and Ci (P). The continuedwork on the survey lead to identification of new genus ofmilky mushroom viz., Tricholoma lobayense during the year2002 by Anandh and Prakasam at Coimbatore.
A new species of Tricholomaviz. T.giganteum wereidentified by Prakasam et al. (2011) for commercialcultivation and recommended for release from the state ofTamil Nadu. The cultivation methods are similar for both themushrooms. The mushrooms need 25-30° C for spawn runand 30- 35° C for cropping. The mushroom can tolerate thetemperature up to 40° C, however, the yield may be reduced.The spawn run is completed inside the thatched house andcropping is completed in side a sunken blue polythenehouse.
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g
8 Indian Phytopathology 65 (1) : 1-11 I
1. The strain PS-1 was found to be the best forTamilconditions.
Table 8. Leading states in milky mushroom production
State/ Union Territory
Tamil Nadu
Annual Production (Tons)
500
,300
50
20
Kerala
Maharashtra
Delhi
(Manjit Singh et al.,2011)
Salient findings in milky mushroom research
The following are the some of important research findingsidentified by the various centres which work on mushroom.
1. Cultivation technology was developed in Uttarakhandfor cultivation of milky mushroom using wheat strawand Farm yard manure+ spent compost+ sand (2:1:1)as casing medium.
2. At Chhattisgarh, wheat straw + paddy straw at 1:1 ratiowas found to be the best for cultivation of milkymushroom.
Paddy straw mushroom
Paddy straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) also knownas Chinese mushroom. It is tropical species growing in thetemperature regimes of 28- 35 ° C. In India, this specieswas first grown in Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,Coimbatore during 1942. The commercial cultivation of thismushroom could not make much progress except in somestates of Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengaland Kerala. Currently Orissa is the leader in commercialcultivation of this mushroom. This mushroom needs 30-35°
C for spawn run and 28-32° C for cropping. The spawn isusually prepared using paddy straw as substrate.Sometimes, grain spawn also used for cropping.
In addition to the conventional, Bundle method ofcultivation, following new techniques were developed.Improved Cage method, Out door cultivation (open fieldcultivation), Indoor method (compost method), circularcampact method and polybag method.The compact methodof bed preparation was introduced for the first time in Indiaby Sangeetha and Prakasam during the year 2002.
Table 9. Leading states in paddy straw mushroom and othermushrooms
State Annual Production (Tons)
Orissa
NagalandMaharashtra
5000
250
50
20Delhi
(Manjit Singh et al., 2011)
Salient findings in mushroom research
The following are the some of important research findingsidentified by the various centres which work on mushroom.
2. Supplementaion of paddy straw with cotton wastlneem leaves at 5 per cent gave better yields inNadu.
3. Soaking paddy straw for m18 hrs was recommefor higher yields in Tamil Nadu.
Open method for cultivation of paddy straw mushwas developed in Tamil Nadu.
4.
5. Circular Compact beds resulted in higher yield inNadu in indoors.
6. Poly bag method of cultivation was also developTamil andu for indoor cultivation.
Spiral twists of paddy straw were recommendepaddy straw mushroom in Chhattisgarh.
7.
8. In Jharkhand, VV-7, VV9 and VV 11 were identifiEbetter strains for cultivation.
9. The strain VV-6 performed better at Meghalya sta
Shiitake mushroom
Lentinula edodes, commonly called as Shiitake, is likethe consumers for its unique taste, flavour and mediiproperties. The mushroom can be grown on Syntheticmethod or by Wood log method. Practically this mushris not grown in India on commercial way, however,extensively cultivated in Japan, China, Taiwan, KoreaUSA.
Salient findings in mushroom research
The following are the some of important research findidentified by the various centres which work on mushrc
1. Saw dust supplemented with 20 per cent wheat lgave highest yield of L. edodes at DMR, Solan.
Silver oak+ wheat bran (20 per cent) was found t<best substrate for cultivation of Shiitake in Tamil N1
2.
Wheat straw with 20 per cent supplementation of po
saw dust was perfected at Uttarakhflnd.
Wood ear mushroom
The wood ear mushroom is also called as Jews I
mushroom or Black ear mushroom. The two main specof cultivated commercially are Auricularia polytricha am
auricula. The latter is thin and lighter in colour whereaslformer is thicker and long haired. The mushroom cultivausing synthetic log or wood log methods as done in Shiit9As in shiitake, this mushroom is not cultivated commerciin India but grown in Japan, China, Taiwan, Korea and U:
The following are the some of important research findilidentified by the various centres which work on mushro(
1. Supplementation of wheat straw with 2 per cent whlbran and 2 per cent rice bran was recommended:Mahrashtra. I
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10
available for marketing of mushrooms in India. Every export-oriented unit has its own individual arrangement formarketing, and the mushrooms are preserved in brine andcanned in large containers of 3-5 litres (or bigger) capacityfor export. Government support for mushroom marketing isnot available in India, nor is any special/prefential quotaavailable in the European Union (as is available to certainother nations). Direct export to USA/Germany under somesort of arrangement is one alternative that is presently beingutilized. There are no processing units devoted to providesupport for this industry, except for some limited support byNAFED to seasonal growers in the north-western plains ofIndia. Such support is available to mushroom growers inChina, where they are able to process their produce on alarge-scale at rail-accessible points for export. Finance atlower interest rate, and inputs for infrastructure at fair prices.can also help this industry to keep down the cost ofcultivation. Lower production cost, together with higherproductivity, can help the industry to become globallycompetitive. A long-term strategy has to be developed tohelp the industry.
As India itself is a big market, vigorous extensionactivities are required to make the people aware ofmushrooms, which can help in developing market in Indiaitself. This is the success of Chinese mushroom industry asthey consume more than 80% of mushroom produced bythem. There is no denying the fact that production ofmushrooms, especially of the white button mushroom, inIndia has gone up in the last few years but it has alsoexacerbated its marketing problems. There have beenfrequent reports of gluts in north Indian states during thewinter months forcing the distress sale of the mushrooms. Itshould be borne in mind that efforts to increase the
production without solving its marketing problems, wouldbe counter-productive. The marketing of fresh mushroomswould determine the future of mushroom industry in India
Despite the changing currents, there is not yet muchmarket for the processed foods and basically freshvegetables and fruits are preferred in this country. Freshmushrooms have very short shelf -life, cannot be transportedto long distances without refrigerated transport facility andare sold in localized markets in and around productionareas.The cultivation of white button mushrooms throughoutthe year under the controlled conditions is restricted to fewcommercial units and 30-40% of the production is beingdone under natural conditions during the winters. All theproblems of marketing is experienced in 2-3 winter months(Dec-Feb) when more than 75% of the annual productioncomes in market for sale in limited duration and marketarea. Farmers face the consequences of over-saturatedmarket and are forced to sell their produce at highlyunremunerative prices. Private processors, rather thancoming f9r rescue, get tempted to avail of the situation fortheir benefit.
In the coming years there is going to be good demandfor processed and fast foods. Mushrooms may be cannedto meet the demand in the off season and in the non-
producing areas. Product diversification should also be tried.Regarding the problems of sale/export of cannedmushrooms, serious thought has to be given to bring down
Indian Phytopathology 65 (1) : 1-11 (201fnd
the cost of production of mushrooms and its processingf'rorder to compete in the international market.
There is not much problem in the sale of fresh Pluerot~
due to very low production but there have been problemsf3alselling dried 'Dhingri' particularly its export whe~middlemen take lion's share. Generally, the export ordelare too big to be met by a single grower. Pleurotus growelmay form a cooperative where they may pool their produfhiand trade. APEDA and other Central as well as Sta~
agencies would be too willing to help them once they a~assured of sufficient consignment for export, for 2-3 yearfh
Future developmental activities in Mushroom cultivatio,
Some key developmentalprogrammeswhich requiredLltKa:
attentions in coming years in our country are the followin~
. Monitoring the establishment of spawn units in publ~Siland private sectors, and enforcing spawn standar~and fair price.
.Kri
Involvement of cooperatives and other marketinl .organisation for providing the required inputs as we!
as help in viable marketing of mushrooms. Kr:
Declaration of a minimum support-price for mushroom4and provisions for insurance coverage. Pr
Technical guidance and financial support to the smallscale and export oriented processing industries.
.
.
.PI
Creation of Mushroom Development Board (MDB) lik~Coffee Board and Coir Board for promotion 01mushroom processing and marketing industry in Indial
Guidelines for notification and release of mushrool!jvarieties on the lines of Central Committee for Croplstandards and variety release. P
.
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Ahlawat, O.P., Satish Kumar, Arumuganathan, T. and Tiwari~R.P. (2008). 25 years of AICRP (Mushroom). Nationa!Research Centre for Mushroom, Solan. pp.95.
Anandh, K. (2001). Identification of new edible mushroom specieslfor commercial cultivation. Ph.D. Thesis, Tamil NadulAgricultural University, Coimbatore. pp: 135.
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Anandh, K.and Prakasam, V.(2003). Some cultivable mushroomlflora from Western Ghats. In: Current Vistas in MushroomlBiology and Production (Eds. R.C. Upadhyay, S.K. Singh andIR.D. Rai), Mushroom Society of India, Solan. pp. 30-34.
Anonymous. (2011). All India Coordinated research Project onlMuahrrom. Annual Report 2010-11, Directorate of MushroomlResearch, Solan. pp 8-48.
Anonymous. ( 2011). Vision 2030. Directorate of MushroomlResearch, Solan. pp. 23.
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f:1
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