muscular system - grafton school · ppt file · web view ·...
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Muscular System
Chapter 9
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3 types of muscular tissue:
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Functions of muscular system
Stabilize joints Muscle tone Movement Maintain constant body temperature
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Muscle structure Fascia – connective tissue around muscle, becomes the tendon
Origin – on stationary bone
Insertion – on the moveable bone
Fascicle – bundle of muscle fibers
Muscle fiber – muscle cell
Myofibril – made of sarcomeres (in-between two Z bands)
Myo-filaments – actin and myosin
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Group Actions
Prime mover – the muscle that causes the desired movement
Antagonist – relax during the action
Synergists – muscles that steady the movement (helpers)
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The Neuromuscular Junction: Neurons
Parts of : Cell body Dendrites – receive
impulse Axon – carries impulse
away Myelin sheath- white
fatty material• Schwann cells (pns)• Neurilemma (outside the
sheath)• Nodes of Ranvier
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The Nerve Impulse
Action potential – steps in the nerve impulse
3 stages of : polarization, depolarization, repolarization
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Step 1: Polarization
Resting state of a neuron Sodium/potassium pump – sodium ions
out of cells and potassium ions into cells
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Polarization continued
Inside of the cell is – charged Outside of cell is + charged Due to sodium-potassium pump
– 2 K+ ions go in as 3 Na++ go out
http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/introb.html
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Step 3: repolarization
Return to resting state Due to the pumping out of K+. Na+ blocked Inside of cell negative
Continues to synapse
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The Sliding Filament theory: Step 1: Neuromuscular Junction
Action potential – the reversal of charges across the plasma membrane.
Nerve impulse arrives at axon terminal releasing acetylcholine (Ach)
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Step 1: Neuromuscular Junction
Ach diffuses across synaptic cleft, binds to receptors in the motor end plate.
Triggers action potential
Acetylcholinersterase in cleft destroys Ach to stop action potential
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Disorders at the neuromuscular junction
Myasthenia gravis
Botulism
Curare
tetanus
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Step 2:
Sarcoplasmic reticulum stimulated to release calcium ions.
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Step 3
Release of Calcium causes shift in troponin (actin)
Active site on Actin is uncovered
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Step 4
Myosin and ATP combines with active site on actin causing formation of a crossbridge
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Step 5 - 7
Energy released causing filaments to slide past each other (power strokes)
ATP converted ADP Troponin slides back Cycle repeats if enough
calcium and ATP are present
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Energy for contraction
ATP (respiration) Creatine phosphate-can be stored
longer and more abundant than ATP Glycogen-storage of glucose in liver
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Oxygen Debt-strenuous exercise
Lack of oxygen availability
Accumulation of lactic acid (soreness)
Become short of breath to metabolize lactic acid
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Muscular Responses
All or nothing response single fiber contracts only maximally– Threshold stimulus
Recruitment -
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Types of Whole muscle contraction
Twitch contraction – not a usual method of muscle contraction
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Summation -
Muscle not allowed to relax in-between contractions
Stronger contraction
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Tetanus
sustained muscle contraction (maintaining posture or tone)
Usual means of movement
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Isotonic vs. Isometric
Isotonic contraction Movement produced
as a muscle pulls on an attached bone toward a stationary structure
Isometric contraction
Muscle tension, no shortening of muscles
No movement
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Muscle Fiber types
Based on genetics Classified by respiration and the speed
of contraction Strength Training can influence
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Fast Twitch Fibers
Energy for quick, forceful contractions
Contraction 2-3 times faster than slow twitch
Anaerobic respiration Short term activities –
basketball, sprinting, volleyball
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Slow twitch muscle fibers
Aerobic respiration Slow contracting Endurance type
activities Ex. Long distance
running, soccer, football, basketball