muscular system 37. unit 3 notebook check (glue/get signed) 38. muscular system vocabulary (21...
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Muscular System37. Unit 3 Notebook Check (glue/get signed)38. Muscular System Vocabulary (21 words/definitions and 10 pictures)39. Muscle Diagrams (3; colors and labels)40. Muscle Labeling Practice Worksheet41. Muscle Anatomy Lecture 42. Muscle Crossword 43. Muscle Lab 44. Case Studies45. Types of Body Movements46. More About Muscles 47. Muscular System Test 48. Muscular System Portfolio Check TOMORROW
Nervous System48. Muscular System Portfolio Check GET SIGNED!49. Nervous System Overview homework (stamped)50. Intro to the Nervous System Lecture51. Parts of the Nervous System (color, label, definitions)52. Cells of the Nervous System (notes and color) 53. Neurons (notes and research) 54. Neuron Lab 55. The Brain (notes and color)56. Nervous System Crossword57. Sheep Dissection58. Test 159. Diseases of the NS 60. Neurotransmitters61. Nerve Impulse Lecture62. Sensory Receptors63. TedTalk64. Notebook Check
Test and Notebook Check
Wednesday!
AB
CD
E
F
G
• Releases message to other neurons.
• Contains nucleus.• Allows message
to jump from one another.
• Insulates the axon.
• Receives signals from other neurons.
• Controls cell activity.
• Transmits message from dendrites.
AB
CD
E
F
G
• Releases message to other neurons.
• Contains nucleus.• Allows message
to jump from one another.
• Insulates the axon.
• Receives signals from other neurons.
• Controls cell activity.
• Transmits message from dendrites.
AB
CD
E
F
G
• Releases message to other neurons.
• Contains nucleus.• Allows message
to jump from one another.
• Insulates the axon.
• Receives signals from other neurons.
• Controls cell activity.
• Transmits message from dendrites.
THREE BASIC FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
●Sensory - gathers info
●Integrative - information is brought together
●Motor - responds to signals, homeostasis
Basic Divisions of the Nervous System
Figure 12.2
Central Nervous System (CNS): • brain and spinal cord.Peripheral Nervous System (PNS):
• nerves of the body
• 31 pairs of spinal nerves
• 12 pairs of cranial nerves
• two subdivisions:
Somatic Nervous System controls skeletal muscles (voluntary)
Autonomic Nervous System controls organs, smooth muscles, glands (involuntary)
A. Central Nervous SystemB. Peripheral Nervous
SystemC. Brain (yellow)D. Spinal Cord (light blue)E1. Autonomic Sensory Nerves (red)E2. Somatic Sensory Nerves (red)F1. Somatic Nerve (green)F2. Sympathetic Nerve (green)F3. Parasympathetic Nerve (green)G. Gray Matter (gray)H. White Mattera. Heart (other organs)b. Skin Sensesc. Skeletal Muscle
Green = motor nervesRed = sensory nerves
A. Neurons = nerve cells that carry messages through an electrochemical process.Parts of the neuron:• 1. Cell Body - contains the nucleus
and two extensions • 2. Dendrites – shorter, more
numerous, receive information • 3. Axons – single, long “fiber” which
conducts impulse away from the cell body, sends information
• 4. Myelin – wrapped around the axon of neurons; accelerates nerve impulses
• 5. Axon Terminals – contain neurotransmitters, release the message to other neurons
• 6. Nodes of Ranvier – spots that the message jumps to, increase the speed of the message
52. Cells of the Nervous System
2. Oligodendrocytes: makes the myelin sheath that provides insulation around the axons of nerves in the CNS
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
A. Neuron (blue)B. Myelin (pink)C. Nodes of
Ranvier (black)
D. Astrocytes(yellow)
E. Microglial (green)
F. Ependymal (orange)
G. Oligodendrocytes (purple)
H. Capillary (red)
B
AB
CD
E
F
G
• Releases message to other neurons.
• Contains nucleus.• Allows message
to jump from one another.
• Insulates the axon.
• Receives signals from other neurons.
• Controls cell activity.
• Transmits message from dendrites.
#53. Neurons
• Sensory Nerves – conduct impulses into the brain or spinal cord from senses; AFFERENT nerves
• Motor Nerves – carry impulses to muscles or glands; cause a response; EFFERENT nerves
• Interneurons – connect sensory and motor nerves
Types of Neurons
NEUROPATHY – damage to nerves in the PNS usually from underlying medical conditions (ie. Diabetes)
• symptoms include burning/tingling sensation and loss of sensation
Interesting Facts about the Neuron●Longevity – can live and function for a lifetime
●Do not divide – fetal neurons lose their ability to undergo mitosis; neural stem cells are an exception
●High metabolic rate – require abundant oxygen and glucoseThe nerve fibers of
newborns are unmyelinated - this
causes their responses to stimuli to be coarse and sometimes involve the
whole body. Try surprising a baby!
White vs. Grey Matter
Myelinated neurons (white matter) – myelinated axons
Unmyelinated neurons (grey matter) - unmyelinated
Nerves to know RESEARCH WHERE THESE NERVES ARE FOUND AND WHAT THEY INNERVATE!
●Olfactory nerve
●Optic nerve
●Vagus nerve
●Sciatic nerve
●Phrenic nerve
●Trochlear nerve
Researc
h!!
The Brain #55• Can be divided into 4 main parts:
Cerebrum (A): LARGEST PART OF BRAIN• Front of brain• Composed of left and right hemispheres• Controls movement, temperature, touch, vision,
hearing, judgment, prob-solving, emotions, learningBrainstem (D)
• Middle of brain• Includes the midbrain (D1), pons, and medulla
oblongata• Controls movement of eyes/mouth, relaying
sensory messages, hunger, respirations, consciousness, cardiac function, body temperature, sneezing, coughing, swallowing, vomiting, involuntary muscle movements
Cerebellum (C)• Back of brain• Controls coordination of voluntary muscle
movements, maintain posture, balance, and equilbrium
Frontal Lobe• Largest section of brain at front• Personality characteristics, movement, smell
• 4 Lobes of the brain
Parietal Lobe• Middle part of brain• Identify objects, spatial relationships, interpret
pain and touch
Diencephalon (B)• Consists of thalamus (B1), hypothalamus (B2),
and epithalamus (B3)
Temporal Lobe• Sides of brain• Memory, speech, musical rhythm, smell
• Pons and Medulla – in the brainstem
Pons (D2)• Deep in brain• Eye and face movements
Medulla Oblongata (D3)• Most vital part of entire brain• Controls heart and lungs
Occipital Lobe• Back part of brain• Vision
• VENTRICLES – filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); CSF is used for communication and protection mainly
#59 NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES
For each disease, determine the following:• Brief description• What part of the brain it affects• Who it affects• Signs and symptoms• Prognosis
Multiple SclerosisStroke
EpilepsyParkinson’s Disease
HydrocephalusALS
Ions in the cell and outside the cell create a positive and negative side, which produces an electric current.
Steps of a Nerve Impulse
1. Neuron is at rest at -70mV2. Stimulus hits the neuron causing Na+ to rush
into the nerve cell and K+ to rush out (-55mV is the ALL response)
3. The nerve impulse travels down the axon to the axon terminals
4. Calcium rushes into the cell releasing the neurotransmitters in the synapse
5. Neuron gets back to resting as Na+ and K+ are pumped back to their original places
6. Neurotransmitters carry the message to the next neuron.
Neurotransmitters• GABA – nature’s valium; inhibitory; reduces
stress and anxiety• Dopamine – reward; too much =
Schizophrenia and too little = Parkinson’s disease, both inh and exc
• Serotonin – too little = depression, OCD, anger, suicide; inhibitory; happiness, appetite, & sleep
• Norepinephrine – brings us on “high alert;” excitatory, increase blood pressure and heart rate; memories
• Acetylocholine – first NT discovered; mimics vagus nerve; learning/memory, dream/sleep, stimulate muscles; both inh and exc
• Endorphins – inhibitory; similar to opium; pain reduction and increases pleasure; hiberation (slows heart rate, metabolism, respiration)
Neurotransmitters #60
Excitatory - increase membrane permeability, increases chance for threshold to be achieved
Inhibitory - decrease membrane permeability, decrease chance for threshold to be achieved
A: Neuron (axon)B: Neuron (dendrite)
1. Mitochondria
2. Vesicle 3. Receptor
4. Synapse5. Receptor6. Calcium Channel7. Releases neurotransmitter8. Re-uptake